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space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain hills of gold without labor, but every one knows that the far more estimable treasure of perfect independence, or to speak more correctly, of perfect from care, may in America be obtained at the cost self-dependence, with the prospect of a future free of a few years of earnest, honest industry. And what, to the man oppressed in his fatherland by all the cares incident upon the obtaining a bare subsistence, is two or three or even four years of hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty and misery?"

antiquated views of a by-gone generation. | happily with their children." "What the German And we trust it will not be deemed inap- wants is room-a new broad field for his abilities propriate that we here speak a word of the -and this America extends to him in unbounded want of opportunities of acquiring very general information under which the ordinary readers of continental Europe suffer. With all their libraries, all their immense arrays of magazines and journals, we find among them an apathy in regard to the world without (to the Fan-Qui), which appears incredible until we reflect on the deadening influences of the censorship, which views with distrust all information in regard to the Land of Liberty. We are not aware, throughout the whole of continental Europe, of a single publication so thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so general in the scope of its information, or which is so universally disseminated among all classes of readers, as The International; and we trust we do not go too far when we assert, that it is to an extended sale of periodical publications somewhat approaching it in the concentration and dissemination of news from the world at large, that our countrymen owe that superior intelligence and citizen-of-the-world character which distinguish them from the insular Briton, self-important Frenchman, or abstracted German.

After accurately sketching the extreme misery and poverty oppressing the inhabitants of many districts of Germany, of late years sadly increased by the falling off in manufactures since the political disturbances, our author proceeds to set forth the advantages of fered by America :

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That most emigrants should rather look to America, than Poland, Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen, is natural enough, since all of these countries together cannot offer so many attractions as America. Where on earth is there such a vast array of unoccupied lands, offered at such a moderate price-land so cheap that in many districts The work from which we propose to make with wood, are given at a price for which a single twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered some extracts, is TRAUGOTT BROMME'S Hand und Reisebuch für Auswanderer nach den acre of similar land is sold in Germany?" The richness of the soil, the excellence of Vereinigten Staaten (or Traugott Bromme's the climate, and the demand for labor, are Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the then described; to which, as the greatest inUnited States). As we have already stated, ducement, he adds the fact that in America no work on America is at the present day the fullest "liberty of labor and mechanical more familiarly known to that class of read- calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the ers to whom it is addressed. Certain remarks taxes are so light that an industrious man is on the present condition of German emigra-able not only to live, but even to lay up sometion with which it is prefaced, may not be thing for his old age, or his children, or to devoid of interest to our readers, though not employ in the extension of his business. constituting a part of such observations as we have more particularly referred to:

"There is, it appears, implanted in every man an impulse to advance and better his conditionan impulse caused by poverty, dependent circumstances, or pressure from every side, vexing at times even the highest in rank, and which is the cause why thousands leave their fatherland, to seek afar a new home, and hundreds of thousands cast around them disturbed and anxious glances, restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons them at home. Such is very generally the case at present in our own country, where-despite the political concessions of March in the year 1848, of the published original privileges of the German people, and of the promising prospect of a free and united Germany, with a concluding general empire emigration appears to be by no means on the decrease." "These emigrants of the present day consist not as formerly of poor people of the lower orders, who turn their backs on the German fatherland, or liberal declaimers, dreaming of an ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the middle class, who, free from all delusive fancies, do not expect to find in the western world wealth and honorable offices, but desire only to inhabit a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and

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For as there exists in America no standing army, its inhabitants may retain their children, as the best possible assistants in labor, and train, govern, and discipline them as can only properly be done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore, in that country every one is permitted to enjoy the fullest civil and religious liberty. These are the advantages to be expected from an emigration to America, and he who anticipates more will find himself bitterly deceived. But a man who can be content with this, and can live actively, moderately, and frugally, will here, better than in any other land in the world, ultimately attain to hap piness and fortune. In times like ours, when every branch of industry is crowded, when tender parents think with grief and trouble on the future prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant no other resources save those held out by a full and bountiful nature, and no means of livelihood which may be so certainly depended upon as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that industry throws open the widest field, and affords the fullest opportunity of doing good.”

In the following extract, our author proceeds to set forth the national character of the American:

The national character of the American has been greatly misunderstood; few travellers seem,

in fact, to have understood it, since they mention republican has necessarily as many severe and it as something as new and unfounded as the arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed-so monarchy-but their fulfilment is gratifying and well established in every elevated and noble cha- consoling-for it is allied to the consciousness of racteristic of the human race, that it may confi- power. The American has no desire for the quiet dently be placed in comparison with that of the temper of the European, and least of all for the most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing silent happiness of the German, which last, alas! originally from England, they have the pride and appears since the dissipation of the intoxication manly confidence of the Briton, for through their of the Revolution of March, 1848, to consist, as ancestry they claim an equal share of all which far as the great mass of the population is concerngives dignity to those inheriting glory and a great ed, merely in the egotistic repose of self-sufficienname. Their forefathers were those brave reli- cy, weakness, and ignorance. The American finds gious pilgrims who were transferred by British repose only in his house, in his family circle, and laws (or rather by old German) and British genius among his children; all without the walls of that to the shores of the new world-to there give to home is an incessant working and striving, in polithose laws and genius an immortality. Building tics as in trade-by the streets and canals, as in still further on this new land, they opened the the woods of the West. Different as the elements temple of the Lord to all his followers, and re- are from which the inhabitants of the United ceived with open arms all the unfortunate or op- States are formed, and different as the circumpressed exiles of Europe. For the first time in stances may be under which they live, there still reality in this world they flung wide the flag of prevails among them a certain unity of character, truth and freedom-fought under its folds an un- an equanimity of feeling, which it would be diffi equal fight against the mightiest power in the cult to parallel, resulting perhaps from the very world-and overcame it. And when a second heterogeneousness and mixture of elements itself, time they armed themselves to combat with Eng- since no one element allows to another pre-emiland, they again came forth unconquered from the nence. They have all something in common in contest. Reason enough this for the national pride their appearance, which gives them the air almost of the American, for nothing could more naturally of relations-something in their gait and manners cause a certain degree of self-content than to be- which declares them to be other than English, long to a nation whose brilliant deeds in war as Germans, or French. Through the entire land, in politics, in commerce as in manufactures, have through every class, there is disseminated a cerastonished the world. A second and not less cha- tain refinement of manner, an appreciation of racteristic trait of the American is seen in a cer- decency and nobility of character, which springs tain earnestness, which appears to strangers to in- from a consciousness of their own rights and redicate a want of sociable feeling-and yet perhaps spect for mankind. Even emigrants, in America, in no country is true noble sociability as developed soon learn to cast aside their rough prejudices as in domestic life, so much at home, as in America. regards caste, for the proud affability of the aris "Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on him- tocratic, the vanity of the small citizen, the want self and his circumstances, the American from the of confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish first instant of his entry into active life is ever on servitude and snappish insolence of liveried serthe watch to improve their condition. Is he rich, and vants, find in America no place. Man is there consequently more directly interested in the com- esteemed only as man-only ability gains honor mon wealth, then every new law, every change in - and where that is, and there alone, can true the personal direction of the government, awakes in nobility be found. No one there inquires who a him a new care for the future, while on the other man is, or who were his parents, but · What can hand, if poor, then every change in the state may he do, what are his capabilities, and what can he perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering produce? Rank and caste are in America unhis condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake-known. Every man feels his freedom and inde ever looking out for the future, not as a mere spectator, but as one playing a part and occupied in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in improving them. The entire mass of the population is continually in a state of political agitation, and, urged by hope of their aid or fear of their power, we see every one continually seeking for expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich or powerful that he need not fear them-none so wretched and poor but that he may venture to entertain the hope of being through them aided and relieved. Public opinion is in America the mightiest organ of justice-shielding no one, from the president to the simplest citizen, and proceeds, mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder all things which oppose it and deserve its condemna-ners free, open, and unreserved. The mass of the

tion.

"This condition of perpetual agitation gives the American an appearance of ceaseless restlessness, but it is in reality the true ground of peace and content. The American has no time to be discontented, and this is the most praiseworthy point of their constitution and popular life. The

pendence, and expresses himself accordingly. Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true, hired his service, but not his entire existence. The American is polite, but over refined, unmeaning compliments form no part of his manners, nor does he expect them from others. No man vexes or troubles himself for another, in consequence of which we find in American society very little stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every respect that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety and decency-particularly as regards the female sex. since in no country, not even in England, do ladies enjoy such respect and regard as in the United States. Ever depending upon, and confiding in himself, the American is in his man

people is possessed of intelligence and spirit, though not so scientifically educated as in Europe, and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates even the lower class, who consequently form a marked and singular contrast with those of like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed in the higher branches of abstract learning and

science, but from the great amount of that direct that in no country in Europe are we so imparpractical knowledge which exerts the greatest in- tially and favorably judged. There is one fluence in making life happy, that the Americans particular, however, in which we find this are distinguished from other nations, and for the book worthy of especial praise. The author acquisition of which they have made better pro- highly commends the flourishing state of revision and preparation than any other people. ligion in the United States, declaring that we As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and are in this respect superior to the Germans, Important, they are compelled to leave the deve; and that on the Sabbath the churches are lopment of the higher branches to the care and filled to a degree unknown in Europe. It is noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at the sums which are annually devoted to the estab- from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic lishment and maintenance of schools and univer- life, and our observance of religion, that he sities, will suffice to evidence the liberality with correctly deduces our true happiness, as sepwhich the proper education of the people is cared arated from the natural advantages of the for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed country. It is greatly to be desired that the esteemed, but only according to its use and appli- najority of his countrymen resident in Americability to the wants of life; so that a practical ica, would allow themselves to be impressed tanner is there worth more than a learned pedant. in a similar manner as to the advantages of Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and uni- piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the versality of talent, is there more highly esteemed United States a vast number of German newsthan learning, while hospitality, patriotism, and papers-conducted we should imagine for the toleration, allowing every one to think and feel as greater part by unprincipled and worthless he likes, are universal characteristics. So that in adventurers of the red-republican, socialist the United States nothing is wanting to the attainment of a true civil and social freedom, even here enjoy, incessantly and spitefully abuse stamp, who, despite the protection which they though the means thereto are not invariably correctly understood or admitted (as is indeed the every institution to which they are really incase by us), and though-since men are every of all our observation of the Sabbath, in a debted for their asylum among us, and most where subject to the same weaknesses-they measure happiness rather by the standard of their style which entitles them to something seown intelligence and virtues, than by fortune and verer than mere contempt. But Herr Bromme nature, which latter, impartially considered, is the is right. Respect for morality and religion, basis of the physical happiness of the American a due regard for the Sabbath, and a dependThat, however, which constitutes his moral happi-ence on the home-circle for pleasure and reness is this; that in his country, domestic life en- creation, are the surest safeguard of peace, joys the true supremacy, and to this, public life happiness, and prosperity. and the state are subordinate. It is true that the American statesmen have fallen into the same error as the European-id est, to believe that without them the people could never prosper, and still live in the belief that home-happiness hangs on them, their theories and arts of governing; but the most superficial glance teaches that if wise laws are able to effect more for the happiness of man than they can bring about, still no one should there attempt to draw happiness from such a Source when popular and private life have combined to bestow it. But should the happiness of the Americans ever be derived from this side, it will be more sensible to assume that the foundation thereof will be the release from that which in the recent culture has passed for the deepest political wisdom. The true secret of all the good fortune of America lies in the favorable condition of external things. It is not with them as in Europe, where the poor can only better their condition or become rich by making the rich poor, which hath been combated for centuries, with the axioms of religion and morals. But in America, men when striving to better their condition, instead of becoming enemies and turning their arms against each other, strive with Nature, and wring from her boundless stores that wealth which she so bountifully affords !'"

for therein lies the source of an infinite strife

A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS'
TEMPLE AT BAKU.

for Scientific Information, is an account Na recent number of the Russian Archives of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction, in company with her husband and sons, to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia, lying on the Caspian Sea. We translate this interesting narrative for the International, as follows:

In order the better to enjoy the spectacle of the fire, we chose the evening for our excursion thither; but a thick fog came on, which made the road difficult and dangerous. When we finally reached the place it was pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful purity to the peaceful sky of night, and the entire castle, within which was the temple, seemed to be surrounded by a circle of watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians from the neighborhood, who were busy burning lime and baking bread, dark forms like those which worked on the tower of Babel, and burnt lime for it. They were now brought here by the ease and cheapness of We have made these quotations less on ac- carrying on their occupations. All that is count of any merit which they possess, than necessary is to make a hole in the ground, to give our readers an idea of the general touch a burning coal to it, and an inexhanstiopinion prevailing in Germany in regard to ble flame rises forth like a spring. Behind our country and to confirm an assertion this range of little flames and fires, rose, in made in a recent number of the International, | the pale light, the dirty white walls of the

castle, in the centre of which there flashed from the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of the purest, clearest, and keenest flame, which were now bent down horizontally and wreathed like serpents by the force of the wind, and now rose perpendicularly to the sky, whose dome they lighted up like two vast altar tapers. We drove around the edifice, and stopped on one side where there were no flames rising from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we remained without while our guide went in to announce us. He came back immediately with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this man impressed me strangely, and I forgot that he belonged to a remote colony of a few individuals, and asked myself if we had been suddenly transported to India, or if India had been brought up to the Caspian.

der flame that lighted the room very clearly. There were other little openings on the sides of the altar. The Hindoo took a wisp of straw, lighted it, and touched these openings, from which the most beautiful flames at once issued. The children, who had never seen gas lights, or at least did not remember them, regarded all this as the most perfect witchery. On a second altar, which, like the first, was about the height of a common table, lay or stood the idols and treasures of our priest. Small steps led up to it, which were used to hold muscles, stones, shells, and other instruments employed in the sacred rites. The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous, like Chinese images. Beside these figures, we were astonished to see crosses of various forms and sizes. We asked the Geber about them, and he answered with oriental emphasis: "There is one God, and no one has seen him; therefore every one adores him after his own way, and represents him after his own way." The reply was diplo matic enough, and we could not ascertain Ex-low the crosses had come there.

We went into the court-yard, in which stands the temple, with its two fire-pillars. About half way up hang a couple of large bells, which the Hindoo sounded by way of preparing us for what we were to see. There was something fearful in the loud clangor, and my boys crowded close beside me. cept our party, no one was to be seen except the swart Geber, in his white turban and long brown robe, with just enough of a pair of light blue trowsers visible to bring into distinctness his naked black feet. His features were noble, and his beard long and black. He looked like a conjurer, like the lord of an enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up more brightly at the crash of the bells; now it was clear as day around us, and now it was twilight as the wind lowered the flame. My husband and sons and the guide who had brought us to the place, were all dressed in oriental costume, and I alone seemed to belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness came over me, and at every moment I expected to see something monstrous, to behold all the cruelties of a heathenish and barbarous worship.

The interpreter now summoned us to follow the Geber. We were told that the castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who was a fire worshipper, and who, with his followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three Hindoos remain from that period of splendor. But nature remains eternally the same, and whether worshipped or not, the flames still shine and awe the superstitious, and so great is the fame of the place that many pilgrims come yearly from distant India to pray, and to have prayers said for them, here in the visible presence of the primeval light.

At last we came to the cell of the priest, and on his invitation entered it. We passed through a low door, and down a few steps, and found ourselves in a small, semicircular, low, but very white room, with a floor of mason-work, and a small altar in the centre. Around the wall were scats, also of masonwork. In the altar there was an opening as large as a gun-barrel, from which rose a slen

On the altar and its steps lay a great number of singularly beautiful Indian stones, which the boys wanted very much, but which, in spite of our large offers, we could not obtain. They were mementoes from the distant fatherland, and possibly they served as sacred ornaments for the little cell. There were also several censers, lamps, and little silver plates and salvers. The air was stifling from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like that of a vapor bath. The priest took from the altar some pieces of red and white candied sugar, held them, praying, before his idols, sprinkled them with holy water, and handed them to us on a silver plate.

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A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old man, whose name, as he told us, was Amintaas. He invited us into his cell, which was larger and differently arranged. In the centre was a large kettle, set in mason-work, with water in it, and a gas flame burning under it; the altar was in another apartment beyond, and separated from the first by a low wall or fence, with a passage through. Another apartment, similarly divided off, was spread with carpets for sleeping. After we had seen the stones, shells, and idols, which were richer and more merous than in the former cell, the Hindoos asked us if they should pray for us. agreed, and the ceremony began. A large muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the plates were set in order at the foot of the altar, a censer began to smoke, the silver plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp between two bells, whose handles were the most monstrous figures of idols. These bells Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently. The other Hindoos stood behind him and beat two big cymbals, accompanying this noise with the most inhuman and frightful howling that a man's lungs ever produced.

We

Still, there was method and a regular cadence | blows, in the romantic fire-castle. This disin it. Finally, they made a pause, bowed before the images, murmuring softly, after which they arranged the plates anew, and sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My husband whispered in my ear a line from the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of that scene rushed vividly into my memory.

gusted me, and yet it is not the fault of these poor fellows. They must necessarily become covetous, since they profane their most sacred ceremonies as a means of living. They have neither fields nor gardens, and the only thing like vegetation that I saw was some lone boxes in the court yard, filled with shrubs and plants, remains, no doubt, from the time of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to establish cultivation in a soil impregnated with inflammable gas. However, I learned to my sorrow that grass at least grows there, for, in going through it to the spring, my feet became perfectly wet.

The air of the locality does not seem to be unwholesome for man. At least, the Geber priests, who had lived there for years, were perfect lions for health and vigor.

A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.

easy to be fair in the estimate we make. Mr. Merivale sums up a character which has too often been roughly put down as that of a great writer and a little man, as follows:

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Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas had recovered their power, for he now seized a concl shell, held it in both hands, and with incredible strength blew long wild notes, with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once understood what is meant by the heathen making a "vain noise." This cannibalistic music was kept up for a long time, and seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites. The finale was a combination of wild shouting, banging of the cymbals, ringing and murmuring. At last the concert was over, and we breathed freely. Amintaas handed us the the third volume of his History of the candied sugar, and my husband laid down Romans under the Empire, just published two ducats in its place. They were received in London, Mr. MERIVALE gives some elaborwith warm expressions of gratitude, and laid ate pieces of character writing, one of which upon the altar. We went out into the open has for its subject CICERO. It is not good for air, but the scene had changed. The lonely a man to think harshly of Cicero, and howcastle was crowded with Persians who had ever easy it may seem to be to condemn macome from their lime-burning to see the Eu-nifest faults in his character, it is by no means ropeans. Persian women were sitting around by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by the help of gas flames, they baked their Tsheuks, thin cakes of unleavened bread. Followed by the crowd, we were led a couple of hundred steps from the castle to a spring that was covered over; the cover was taken off, and a bundle of burning straw thrown in, when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid pillar of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars. This beautiful spectacle lasted but for a moment, and a quarter of an hour was necessary to collect gas enough to repeat the experiment. We returned to Baku in the rain, more dead than alive. It was the eve of Easter. The next morning, as I was sitting on the sofa with the children, there came in a tall, mainly confirmed by a fragment of Livy's history, meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was which has fortunately been preserved. The Rodressed in a white robe, and brought me man author vies with the Greek in throwing digwhite and red sugar on a silver plate. He nity and interest over the great statesman's end. was the chief priest from the temple of the But in reviewing the uneven tenor of his career, Gebers, and had come to Baku to see the Livy concludes with the stern comment, " He bore Easter festivities. We took a few grains of none of his calamities as a man should, except his his sugar, and I laid a silver rouble on the death." These are grave words. In the mouth plate. While he was making his bows for of one who had cast his scrutinizing glance over this, my husband came in and told him, the characters and exploits of all the heroes of the partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and partly great republic, and had learnt by the training of in pantomime, that we had been to his temple his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities the night before, and had prayers said there, and estimate desert, they constitute the most imHe asked at once, with eagerness, how much portant judgment on the conduct of Cicero that we had given, and when he learned the sum, among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resoantiquity has bequeathed to us. Few indeed asked for a certificate to that effect, as, with-lution in the face of impending death. But it was out it, the others would give him no part of in the endurance of calamity rather than the dethe money. We sent him away without fiance of danger that the courage of Cicero was granting his request, for the two screamers deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the of the night previous had earned all we gave arts of peace and persuasion, exhibited on more them. We learned afterwards that the gifts than one occasion a martial spirit worthy of other of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often habits and a ruder training. In the contest with

Many writers, it has been remarked, have related the death of Cicero, but Plutarch alone has painted it. In the narrative here laid before him the reader has the substance of this picturesque account, together with some touches introduced from collateral sources. In this, as in many other passages of his Lives, the Greek biographer has evidently aimed at creating an effect, and though nuine narrative of Tiro, Cicero's beloved freedhe seems to have been mainly guided by the geit to furnish a striking termination to one of his faman, we may suspect him of having embellished vorite sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is

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