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and its chief ornaments, than would in all probability have been accomplished, had not inquiry and investigation been spurred on by the difficulty of comprehending their exact meaning.

Of two views of the temple of Jupiter Olympus, Mr. Cook chose that in which the Acropolis is seen in the distance. The three lofty Corinthian columns in the other engraving are diminished to the scale of the arch, while the Acropolis, from its greater com

plexity of parts, adds, perhaps, something of a quality in which the subject is rather wanting. "I am not sure," says Mr. Cook, "that the remains of the temple of Jupiter Olympus are not the most impressive which Athens offers to the eye and heart of the traveller, partly from their abstract grandeur-a grandeur derived from every element which could contribute to such an end-and partly from a position than which it would be impossible to conceive any thing more magnificent. The gigantic columns struck me with a sense of awe and bewilderment, almost oppressive; they consist, as may be seen by the engraving, of sixteen, the sole representatives of the one hundred and twenty which once formed this mightiest of Athenian temples. The least thoughtful person could scarcely avoid the question of where and how the remaining one hundred and four of these enormous masses can have vanished; and assisted by the fullest information which is to be acquired on the subject, it remains a matter of wonder to all. That time itself has had but little to answer for, the almost perfect preservation of portions is sufficient to prove; in some cases the flutings are as sharp and clean as when the hand of the sculptor left them, while, more generally, they bear disgraceful evidence of ill-usage of every kind, from that of the cannon ball to the petty mischief of wanton idleness. The proportion of these columns is quite perfect, and the mind is lost in charmed wonder, as wandering from part to part of the vast platform, it is presented at every step with combinations perpetually changing, yet always beautiful. So difficult do I find it to determine from what point of view these ruins are seen to the greatest advantage, that I have appended two engravings, from which the reader may select that

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ANOTHER VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPUS. which best conveys to him the magnificence

of the structure which has been thus slightly described." The temple of Jupiter Olympus was one of the first conceived, and the last executed of the sacred monuments of Athens. It was begun by Pisistratus, but not finished till the time of the Roman emperor Adrian, seven hundred years afterwards.

MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES.

A proof of the varied character of the Athenian architectural genius may be found in the exquisite model, the lantern of Demosthenes, or, as it is more properly called, the Choragic monument of Lysicrates. It is, in common with the greater number of the remains of which we speak, of Pentelic inarble. By whomever conceived, designed,

or executed, this must have been a labor of love, and the result is such as might be anticipated from the consequent development of the highest powers of one to whom a people like the Athenians would entrust the task of doing honor to those who had paid to their native land a similar tribute. It is small, and formed of a few immense masses: the roof is one entire block; the temple or monument itself is circular, and is formed of six slabs of pure white marble, the joints of which are concealed by an equal number of beautiful Corinthian columns, partly imbedded into, and partly projecting from them. These have been fitted with such exactness, that before the "fretting hand of time and change" had done its work, the whole must have appeared as if cut from one solid mass. We have this single example of a class of buildings once so numerous that they formed an entire street; but however grateful one may feel to the hospice, which, being built over, protected it from the ruin of its companions, we can scarcely regret its disappearance, through which alone this exquisite result of intellect and refined taste may be seen as represented in the engraving.

The Temple or Tower of the Winds, has been very justly termed "the most curious existing monument of the practical gnomonics of antiquity." In architecture no very elevated rank can be assigned to this edifice, nor is there, even in its ornamental portions, any very remarkable evidence of the higher order of Grecian art; the execution, indeed, can in nowise be considered equal to the conception, which, if somewhat fancifully elaborated, is at least highly to be esteemed, as

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The temple of Theseus, apart from the present town, and in a comparatively elevated and isolated position, built by Cimon, shortly after the battle of Salamis, is one of the most noble remains of the ancient magnificence of Athens, and the most perfect, if not the most beautiful, existing specimen of Grecian architecture. It is built of Pentelic marble; the roof, friezes, and cornices still remain; and so gently has the hand of time pressed upon this venerable edifice, that the first impression of the mind in beholding it, is doubt of its antiquity. It was raised thirty years before the Parthenon, unlike which it appears to have been but sparingly supplied with sculptural decoration; but that which was so dedicated was of the highest merit, and remaining in an almost perfect condition, is most deeply interesting to the artist and the historian: supplying to the one models of beauty, and to the other the most undeniable data, upon which to establish the identity of this with the temple raised by the Athenians to the Hero-God.

uniting in a more than ordinary degree the | this portion of the town must have been practically useful with the poetical ideal. raised, by ruins and atmospheric deposits, at Near the new Agora, and consequently in the least eight or nine feet above its original heart of the more densely populated division level. of the city, this indicator of the wind and hour must have been a valuable contribution to the Athenians, and must have given to its founder, Andronicus Cyrrestes, a proud position among the bene merenti of the moment. Its form is octagonal, the roof being of marble, so cut as to represent tiles; upon the upper portion of each face is sculptured the figure of one of the eight Winds; these floating in an almost horizontal position convey, either by their dress, the emblems which they bear, or the expression of their features, the character of the wind they are respectively intended to personify. Within a very recent period this building, which was more than half buried, has been exhumed, and many important facts have been discovered during the process of excavation. The interior has been cleared, and in the pavement may be seen the channels by which the water was conveyed to the machinery by whose agency the hour was indicated, when the absence of the sun rendered the dials described upon the marble faces of the tower of no avail. These dials have been tested After having been successively denominaand pronounced perfectly correct, by a noted the remains of the Palace of Pericles, of less celebrated authority than Delambre. The the temple of Jupiter Olympus (an unactwo arches on the left of the illustration are countable blunder), the Painted Portico, the the only remaining portions of the aque- Forum of the inner Ceremeicus, the magnifiduct by which the necessary supply was con- cent wreck of which the following engraving veyed, according to Stuart, from the spring may convey a general idea, has been finally in the grotto of Pan; it is a matter of gratu- decided to have formed a portion of the Panlation alike to the antiquarian and the lover theon of Hadrian. For some time after this of the picturesque, that these have been spar- opinion had been started by Mr. Wilkins, and ed. From the amount of excavation neces- sanctioned by Sir William Gell, great doubts, sary to arrive at its basement, it is clear that despite the remarkable verification afforded

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by the language of Pausanias, remained as to its truth; but the Earl of Guildford has at length placed the matter beyond question. Some extensive excavations made under his personal direction resulted in the discovery of the Phrygian stone so minutely described by the enthusiastic traveller.

the mind of Stuart, by certain minuto yet well marked variations in the proportion of the columns from those devoted to sacred purposes, has been sustained by research, and finally demonstrated to be correct by the discovery of an inscription which has put the question at rest for ever. In one of these the The portico forming the next illustration names of two prefects of the market are prewas a long time considered the only re- served; and another, still perfect, is an edict maining portion of a temple dedicated to the of Hadrian respecting the duties to be levied Emperor Augustus, but it is now clearly es-on certain articles of consumption, and regulattablished as having been one of the entrances ing the sale of oils, &c. Nothing can be more to a market-place. This idea, suggested to picturesque than the present condition of this

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ENTRANCE TO THE MARKET-PLACE: FORMERLY SUPPOSED TO BE PART OF A TEMPLE DEDICATED TO AUGUSTUS.

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whichever point of the compass he may turn when standing at the foot of this remarkably picturesque monument.

portico, the latest specimen of the pure Greek | Art. Its coloring is rich and varied, while its state of ruin is precisely that in which the eye of the painter delights, sufficient to de- The ages which produced these marvellous stroy all hardness or angularity, yet not so works in architecture had other and different great as to rob it of one element of grandeur. glories. Painting and sculpture reached the The building called the Monument of Phil- highest perfection; and poetry exhibited all opappus, despite its somewhat fantastic elab- the grace and vigor of the Athenian imaginaoration of detail, is very remarkable and in- tion. And though time has effaced all traces teresting; it was created either during the of the pencil of Parrhasius, Zeuxis, and Apellifetime, or as a memorial immediately after les, posterity has assigned them a place in the his death, to Caius Julius Antiochus Philo- temple of fame beside Phidias and Praxiteles, pappus, a descendant of the royalty of Syria, whose works are, even at the present day, and an adopted citizen of Athens. It consists unrivalled for classical purity of design and of a basement supporting a pilastrade of semi-perfection of execution. And after the city circular form, and presenting upon its concave surface three niches, containing sitting statues, and three recesses richly ornamented with the representation in strong relief of a Roman triumph. Upon the basement also were various sculptures in honor of the Emperor Trajan. These, and, indeed, all the decorative sculpture, &c., profusely lavished upon this building have suffered greatly. The two remaining statues are much dilapidated. From this point a magnificent view of the Acropolis is obtained, and few are the sights presented to the traveller, which surpass in historic interest or actual beauty that meeting his eye, to

had passed her noon in art, and in political
greatness, she became the mother of that phi-
losophy at once subtile and sublime, which,
even at the present hour, exerts a powerful
influence over the human mind. This era
in her history has been alluded to by Milton:
"See there the olive grove of Academe,

Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird
Trills her thick-warbled notes the summer long;
There flowery hill Hymettus with the sound
Of bees' industrious murmur oft invites
To studious musing; there Ilyssus rolls
His whispering stream: within the walls then view
The schools of ancient sages; his who bred
Great Alexander to subdue the world,
Lyceum there and painted Ston next;....
To sage philosophy next lend thine ear,

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