he should reveal the certainty to no gued and sat on ineffectually till the man living. I have only taken notice of so much as he has revealed, and the same I have seen to be weighed, registered, and packed. And to observe her Majesty's commands for the ten thousand pounds, we agreed he should take it out of the portion that was landed secretly, and to remove the same out of the place before my son Henry and I should come to the weighing and registering of what was left; and so it was done, and no creature living by me made privy to it but himself; and myself no privier to it than you may perceive by this.

"I see nothing to charge Mr. Drake further than he is inclined to charge himself, and withal I must say he is inclined to advance the value to be delivered to her Majesty, and seeking in general to recompense all men that have been in the case dealers with him. As I dare take an oath, he will rather diminish his own portion than leave any of them unsatisfied. And for his mariners and followers I have seen here as eye-witness, and have heard with my ears, such certain signs of good-will as I cannot yet see that any of them will leave his company. The whole course of his voyage hath showed him to be of great valor; but my hap has been to see some particulars, and namely in this discharge of his company, as doth assure me that he is a man of great government, and that by the rules of God and his book, so as proceeding on such foundation his doings cannot but prosper.”

Armada came and the discussion ended, and the talk of restitution was over. Meanwhile opinion varied about Drake's own doings as it has varied since. Elizabeth listened spellbound to his adventures, sent for him to London again, and walked with him publicly about the parks and gardens. She gave him a second ten thousand pounds. The Pelican was sent round to Deptford; a royal banquet was held on board, Elizabeth attended and Drake was knighted. Mendoza clamored for the treasure in the Tower to be given › up to him; Walsingham wished to give it to the Prince of Orange; Leicester and his party in the Council, who had helped to fit Drake out, thought it ought to be divided among themselves, and unless Mendoza lies they offered to share it with him if he would agree to a private arrangement. Mendoza says he answered that he would give twice as much to chastise such a bandit as Drake. Elizabeth thought it should be kept as a captured pawn in the game, and so in fact it remained after the deductions which we have seen had been made.

Drake was lavish of his presents. He presented the queen with a diamond cross and a coronet set with splendid emeralds. He gave Bromley, the lord chancellor, eight hundred dollars' worth of silver plate, and as much more to other members of the Council. The queen wore her coronet on New Year's day; the chancellor was content to decorate his sideboard at the cost of the Catholic king. Burghley and Sussex declined the splendid

cept no such precious gifts from a man whose fortune had been made by plunder.

The result of it all was that deductions were made from the capture equivalent to the property which Drake | temptation; they said they could acand Hawkins held themselves to have been treacherously plundered of at San Juan de Ulloa, with perhaps other liberal allowances for the cost of recovery. An account of part of what remained was then given to Mendoza. It was not returned to him or to Philip, but was laid up in the Tower till the final settlement of Philip's and the queen's claims on each other-the cost, for one thing, of the rebellion in Ireland. Commissioners met and arLIVING AGE. VOL. LXXXIV. 4343

Burghley lived to see better into Drake's value. Meanwhile, what now are we, looking back over our history, to say of these things, the Channel privateering; the seizure of Alva's army money; the sharp practice of Hawkins with the Queen of Scots and King Philip; or this amazing perform-/ ance of Sir Francis Drake in a vessel

no larger than a second-rate yacht of a modern noble lord?

Resolution, daring, professional skill, all historians allow to these men; but, like Burghley, they regard what they did as piracy, not much better, if at all better, than the later exploits of Morgan and Kidd. So cried the Catholics who wished Elizabeth's ruin; so cried Lope de Vega and King Philip. In milder language, the modern philosopher repeats the unfavorable verdict, rejoices that he lives in an age when such doings are impossible, and apologizes faintly for the excesses of an imperfect age. May I remind the philosopher that we live in an age when other things have also happily become impossible, and that if he and his friends were liable when they went abroad for their summer tours to be snapped up by the familiars of the Inquisition, whipped, burnt alive, or sent to the galleys, he would perhaps think more leniently of any measures by which that respectable institution and its masters might be induced to treat philosophers with greater consideration ?

war, and face the certainty of being hanged if they were taken. Yes; no doubt by the letter of the law of nations Drake and Hawkins were corsairs of the same stuff as Ulysses, as the rovers of Norway. But the common sense of Europe saw through the form to the substance which lay below it, and the instinct of their countrymen gave them a place among the fighting heroes of England, from which I do not think they will be deposed by the eventual verdict of history.

From The Nineteenth Century. THROUGH THE KHYBER PASS. LATE in the evening on the 2nd of December, I left Lahore by the mail to Peshawar, an eighteen hours' journey. When I awoke next morning near Rawal Pindi the train was winding slowly among low hills, which grew higher as the morning advanced. About noon it glided out of a cutting into Attock station, and we saw in front across its path a deep valley between sloping irregular rocks, which hemmed in on each side the grey swirling waters of a swift river. The train crossed the valley by a bridge high above the stream, giving us glimpses on either hand of the gorge of the Indus. The stream flows between grey rocks which rise on each side in broken, stony slopes to the tops of the hills, a mile from the river and a thousand feet above it. The hills are unmitigated rock, bare and bleak. Here and there a sage-green bush dots the hillside, but it only emphasizes the general barrenness of the scene. Across the bridge the train turns to the right and goes up the valley for a mile or two, giving us glimpses of the river and of the great

Again, remember Doctor Johnson's warning, Beware of cant. In that intensely serious century men were more occupied with the realities than the forms of things. By encouraging rebellion in England and Ireland, by burning so many scores of poor English seamen and merchants in fools' coats at Seville, the king of Spain had given Elizabeth a hundred occasions for declaring war against him. Situated as she was, with so many disaffected Catholic subjects, she could not begin a war on such a quarrel. She had to use such resources as she had, and of these resources the best was a splendid race of men, who were not afraid to do for her at their own risk what commis-bridge. As we near the station at sioned officers would and might have Khairabad we look across the river at justly done had formal war been de- the old Mogul fort of Attock, its high, clared, men who defeated the national loopholed walls and battlements on a enemy with materials conquered from cliff a hundred feet above the water. himself, who were devoted enough to Below, to the left of it, is a wide plain dispense with the personal security stretching as far as the eye can reach, which the sovereign's commission like a vast swamp, with one or two would have extended to prisoners of silvery bands of water, the winter

gorge. Beyond Khairabad the railway leaves the Indus and follows the valley of its tributary, the Kabul River. At four o'clock we pass the citadel of Peshawur, crowning a rock that juts up from the plain, and a few minutes later the train stops at Peshawar Cantoument, the Ultima Thule of British India.

Englishman; you are a representative of your race, and all that you do and say must be worthy of the position. The first duty is to not mind the eighty thousand people in Peshawar nor anything they may do. Those first five minutes in the Peshawar bazaar reveal to you the secret of British power in the East. It is impossible without utter fearlessness.1

streams of the Indus approaching the only one in the town. Every one looks at you. There is no staring and no rudeness, but you feel the eyes. The looks of the first half-dozen men you pass, as they sit in their shops or stand in the street, give you a new and strange sensation. You straighten yourself and hold your head up, with a resolve, of which you are hardly couscious till afterwards, that if a knife is The cantonment, at an Indian town, plunged into your back you will not means the place where the English flinch. The eyes about you suggest live. The native town is usually en- that if there were no cantonment, no closed by high walls and accessible only others to ask for an account of you, by a few gates; it is brimful of people, your throat would be cut and your who crowd its bazaars or shop streets. corpse thrown away, and that the peoQuite outside the town and a mile or ple in the street would look on without two away is the cantonment, an un-moving. You immediately feel that walled district, where each house there is a responsibility in being an stands in its own inclosure or compound, and where the regiments, British or native, are quartered in "lines" or rows of huts. The cantonment usually has wide, well-kept roads, with a grassy margin and avenues of fine trees, giving it the appearance of a great park. The English visitor, if he stays with friends, might be a week without seeing the native town at all, unless his curiosity prompted an excurI had been advised to see the view sion in search of it. There is always from a watch tower in the fort. As I in the cantonment a club, with a ladies' stepped on to the roof my first glance wing (unless the ladies have a gym-was along the railway line towards Atkhana or club of their own), and, be tock and the valley of the Kabul River, sides the various parade grounds, a by which I had come. This valley was polo ground or a tennis court, so that a the only opening in a circle of mounvisitor bent only on amusement has tains surrounding the spacious plain. plenty of resources. To the left the plain would have The town gate of Peshawar is a mile seemed endless but that beyond it were from the cantonment, and the morning visible giant mountains one behind after my arrival I drove in with no another, and above and beyond them companion but a native interpreter. all the cold, pale snows of the Hindu Peshawar, with its mud and wood Kush. Turning round, I found myself houses, its latticed windows, and its multitude of men, is infinitely picturesque. But the impression of the first visit upon an Englishman is not due to the quaint appearance of the houses nor to the Eastern dress of the inhabitants. There are about eighty thousand natives in the city. As soon as you are through the gate and inside the walls you are among them. Not another Englishman is to be seen, and possibly enough you are, at the moment, the

facing a semicircle of black, rugged hills about fifteen miles away, that

1 The undoubted hostility of part, at least, of the population of Peshawar is, of course, not representative of any general feeling in India. But I have seen the same expression and had the same feelings resulting from it in Multan and Lucknow. marks of a bitter conflict: Multan of the murder of Agnew and Anderson and the subsequent siege, and Lucknow of the siege and relief of the resldency. I was startled, however, to observe the same expression, unmistakable, on the faces of Bengalis at Calcutta.

Each of these cities was, the scene, and bears the

seemed to rise straight up out of the The Jellallabad basin belongs to the plain and shut it in like a wall. No ameer and the Peshawar basin to outlets were visible, but the directions Great Britain, but the Khyber block of of the passes that cross the hills were mountains belongs to the tribes who pointed out by a Sikh policeman: to inhabit it-independent Afghans or, the south the Kohat Pass, to the west in border language, Pathans. These the Bazaar Valley and the Khyber, to Khyber Pathans can raise but scant the right of which the Kabul River crops from their native rocks. They issues from the mountains. The flat cannot "live on their holdings," and ground at our feet is British territory; must needs have some other resource but the mountains all round are Af- by which to eke out their sustenance. ghan. Here in the plain the queen's This additional source of revenue is peace is kept; there in the mountains the pass. From time immemorial they live Pathan tribes who acknowledge have taken toll from all who go neither queen nor ameer. We are at through. Being poor, uncivilized, and the edge of the empire.

The Khyber Pass is generally thought of as the northernmost gate in a great mountain wall separating India from Afghanistan. In reality it is the small gate through an outer wall, leading into an inclosure, the plain of Jellallabad. Beyond this is the real wall with its great gates, the passes from Jellallabad to Kabul.

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accustomed to fight, their methods of levying what they conceive to be their due are rough and irregular. But from their point of view the dues are their traditional, inalienable right. They are, however, very businesslike people. Their point is to receive the money. They are by no means disposed to insist on rough modes of collection. Accordingly they are open to contract for Put three basins in a row, and where the tolls. During the first Afghan war two of them touch each other break they took a rent in lieu of pass dues down the edges a little. Call the from the British, and caused trouble middle basin that of Jellallabad, the only when they believed they were left-hand one that of Kabul, and the being defrauded. Since the last Afright-hand one that of Peshawar. The ghan war the same arrangement has broken-down rim between Peshawar been renewed. Each tribe receives an and Jellallabad is the Khyber range, a annual payment from the British govblock of hills twenty miles through ernment, in return for which the pass from basin to basin and over five thou- is free to all authorized travellers on sand feet high. The broken-down, certain days in the week. There is double rim between Jellallabad and also a modern device by which the Kabul is a mass of mountains (the good relation between the British govKarkacha and Kurd Kabul ranges) ernment and the tribes is increased. some ten thousand feet high and fifty A corps of troops called the Khyber miles through from basin to basin. Rifles is recruited from the tribesmen, Except at these two broken-down ends and occupied to guard the pass on the the rim of the Jellallabad basin is made open days and to supply escorts to carup all round of much higher and prac-avans and travellers. The pay of the tically impassable mountains. Accord-men, of course, finds its way to their ingly all traffic between Peshawar and villages, and the whole population Kabul must go through the Jellalla- grows accustomed to a sort of respect bad valley, getting in or coming out through the Khyber range. The range has only one road through it. There is a gorge through which the Kabul River forces its way, and there are paths, difficult, high, and tortuous, but the only road by which traffic is possible follows the Khyber Pass.

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for British authority. All these rangements are in the hands of Colonel Warburton, whose official title is "Political Officer, Khyber Pass." His position as paymaster to the tribes makes him a sort of half-recognized king. He frequently settles their disputes, and by the exercise of a delicate tact and of

an unusual personal influence has for has for some time commanded these many years kept the whole Khyber border levies. His fine, soldierlike district—a thousand square miles of appearance and courteous bearing make hills in comparative order. The cost him a favorite with the British of Peof the whole business - the rent-charge shawar, and it was a pleasure to learn. in lieu of dues, the Khyber Rifles, and that he would accompany us to Landi Colonel Warburton - does not exceed Kotal. At Jamrood we were joined by 10,000l. a year. a third Englishman, Mr. Walton, and It was my great good fortune when found waiting for us an escort a naat Peshawar to be Colonel Warburton's tive mounted officer and two or three guest, and he very kindly made ar- troopers - horses for the colonels, and rangements to take me through the dogcarts (called tum-tums) for the EnKhyber Pass himself. On Monday the glish travellers and their native ser5th of December, at eight in the morn-vants. The baggage had been sent ing, we left Peshawar in a ghari, a forward on mules, and we started alrough two-horse cab. The road leads most immediately. From Jamrood the across a flat plain, with few trees and road rises very gently for about three not much grass or cultivation. As we miles, over a belt of undulating ground emerged from the shady roads of the at the foot of the hills. It leads into a cantonment into the open, it was a glo- deep bay in the mountains, at the end rious, clear, bright morning, and the of which the ascent begins. In a few air crisp and cool. In front and on minutes we were winding our way either hand were the mountains, encir- through the most rough-and-tumble cling the plain. On the left they were hills I had ever seen. The strata stood low and distant; then, crossing our bolt upright, the hills being carved out front, higher and nearer; and again, of them. The road, which is well laid to the right, lower because further out and has a regular ascent without away. In front was a peak, Tartara, extravagant windings, mounts steadily which I took to be the height of Sad- for three or four miles, when it emerges dleback or of Cader Idris, but it is as on to an irregular ridge, the margin high above where we were as Ben of an airy upland plateau, wild and Nevis above Loch Linnhe. Gradually broken, shut in by black, jagged hills we saw behind the low range to the beyond, but wide open to the sky. north, which might be twenty miles We looked down on a little valley at away, a few higher and more distant our feet, with a streamlet, a tiny patch summits. Then above their rims was of green, and a primitive mill. It is here and there a line of snowy peaks, Lala China, the "red mill" where, in far, far away. We stayed a few min-1878, Cavagnari met Shere Ali's officer, utes at Hari Singh, where is Colonel and received the reply which was the Warburton's official residence, the immediate occasion of the Afghan war. headquarters of the Khyber Rifles, in a We move on through the valley, and fort, and the frontier. About ten we ascend for another mile or two to a reached Jamirood, where there is an- second ridge, from which other fort or castle of light brown mud, straight before us the fort of Ali a caravanserai or inclosed courtyard, Masjid. Imagine Helvellyn and Skidand a parade ground. Here the Khy-daw, carded into the utmost possible ber Rifles, a fine body of men in khaki ruggedness and steepness, planted facuniform with knickerbockers, were being each other, with just a quarter of a ing inspected by their cemmanding of ficer, Lieutenant-Colonel Aslam Khan. Aslam Khan is an Afghan prince of the Saddozai family, i.e., the royal family that reigned before the present Barakzai dynasty. He has passed most of his life in the British service, and

we see

mile between, and drop into the interval a hill like the great pyramid, but steeper and twice as high, with the battlements of a fort on its flattened top; that is the first view of Ali Masjid. We descend a few yards to a hut by the stream, and find ourselves