The Influence of Cannibalism and Size Structure on the Dynamics of Aquatic Communities

abundance activity adult predators alter analysis Appendix attack behavioral behavioral interactions cannibalism rates cannibalistic changes cirrigera classes coexistence communities competition condition consequences conspecifics consumed consumption decreases dependent determine direct dynamics Ecology effect effect of cannibalism enrichment estimated et al expected experiment field Figure food webs functional response growth rate heterospecific prey higher IG predator IG prey impact important included increase indicate indirect effects indirect interactions individuals interference intraguild predation invasion junius juvenile predators large prey larvae lead lydia mass mean microhabitat mortality rate natural night observed Persson Polis population porphyriticus positive possible predation rates predator stages predator-prey systems predictions presence prey density ratio reduced relative resource respectively risk ruber Rudolf salamander showed significant significantly similar simple size-structured small predators small prey species stability stream strongly structure suggests term theoretical treatments trophic levels