thynia, which was afterwards called Prufia, ha-
ving been deftroyed by Philip the father of Perfe-
us, and rebuilt by Prufias king of Bithynia.
(1.) CIZE, a valley of France, in the depart-
ment of the Lower Pyrenees, and ci-devant pro-
vince of Navarre.

(2.) * CIZE. n. f. [perhaps from incifa, Latin, fhaped or cut to a certain magnitude.] The quantity of any thing, with regard to its external form; often written fize.-If no motion can alter bodies, that is, reduce them to fome other cize or figure, then there is none of itself to give them the cize and figure which they have. Grew.

CKEBOE, a town of Norway, 6 miles SSE. of Drontheim.

CLABY, a town of Ireland, in Fermanagh, Ulfter. CLACHAN, [Gael. i. e. a fmall village, or kirktown,] a village of Scotland, in the parish of Campfie, Stirlingshire.

CLACHAN-DYSART. See GLENORCHAY. CLACHLAND, a small island of Scotland, near the east coaft of the island of Arran.

(1.) CLACK. n. f. [klatchen, Germ. to rattle; to make a noife.] 1. Any thing that makes a lafting and importunate noife; generally ufed, in contempt, for the tongue.

Prior.

Fancy flows in, and mufe flies high; He knows not when my clack will lie. 2. The CLACK of a Mill. A bell that rings when more corn requires to be put in.

Says John, juft at the hopper will I ftand, And mark the clack how juftly it will found.

Betterton. (2, 3.) CLACK, in geography, two English vilJages; viz. 1. in Devonthire, 7 miles from Frome: 2. in Wilts, near Chriftian-Malford.

*

(1.) To CLACK. v. a. As to clack wool, is to cut off the sheep's mark, which makes it to weigh lefs, and fo yield the lefs cuftom to the king. Cowel 2.) To CLACK. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To make a chinking noife. 2. To let the tongue run. (1.) CLACKMANNAN, a county of Scotland, furrounded on all fides by Perthfhire, except on the SW. where it is bounded by the river Forth, which divides it from Stirlingfhire. It is about 2 miles broad from N. to S. and where longest

most every where; freestone and gra in great plenty. In the Ochills, a copper, cobalt, iron-ftone, and anti have been wrought valuable ores of beautiful fpecimens of feptaria, a is washed from the hills, pebbles, a ore,) are alfo found. Among the re ven topazes, are fometimes difcovered this county contained 10,858 int carry on a confiderable foreign trade, al falt, &c. They alfo manufacture fa coarfe linen, girdles, camblets, and par of Kinrofs in fending a reprefentative to t Highland regiments. This county jos liament.

bout 6 miles long from SW. to NE. and (2.) CLACKMANNAN, a parish of Scot from SE. to NW. but of a very ine being interfected by part of Alloa part the S. by the Forth, and on the N. by the one part only 2 miles broad. It is b The climate is healthy, though rainy; a vity is frequent. The foil is various: on the banks of the Forth are rich and fr reft, confifting of 6132 acres, is in gener cold clay; of thefe, 166 acres are unde wood, 538 under planting, nearly fit for and' 20 under mofs. Wheat, beans, bar oats, are the chief produce. There are lieries, two of which afford feams of feet thick. About 13,000 tons of coals a ally exported to Leith, Dunbar, Perth, two great diftilleries of Kilbagie and Ke are both in this parish. The yearly d government by both, is now only occ fore the two laft partial acts were paffed of the London traders, in 1788 and 1 mounted (fays the rev. Mr Moodie) to fiderably greater than the whole land tax Iron works were established, in July banks of the Devon, upon an extenfive fat population in 1801, was 2961, having

413 fince 1791.

head town of the county, pleafantly (3.) CLACKMANNAN, a royal burgh, a the above parish, on an eminence 190 f the Forth is plain and fertile, producing abundance fcent on every fide but the W. where The country towards the level of the Forth, which has a gradu of corn and pafture; and on the coaft there are and rocky, and where the old tower 0

from E. to W. about 12.

feveral excellent harbours for fhipping, as well as mannan ftands, from whence there is a creeks for the reception of boats employed in the and romantic profpect of the mounta fisheries.-From the fhore the surface rifes into the more, Benledi, and Ben Lomond, the t

Ochil mountains, the higheft of which, Bencleugh, lies in the parish of Tillycoultry. The fides of thefe mountains afford excellent pafture for fheep; but towards the fummit the rocks appear quite bare. Agriculture has been confiderably impro

caftle of Stirling, the various ar
Forth, the town of Alloa, &c. Th
and helmet of king Robert Brac
two-handed fword of Sir J. Gra
the heroic Wallace, are preferred

ved in this county, and the firft plowing match Clackmannan was long the feat of the child?||

before the jurifdictions were
fill the feat of the Bruces of Ke
however, by no means comes any e

in ther
mium, was inftituted in the parifh of Clackman
nan, (N° 2,) in 1781, by the gentlemen of the
Clackmannanshire Farmer Club. In general, how
ever, there is more attention paid to paffure than
tilage; yet the luxuriance of the crops
ly enable the farmers to export confid
tities of corn. The valued rent of
26,4821. Scots, and the real land
34,2001. fterling. Coal is found in

precipices, that they were very often
their lives. Addifon.

CLAMECY, a town of France, is the be
the Nievre, at the conflux of the Beav
Yonne. In one of the fauxbourgs of th
the nominal bishop of Bethlehem reded; p
having been fixed here from the exptifo
Chriftians out of the Holy Land. His tecer.
fmall, and his diocefe confined nearly tor
of his refidence. It is 33 miles NE. of N
S. of Auxerre, and 112 S. by E. of Paris. Le
36. E. Lat. 46. 28. N.

CLAMINE, or CLOMINES, a town of in Wexford county.

duke of Brunswick, general Clai fait with the army under his command joined them, and they made a very rapid progrefs into France; but after the taking of Lonwy and Stenay, gen. Clairfait retired into the Low Countries, where he loft the famous battle of Gemappe, owing to the fuperior numbers and impetuofity of the French, under the celebrated Dumourier; but though the ability of Clairfait had been eminently evinced during this conteft, his military fkill was ftill more fo, in his confequent retreat acrofs the Rhine, O. 1, 1774. He was next attached to the army under the command of the prince of Cobourg, and atchieved confiderable advantages at Altenhoven, Quievrain, Hanfen, and Famars. He commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Nerwinde, and decided the victory. He was afterwards appointed to the command of the army in Flanders, oppofed to Pichegru, with whom he bravely difpu. ted every foot of ground, till the inequality of his forces obliged him to abandon the country. In 1795, he got the command of the army of May. ence, and attacked the ftrong camp which the French had formed before that city. Having forced this, and made a great number of prifoners, he was following up the victory with ardour, when he received an order to forbear. Upon this he gave in his refignation, and retired to Vienna, where he was well received by the emperor. He was afterwards made a counsellor of war, and died at Vienna in 1798. Gen. Clairfait was a ftrict difciplinarian, but greatly beloved by his foldiers. Cool and intrepid, he formed his own plans, and faw them punctually executed under his own eye. The French confidered him as the ableft general among their opponents in the

courfe of the war.

* CLAIR-OBSCURE. n. f. See CLARE-03

SCURE.

(1. CLAIRVAUX, a town of France, in the dept. of the Aube, and chief place of a canton in the diftrict of Bar fur Aube, which took its name from a celebrated abbey, built there in 1115. It is two leagues S. of Bar fur Aube.

(2.) CLAIRVAUX LES VAUXDAIN, a town of France, in the dept. of Jura, and chief place of a canton in the diftrict of Orgelet, three leagues SE. of Lons le Saunier.

CLAISE, a river of France, which runs into the Creufe, neat La Haye.

CJ.AIX, a town of France, in the department of the Ifere, and chief place of a canton in the diftrict of Grenoble, 4 miles S. of Grenoble. CLAKTON, GREAT, two villages in Effex,

*To CLAMM. v. a. [in fome prom cleam, from chemian, Sax. to glew togeth clog with any glutinous matter-A wafps got into a honey-pot, and there the and clammed themselves, 'till there was rep out again. L'Frange.

*CLAMMINESS. n.f. [from clammy) cofity; vifcidity; tenacity; ropinels-A pipkin will fpoil the clammines of the gr *CLAMMY. adj. [from damm.] glutinous; tenacious; adhefive; toppclammy and cleaving, have an appetite, t follow another body, and to hold to the Bacon.-Neither the brain nor fpirits can motion: the former is of fuch a day tence, it can no more retain it than a q Glanville.-There is an un&uous clammy 1 that arifes from the ftum of grapes, wh mashed together in the vat, which puts coti when dipped into it. Addijon.-The cat of the fever, clammy fweats, palenefs, 2 a total ceffation of pain, are figns of a and approaching death. Arbuthnot.

*CLAMOROUS. adj. [from clamon) argument to fay, that, in urging thefe cen rous; noify; turbulent; loud.-It is no f Papifts fuborn. Hooker.— none are fo clamorous as Papifts, and they

Then various elements against thee In one more various animal combin'd, And fram'd the clam'rous race of buy from kind.

-A pamphlet that will fettle the wave ftruct the ignorant, and inflame the c Swift.

cry; noife; exclamation; vociferation.
CLAMOUR. n.f. [clamor, Latin 10

Revoke thy doom,
Or whilft I can vent damour from my first
I'll tell thee thou do'ft evil.

CLARTON, LITTLE, SE. of Merfey ifland, The people then grew exorbitant in ther

ncar St Ofithe.

mours for juftice. King Charles

(1.) CLAM, a town of Auftria, 1 m. W. of Gran. fometimes, but lefs fitly, of inanimate th

(2.) CLAM, in zoology. See VENUS.

CLAMART SOUS MEADON, a village of France,

one league and a half SSW. of Paris.

* To CLAMBER. v. n. [probably corrupted

Here the loud Arno's boift'rous clamarks That with fubmiffive murmurs glides in p

*To CLAMOUR. V. n. [from the nozz

from climb; as climber, clamber.] To climb with make outcries; to exclaim; to voc

difficulty; as with both hands and feet.-The men there do not without fome difficulty clamber

roar in turbulence.-The obicure bird the live-long night. Shak.-Let them at a Ray.-They were forced to clamber over fo many is to clamour counfels, not to inform them up the acclivities, dragging their kine with them. multitudes, or in a tribuniticus marn; fr 2. In Shakespeare it feems to mean activit

rocks, and to tread upon the brink of fo many

noife.-Clamour your tongues, and not a i more. Shakespeare.

.) CLAMP. n. f. [clamp, French.] 1. A
e of wood joined to another, as an addition
rength. 2. A quantity of bricks.-To burn
imp of brick of 16,000, they allow 7 ton of
s. Mortimer.

2.) CLAMP, (1. def. 3.) a pile of unburnt
ks built up for burning. They are built after
fame manner as arches are built in kilns, viz.
a vacuity betwixt each brick's breadth for
fire to afcend by; but with this difference,
tinftead of arching, they trufs over, or over-
n; that is, the end of one brick is laid about
F way over the end of another, and fo till both
s meet within half a brick's length, and then
inding brick at the top finishes the arch.
3.) CLAMP, in a ship, denotes a piece of tim-
applied to a maft or yard to prevent the wood
m bursting; and alfo a thick plank lying fore
I aft under the beams of the firit orlop, or fe-
nd deck, and is the fame that the rifing timbers
to the deck,

(4.) CLAMP NAILS, fuch nails as are used to
ten on clamps in the building or repairing of

ips.

*To CLAMP. v. a. [from the noun.]-When piece of board is fitted with the grain to the id of another piece of board crofs the grain, the ft board is clamped. Thus the ends of tables e commonly clamped to preferve them from arping. Moxon.

CLAMPETIA, in ancient geography, a town the Brutii, one of those which revolted from annibal, called LAMPETIA by Polybius. It is ow called AMANTEA, or MANTIA.

*

(1.) CLAN. n. f. [probably of Scottish origial; klean, in the Highlands, fignifies children.] A family; a race.-Milton was the poetical fon f Spenfer, and Mr Waller of Fairfax; for we have ur lineal defcents and clans as well as other failies. Dryden. 2. A body or fect of perfons, in fenfe of contempt.--Partridge and the reft of his lan may hoot me for a cheat, if I fail in any finular particular. Swift.

(2.) CLAN, in hiftory, and particularly in that f Scotland, means a tribe of people of the fame ace, and often all of the fame name. The nations which over-ran Europe were originally divided into many fmall tribes; and when they came to parcel ut the lands which they had conquered, it was atural for every chieftain to beftow a portion, in he firft place, upon thofe of his own tribe or fanily. Thefe all held their lands of him; and as he fafety of each individual depended on the ge. eral union, thefe fmall focieties clung together, nd were diftinguifhed by fome common appellaion, either patronymical or local, long before the ntroduction of furnames or enfigns armorial. But when thefe became common, the defcendants and relations of every chieftain affumed the fame ame and arms with him; other vaffals were proud to imitate their example; and by degrees hey were communicated to all thofe who held of The fame fuperior. Thus clanfhips were formed; and, in a generation or two, that confanguinity, which was at firft in a great meafure imaginary, was believed to be real. An 'artificial union was

converted into a natural one: men willingly fullowed a leader, whom they regarded both as the fuperior of their lands and the chief of their blood; and ferved him not only with the fidelity of valfals, but the affection of friends. In the other feudal kingdoms, we may obferve fuch unions as we have defcribed, imperfectly formed; but in Scotland, whether they were the production of chance, or the effect of policy, or ftrengthened by their preferving their genealogies both genuine and fabulous, clanfhips were univerfal. Such a confederacy might be overcome; it could not be broken; and no change of manners or government has been able, in fome parts of the kingdom, completely to diffolve affociations which are founded upon prejudices fo natural to the human mind. How formidable were nobles at the head of followers, who counting that caufe juft and honourable which their chief approved, were ever ready to take the field at his command, and to facrifice their lives in defence of his perfon or of his fame! Against fuch men a king contended with great difadvantage; and that cold fervice, which money purchafes, or authority extorts, was not an equal match for their ardour and zeal.

(3.) CLANS, HIGHLAND, MANNERS OF THE. The foregoing obfervations will receive confiderable confirmation from what Sir John Dalrymple remarks of the Highland clans in his Memoirs of Great Britain. "The caftle of the chieftain was a kind of palace to which every man of his tribe was made welcome, and where he was entertained according to his station in time of peace, and to which all flocked at the found of war. Thus the meaneft of the clan, confidering himfelf to be as well born as the head of it, revered in his chieftain his own honour; loved in his clan his own blood; complained not of the difference of station into waich fortune had thrown him, and refpected himself: the chieftain in return beftowed a protection, founded equally on gratitude, and the confcioufnefs of his own intereft. Hence the Highlanders, whom more favage nations called favage, carried, in the outward expreffion of their manners, the politenefs of courts without their vices, and, in their bofoms, the high points of honour without its follies. In countries where the furface is rugged, and the cli mate uncertain, there is little room for the use of the plough; and, where no coal is to be found, and few provifions can be raifed, there is ftill iets for that of the anvil and fhuttle. As the High landers were, upon thefe accounts, excluded from extenfive agriculture and manufacture alike, eve ry family raised juft as much grain, and made as much raiment as fufficed for itself; and nature, whom art cannot force, deftined them to the life of fhepherds. Hence, they had not that excess of induftry which reduces man to a machine, nor that want of it which finks him into a rank of animals below his own. They lived in villages built in vallies and by the fides of rivers. At two feafons of the year, they were bufy; the one in the end of fpring and beginning of fummer, when they put the plough into the little land they had capable of receiving it, fowed their grain, and prepa red their provision of turf for next winter's fuel; the other juft before winter, when they reaped

their

their harveft: the reft of the year was all their ( 700 ) own for amufement or for war war, they indulged themselves in fummer in the If not engaged in moft delicious of all pleasures, to men in a cold climate and a romantic country, the enjoyment of the fun, and of the fummer views of nature; never in the houfe during the day, even fleeping often at night in the open air, among the mountains and woods. They spent the winter in the chafe, while the fun was up; and, in the evening, affembling round a common fire, they entertained themfelves with the fong, the tale, and the dance: but they were ignorant of fitting days and nights at games of kill, or of hazard, amufements which keep the body in inaction, and the mind in a state of vicious activity! The want of a good, and even of a fine ear for mufic, was almoft unknown amongst then; because it was kept in continual practice, among the multitude from paflion, but by the wifer few, because they knew that the love of mufic both heightened the courage, and foftened the tempers of their people. Their vocal mufic was plaintive, even to the depth of melancholy; their inftrumental, either lively for brifk dances, or martial for the battle. Some of their tunes even contained the great but natural idea, of a hiftory defcribed in mufic; the joys of a marriage, the noife of a quarrel, the founding to arms, the rage of a battle, the broken diforder of a flight, the whole concluding with the folemn dirge and lamentation for the flain. By the loudnefs and artificial jarring of their war inftrument, the bagpipe, which played continually during the action, their fpirits were exaited to a phrenzy of courage in battle. They joined the pieafures of hiftory and poetry to thofe of music, and the love of claffical learning to both. For, in order to cherish high fentiments in the minds of all, every confiderable family had an hiftorian who recounted, and a bard who fung, the deeds of his clan and of its chieftain: and all, even the loweft in ftation, were fent to school in their youth; partly because they had nothing elfe to do at that age, and partly becaufe literature was thought the diftinétion, not the want of it the mark of good birth. The feverity of their climate, the height of their mountains, the distance of their villages from each other, their love of the chafe and of war, with their defire to visit and be vifited, forced them to great bodily exertions. The vaftness of the objects which furrounded them, lakes, mountains, rocks, 、 taracts, extended and elevated their minds: for they were not in the state of men, who only know the way from one town to another. Their want of regular occupation led them, like the ancient Spartans, to contemplation, and the powers of converfation: powers which they exerted in ftriking out the original thoughts which nature had fug gefted, not in languidly repeating those which they had learned from other people. They valued themselves without undervaluing other nations. They loved to quit their own country to fee and to hear, adopted enfily the manners of others, and were attentive and infinuating wherever they went. When ftrangers came amongst them, they received them not with a ceremony which forbids a fecond fit, not with a coldnefs which caufes repentance of the firft, not with an embarrafinent which

leaves both the landlord and his gi the fimplicity and cordiality of aft fery, but with the most pleafing to give that hofpitality which they a ved, and to humble the perfone who of them with contempt, by fho they deferved. Having been driven countries of Scotland by invafios, t immemorial, thought themselves t reprisals upon the property of the they touched not that of each t the fame men there appeared, to the not look into the caufes of things, a ture of vice and of virtue. For wiz theft and rapine, they terned right But from the practice of thefe repris quired the habits of being enterpri bold. An injury done to one of a car. to be an injury done to all, on acco common relation of bloed. Hence the ers were in the habitual practice of war: their attachment to their chieftain, a other, was founded upon the two principles of human nature, love of the and refentment against their arts frequency of war tempered its ferit. bound up the wounds of their pr they neglected their own; and in the pe enemy, refpected and pitied the tra went always completely armed: a fall by accuftoning them to the intram removed the fear of death itfelf; and wh the danger of provocation, made the corr ple as polite, and as guarded in ther as the gentry of other countries. From t bined circuittances, the higher racks & lower ranks of the Highlanders alise refinement of fentiment, which, in all tions, is peculiar to the former, to that and hardinefs cf body, which in other is poffeted only by the latter. Toler well as brave; to be contented with the which nature requires; to act and to i out complaining; to be as much afara ing any thing infolent or injurious to d bearing it when done to themfelves; ar their clan or their country; there they with pleature, to revenge the affronts their higheft accomplishments. I man followed with indifference of f mode' which his chieftain had affur drels, which was the laft remains of the t habit in Europe, was well fuited to the their country, and still better to the war. It confifted of a roll of light a plaid, fix yards in length and two in wrapped looftly round the body, the of which rested on the left shoulder, right arm at full liberty: a jacket of this fitted tightly to the body; and a lot ment of light woollen, which went rotri and covered the thigh. In rain, th plaid into folds, and laying it on the b bliged to lie abroad in the hills, in thes were covered as with a roof. Wrea thg 57 parties, or tending their cattle, on plaid ferved them both for bed and for for, when three men fept together.