g the confent of the lord on whom they ded. If once they had commenced a law-fuit, durft not terminate it by an accommodation, fe that would have deprived the lord, in e court they pleaded, of the perquifites due n on paffing his fentence. Services of variinds, no lefs difgraceful than oppreffiye, were wed from them without mercy or moderation, pirit of industry was checked in fome cities furd regulations, and in others by unreafonexactions: nor would the narrow and opve maxims of a military ariftocracy have Titted it ever to rife to any degree of height gour. The freedom of cities was firft efhed in Italy, owing principally to the introion of commerce. As foon as they began to their attention towards this object, and to eive fome idea of the advantages they might re from it, they became impatient to shake off yoke of their infolent lords, and to establish ng themselves fuch a free and equal governt as would render property fecure and induflourishing. The German emperors, especialofe of the Franconian and Suabian lines, as the of their government was far diftant from Italy, effed a feeble and imperfect jurifdiction in that ntry. Their perpetual quarrels, either with popes or their own turbulent vaffals, diverted r attention from the interior police of Italy, gave conftant employment for their arms. fe circumftances induced fome of the Italian 28, towards the beginning of the 11th century, fume new privileges; to unite together more ely; and to form themfelves into bodies poliunder the government of laws eftablished by amon confent. The rights which many cities uired by bold or fortunate ufurpations, others chafed from the emperors, who deemed them res gainers when they received large fums for nunities which they were no longer able to h-bold; and fome cities obtained them gratuifly from the facility or generofity of the prinon whem they depended. The great increase wealth which the crufades brought into Italy, cafioned a new kind of fermentation and activiin the minds of the people, and excited fuch a neral paflion for liberty and independence, that, fore the conclufion of the laft crufade, all the nfiderable cities in that country had either purafed or extorted large immunities from the emrors. This innovation foon made its way into ance. Lewis the Grofs, in order to create fome wer that might counterbalance thofe potent Tals, who controlled the crown, firft adopted e plan of conferring new privileges on the towns uated within his own domaine. Thefe priviges were called charters of community, by which enfranchifed the inhabitants, abolished all arks of fervitude, and formed them into corpoitions or bodies politic, to be governed by a ouncil and magistrates of their own nomination. hefe magiftrates had the right of adminiftering aftice within their own precincts; of levying tax*; of embodying and training to arms the milia of the town, which took the field when reuired by the fovereign, under the command of ficers appointed by the community. The great arons imitated the example of their monarch, and granted like immunities to the towns within their territories. They had wafted fuch great fums in their expeditions to the Holy Land, that they were eager to lay hold on this new expedient for raising money by the fale of those charters of liberty. Though the conftitution of communities was as repugnant to their maxims of policy, as it was adverfe to their power, they difregarded remote confequences in order to obtain prefent relief. In lefs than two centuries, fervitude was a bolifhed in moft of the cities of France, and they became free corporations, inftead of dependent villages without jurifdiction or privileges. Much about the fame period the great cities of Germany began to acquire fimilar immunities, and laid the foundations of their prefent independence. The practice spread quickly over Europe, and was adopted in Spain, England, Scotland, and all the other feudal kingdoms. The Spanish hiftorians are almoft entirely filent concerning the origin and progrefs of communities in that kingdom; fo that it is impoffible to fix with any degree of certainty the time and manner of their first introduction there. It appears, however, from Mariana, that in 1350, 18 cities had obtained a feat in the Cortes of Caille. In Arragon, cities feem early to have acquired extenfive immunities, together with a fhare in the legislature. In 1118, the citizens of Saragoffa had not only obtained political liberty, but they were declared to be of equal rank with the nobles of the fecond clafs; and many other immunities, unknown to perfons in their rank of life, in other parts of Europe, were conferred upon them. In England, the establishment of communities or corporations was pofterior to the conqueft. The practice was borrowed from France, and the privileges granted by the crown were perfectly fimilar to thofe above enumerated. It is not improbable, that fome of the towns of England were formed into corporations under the Saxon kings; and that the charters granted by the kings of the Norman race were not charters of enfranchifement from a state of flavery, but a confirmation of privileges which they had already enjoyed. The English cities, however, were very inconfiderable in the 12th century. A clear proof of this occurs in Lord Lyttleton's Hiftory of Henry II. Vol. II. p. 317. Fitz-Stephen, a contemporary author, gives a defcription of the city of London in the reign of Henry II. and the terms in which he speaks of its trade, its wealth, and the number of its inhabitants, would fuggeft no inadequate idea of its state at prefent, when it is the greateft and most opulent city in Europe. But all ideas of grandeur and magnificence are merely comparative. It appears from Peter of Blois, archdeacon of London, who flourished in the fame reign, and who had good opportunity of being informed, that the city, of which Fitz-Stephen gives fuch a pompous account, contained no more than 40,000 inhabitants. The other cities were small in proportion, and in no condition to extort any extentive privileges, That the conftitution of the boroughs of Scotland in many circumstances refembled that of the towns of France and England, is manifeft from the Leges Burgorum anpexed to the Regiam Majeftatem. 2 CIVEDA CIV CIVEDA. See CIVITA, N° T. (692) (1.) CIVET. n. f, \civitte, Fr. zibetta, Arabic, fignifying fcent. A perfume from the civet cat.The civet, or civet cat, is a little animal, not unlike our cat. It is a native of the Indies, Peru, Brafil, Guinea. The perfume is formed like a kind of greafe, in a bag under its tail, between the anus and pudendum. It is gathered from time to time, and abounds in proportion as the animal is fed. Trevoux.-Civet is of bafer birth than tar; the very uncleanly flux of a cat. Shakefp.-Some putrefaction and excrements do yield excellent odours; as civet and mufk, and, as fome think, ambergreafe. Bacon's Natural Hiftory. CIV ferred on thofe who had merited this cap. 4.) fpeaking of the honour and always. When they appeared at the p "They who had once obtained it, e tacles, the fenate and people role to d among the fenators. They were not y nour, and they took their feats on the ally excufed from all troublefome fest. cured the fame immunity for their fine a grandfather by the father's fide. the names of the following towns. CIVIDA, [Span. i. e. a city] makes (1.) CIVIDAD DE LAS PALMAS, the good harbour. The houfes are well the ifland of Canary, with a bishop's ftories high, and flat-roofed. The c very handfome, and the inhabitants are and numerous, amounting to about air is temperate, and free from extreme and cold. It is defended by a fmall cat on a hill. Lon. 14. 35. W. Lat. 28.0 N America, in the country of Terra Firma, (2.) CIVIDAD DE LOS REYES, & to vince of St Martha. The heat is mo fummer by the east wind; but the freq and chilling winds which come from tains produce coughs and fevers. The la tile, and abounds in paftures. The tatiz merous, warlike, and as yet unfubdued. (2.) CIVET, when good, is of a clear, yellow ish, or brownish colour; not fluid nor hard, but about the confiftence of butter or honey, and uniform throughout; of a very strong fmell, quite offenfive when undiluted, but agreeable when only a fmali proportion of civet is mixed with a large one of other fubftances. It unites eafily with oils both expreffed and diftilled, but not at all with water or fpirit of wine: nor can it be rendered mifcible with water by the mediation of fugar. The yolk of an egg feems to difpofe it to unite with water; but in a very little, the civet feparates from the liquor, and falls to the bottom, though it does not prove of fuch a refinous tena city, as when treated with fugar and spirit of wine. It communicates, however, fome fhare of its fmell both to watery and fpirituous liquors: hence a small portion of it is often added in odoriferous tinctures, and fufpended in the ftill-head during the diftillation of odoriferous waters and fpirits. It is rarely employed for medicinal purposes. The Italians make it an ingredient in perfumed oils, and thus obtain the whole of its fcent; for oils wholly diffolve the fubitance of it. It is very the late maritime divifion of Auftria, (5.) CIVIDAD DI FRIULI, a well-be rare, however, to meet with it unadulterated. ciently called Forum Julii. cont butter: 'which agreeing with it in its general pro- tains, on the river Natifona, to miles E The fubitances ufually mixed with it are lard and bitants, and is fituated at the foot of the perties, render all criteria for diftinguishing the Lon. 13. 25. E. Lat. 46. 15. N. adulteration uncertain. A great trade of civet is carried on at Calicut, Baffora, and other parts of Caftile, and capital of La Mancha (6.) CIVIDAD REAL, a town of Spain, the Indies, and in Africa, where the civet cat is tants are noted for dreffing leather found. Live civet cats are to be feen' alfo in France for gloves. Here are 3 churches, corn and Holland. The French keep them only as a in 1585, on the continent of S. Americ (3.) CIVIDAD DEL REY FELIPPE, traits of Magellan, but foon abandoned. of S. America, in Brafil, fituated at the (4.) CIVIDAD DEL RIO DEL ST PED the river St Pedro. Lon. 34. 15. W. wich. Lat. 32. 0.8. 3 hofpitals. It is miles 8 of Toled rarity; but the Dutch, who keep a great number, from Madrid. Lon. 3. 25. W. Lat. 3. draw the civet from them for fale. It is mostly See VIVERRA. (7.) CIVIDAD RODRIGO, a frog Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, with a fee, fuffragan of Compoftella, built by F (1.) CIVICK, adj. [civicus, Latin] Relating II. as a rampart against Portugal. Itisi to civil honours or practices; not military. With equal rays immortal Tully fhone: Behind, Rome's genius waits with civickcrowns, fertile country, on the river Auada,; m of Salamanca. Lon. 6. 2. W. Lat. 4. (1.) CIVIL. adj. [civilis, Latin. Re And the great father of his country owns. Pope. to the community; political; relating to t (2.) CIVICK CROWN was a crown given by the ancient Romans to any foldier who had faved the or government.-God gave them laws of gimen, and would not permit their couns Hooker. life of a citizen in an engagement. The civick to be governed by any other laws that is m crown was reckoned more honourable than any other crown, though compofed of no better materials than oak boughs. Plutarch, in his life of Coriolanus, thus accounts for preferring the Part fuch as appertain branches of this tree before all others: becaufe, But there is another unity, which w fays he, the oaken wreath being facred to Jupiter, most advantageous to our country; and a political a Relating the great guardian of their city, they thought it your endeavour after a civil, a the most proper ornament for him who had pre- the whole nation. Spratt. 2.1 ferved the life of a citizen. Pliny, (Lib. XVI. as a member of a'community-Break e, unless it be unlawful or impoffible; eiit of your natural, or out of your civil pow. ylor. 3. Not in anarchy; not wild; not tit rule or government. or rudeft minds with harmony were caught, A civil life was by the mufes taught. Rofcom. it foreign; inteftine. From a civil war, God mercy defend us as that which is moft defof all others. Bacon to Villiers. 5. Not ecetical; as, the ecclefiaftical courts are conI by the civil. 6. Not natural; as, a peranifhed or outlawed is faid to fuffer civil, h not natural death. 7. Not military; as, ivil magiftrate's authority is obftructed by 8. Not criminal; as, this is a civil procefs, criminal profecution. 9 Civilifed; not bar. s.-England was very rude and barbarous; is but even the other day fince England grew Spenfer on Ireland. 10. Complaifant; civigentle; well bred; elegant of manners; not ; not brutal; not coarfe.-He was civil and natured, never refufing to teach another. en. And fall these fayings from that gentle tongue, here civil speech and foft perfuafion hung? Prior. Grave; fober; not gay or fhewy.This night oft fee me in thy pale career, ill civil fuited morn appear. Milton. Relating to the ancient confular or imperial rnment; as, civil law. No woman had it, but a civil doctor. Shak. .) CIVIL, in a legal fenfe, is alfo applied to ordinary procedure in an action, relating to ⚫ pecuniary matter or intereft; in which fenfe opposed to criminal. .) CIVIL DEATH, (§ 1. def. 6.) any thing that off a man from civil fociety; as a condemna to the galleys, a perpetual banishment, and awry; as well as condemnation to death itAnciently excommunication had the fame ef, but happily, the power of the clergy, which nerly made even kings and emperors tremble, ow nearly at an end. 4.) CIVIL LAW, is properly the peculiar law ach ftate, country, or city; but what we u ly mean by the civil law, is a body of laws apofed out of the best Roman and Grecian s, compiled from the laws of nature and na1s; and, for the most part, received and obved throughout all the Roman dominions for we 1200 years. See LAW Index. It was first ught over into England by Theobald a Norn abbot, who was elected to the fee of Canterry in 1138; and he appointed a profeffor, Roger firnamed Vicarius, in the univerfity of ford, to teach it to the people of this country. evertheless, it gained ground very flowly. King phen iued a proclamation prohibiting the idy of it. And though the clergy were attachto it, the laity rather wished to preferve the i conftitution. However, the zeal and influence the clergy prevailed; and the civil law acquired eat reputation from the reign of King Stephen the reign of King Edward III. both inclufive. any tranfcripts of Juftinian's Institute are to be und in the writings of our ancient authors, parcularly of Bracton and Fleta; and Judge Black ftone obferves, that the common law would have been loft and over-run by the civil, had it not been for the incident of fixing the court of common pleas in one certain fpot, and the forming the profeffion of the municipal law into an aggregate body. It is allowed, that the civil law contains all the principles of natural equity; and that nothing can be better calculated to form good fenfe and found judgment. Hence, though in feveral countries it has no other authority but that of reafon and juftice, it is every where referred to for authority. It is not received at this day in any nation without fome alterations: fometimes the feudal law is mixed with it, or general and parti cular customs; and often ordinances and statutes cut off a great part of it. In Turky, the Bafilics are only ufed. In Italy, the canon law and cuftoms have hitherto excluded a good part of it. In the ci-devant ftate of Venice, custom had almost an abfolute government. In the Milanefe, the feudal law, aud particular cuftoms, bore fway. In Naples and Sicily, the conftitutions and laws of the Lombards are faid to prevail. In Germany, the civil law is esteemed to be the municipal law: but yet many parts of it are there grown obfolete; and others are altered, either by the canon law or a different ufage. In Friezeland, before the late revolution, it was obferved with more strict. nefs; but in the northern parts of Germany, the jus Saxonicum, Lubecenfe, or Culmenfe, is preferred before it. In Denmark and Sweden, it hath scarce any authority at all. In France, before the late revolution, only a part of it was received, in fome places as a cuftomary law; and in those provinces nearest to Italy, it was received as a municipal written law. In criminal caufes, the civil law was more regarded in France; but the manner of trial was regulated by ordinances and edicts...... In Spain and Portugal, the civil law is connected with the jus regium and cuftom. In Scotland, the ftatutes of the federunt, part of the Regia Majeftatis, and their customs, controul the civil law. In England, it is ufed in the ecclefiaftical courts, in the high court of admiralty, in the court of chivalry, in the two univerfities, and in the courts of equity; yet in all thefe it is restrained and directed by the common law, (5.) CIVIL SOCIETY. See LAW, Index. (6.) CIVIL STATE, in the British polity, one of the general divifions of the LAITY, comprehending all orders of men from the highest nobleman to the meaneft peasant that are not included under the MILITARY or MARITIME ftates: though it may fometimes include individuals of these as well as of the CLERGY; fince a nobleman, a knight, a gentleman, or a peafant, may become either a divine, a foldier, or a feaman. The divifion of this ftate is into NOBILITY and COMMONALTY. See thefe articles. (7.) CIVIL WAR, a war between people of the fame ftate, or the citizens of the fame city; one of the greatest misfortunes that can befal a nation. (8.) CIVIL YEAR, the legal year, or annual account of time, which every government appoints to be used within its own dominions. See ASTRO NOMY, and CHRONOLOGY, Indexes. * CIVILIAN. n. f. (civilis, Lat.] One that pro feffes the knowledge of the old Roman law, and of of general equity. The profeffors of that law, called civilians, because the civil law is their guide, fhould not be discountenanced nor discouraged. Bacon. A depending kingdom is a term of art, unknown to all ancient civilians, and writers upon government. Swift. * CIVILISATION. n.. [from civil.] A law, act of justice, or judgment, which renders a criminal procefs civil; which is performed by turning an information into an inqueft, or the contrary, Harris. (1.) * CIVILITY. n.f. [from civil.] 1. Freedom from barbarity; the ftate, of being civilifed. -The English were at firft as ftout and warlike a people as ever the Irith; and yet are now brought unto that civility, that no nation excelleth them in all goodly converfation, and all the ftudies of knowledge and humanity. Spfer.-Divers great monarchies have rifen from barbarifm to civility, and fallen again to ruin. Davies. 2. Politeness; complaifance; elegance of behaviour. Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress; Or elfe a rude defpifer of good manners, That in civility thou feem'ft fo empty? Shakefp. -He, by his great civility and affability, wrought very much upon the people. Clarendon. 3. Rule of decency; practice of politeness.Love taught him fhame; and fhame, with love at ftrife, Soon taught the fweet civilities of life, Dryden. (2.) CIVILITY, as defined (§ 1. def. 2, 3.) is juftly inculcated as a duty of no flight confideration. Without civility, or good-breeding, a court would be the feat of violence and defolation. There, all the paffions are in fermentation, becaufe all purfue what but few can obtain; there, if enemies did not embrace, they would ftab; there, fmiles are often put on to conceal tears; there, mutual fervices are profeffed, while mutual injuries are intended; and there, the guile of the ferpent fimulates the gentlenefs of the dove, To what a degree muft good-breeding adorn the beauty of truth, when it can thus foften the deformity of falfehood? As we are placed in a world where natural evil abounds, we ought to render it fupportable to each other as far as human endeavours can avail. All that can add a fweet engredient to the bitter cup must be infufed. Amid the multitude of thorns, every flower that will grow muft be cultivated with care, but neither pomp nor power are of themfelves able to alleviate the load of life. The heart requires to be foothed by fympathy. A thoufand little attentions from all a round us are neceflary to render our days agreeable. The appearance of neglect in any of thofe with whom we are connected, chills our bofom with chagrin, or kindles the fire of refentment. can beftow. The mere participation dies and amufements of others, at the that it gratifies ourselves, is often an humanity; because others would t without companions. A friendly vift hour, is often a greater act of kindnes Iuable prefent. It is really matter of that those who are diftinguished by rank lence fhould ever be unpopular in their aga hood. They muft know the value of p and furely nothing is more eafily obtained perior. Their notice confers honour; ad fpiring heart of man is always delighted tinction. A gracious look from them dẩn pinefs on the lower ranks. But it pens, that an overgrown rich man is t vourite of a neighbouring country; and it tunate, that pride or inadvertance ofta p men from acting that god-like part of t thers happy, even when they might do it w inconvenience to themselves. To CIVILIZE. v. a. [from civil.] Tena from favageness and brutality; to intras arts of regular life. We send the graces and the mufes for To civilize and to inftruct the North. -Amongst thofe who are counted the ra part of mankind, this original law of takes place. Locke.-Oliris, or Bacchus, ed to have civilized the Indians, and r mongst them fifty two years. Arbatin *CIVILIZER. n. f. from civiliz reclaims others from a wild and favage that teaches the rules and cuftoms of c The civilizers!-the difturbers, y The robbers, the corruptors of mank Php' *CIVILLY. ada. (from civil.] 1. lan relating to government, or to the rights ter of a member of a community: not Men that are civil lead their lives after mon law; for that a multitude fouk harmony, concur in the doing of one this is civilly to live; or fhould manag nity of life, it is not poffible. H criminally. That accufation, which is p either civilly commenced for the priva tion of the party injured; or elfecrima is, for fome publick punishment. A lutely; complaifantly; gently; with without brutality.-I will deal poems: nothing ill is to be spoken Dryden.-I would have had Almena parted civilly as if it was not proper fu do fo. Collier. He thought them folks that loft th And afk'd them civilly to stay. Nothing thereform feems fo likely to enfure hap- 4. Without gay or gaudy colours-T pinefs as our mutual endeavours to promote it. bers were handfome and cheerful, ad Our fingle endeavours, orginating and terminating civilly, Bacon. in ourfelyes, are ufually unfuccefsful. Providence CIVISM, .f. a word lately intrac of th has taken care to fecure that intercourfe which is French, literally fignifying a ftrict ad neceflary to the exiftence of fociety, by rendering duties of a citizen; but like that wardit the greateft fweetener of human life. By reci- ZEN, 4,) it is ufed by the French ha procal attentions we are enabled to become bene- fenfe, to comprehend all the duties ficent without expenfe. A fmile, an affable ad- PATRIOTISM. drefs, a look of approbation, are often capable of giving a greater pleasure than pecuniary benefits town of Italy, in the department a (1.) CIVITA, [Ital. i, e. a city,] & C vant province of Bresciano; feated on the ,25 miles W. of Brescia. ) CIVITA AQUANA, a town of Naples, in the nce of Abruzzo Ulterior, 15 miles E. from la. ) CIVITA BORELLO, a town of Naples, in zzo Citra, and late dep. of the Sangro 19 miles . of Molefe, ) CIVITA CASTELLANA. See CITTA, N° 1. ) CIVITA D'ANTINA, a town of Naples, in rovince of Abruzzo Ultra, and late dep. of ra, 12 miles S. from Celano. ) CIVITA DI CASCIA, a town of Italy, late ) CIVITA DI CHIETI, or TETI, a city of .) CIVITA DI ST ANGELO, a town of Naples, province of Abruzzo Ultra, and deparment efcara, fituated on a mountain, 3 miles from o di Salino. 6.) CIVITA LAVINIA, a town of Italy, in the 1.) CIVITA LUPARELLA, a town of Naples, 13) CIVITA MARE, a town of Naples, in the 16.) CIVITA TOMASSA, a town of Naples, in 17.) CIVITA TURCHINO, a place in Italy, a- and a small one within; others of a small room at the entrance, and a large one within others are fupported by a column of the folid rock left in the centre, with openings on every part. The entrance to them all is by 2 door about 5 feet high, by 2 broad. Some have no light but from the door, while others feem to have had a small light from above, through a hole of a pyramidal form. Many of thefe apartments have an elevated port that runs all round the wall, being a part of the rock left for that purpofe. The moveables found in these apartments confift chiefly of Erufcan vafes of various forms: but in fome have been found plain facrophagi of ftone, with bones in them. Most of these apartments are fuccoed, and ornamented; fome are plain but three are richly adorned, having a double row of Etrufcan infcriptions running round the upper part of the walls, and under them a kind of frieze of figures in painting: fome have an ornament under the figures, which feems to fupply the place of an architrave. The paintings feem to be in fresco; and in general refemble thofe which are ufually feen upon Etrufcan vafes; though fome of them are perhaps fuperior to any thing yet seen of the Etrufcan art in painting. In general they are flight, but well conceived; and prove, that the artift was capable of producing things more ftudied and better finifhed; though, in fuch a fubterranecus fituation, the delicacy of a finifhed work would in a great measure have been thrown away. It is probable, however, that among the immenfe number of thefe apartments that yet remain to be opened, many paintings and infcriptions may be found fufficient to form a very useful and entertaining work. At present this great scene of antiquities is little known, even in Rome. Mr Jenkins, refident at Rome, was the firft Englishman who vifited it. (18.) CIVITA VECCHIA, a fea port town of Italy, in the Pope's territories, with a good harbour and an arfenal. Here the Pope's galleys are ftationed, and it has lately been made a free port; but the air is very unwholefome. It is 35 miles NW, of Rome. Lon. 11. 51. E. Lat. 42. 5. N. (19.) CIVITA VECCHIA. See MALTA, N° 2. CIVITARA, a town of Naples, in the Capitanata, 2 miles NE. of Dragonera. (1.) CIVITELLA, a fortrefs of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulterior, miles N. of Teramo. (2.) CIVITELLA, a town of Naples, in the Otranto, 5 miles NE. of Tarento. (1.) CIVOLI, or CIGOLI, a town in Tuscany, with a caftle, the birth place of Cardi. (2.) CIVOLI, or CIGOLI, Lewis. See CARDI. CIVRAC, a town of France, in the department of Gironde, 7 miles E. of Libourne. CIVRAY. See SIVRAY. CIVRY, a town of France, in the department of the Eure and Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the district of Chateau-dun, 7 miles ENE. of Chateau-dun. (1.) CIUS, in ancient geography, a river of Bithynia, which gave name to the CIANUS SINUS. Hylas, the favourite boy of Hercules, is faid to have been drowned in it. (2.) Crus, in ancient geography, a town of Bithynia, |