h are likewife fent to China, as well as hard- a third of the able-bodied men in the empire were e, and live cattle, fuch as horfes, camels, &c. employed in conftructing this wall. The workexports from China are, raw and manufac- men were ordered, under pain of death, to place d filk, cotton, porcelain, rhubarb, mufk, &c. the materials fo closely, that not the leaft entrance : government of Ruffia likewife referves to it- might be afforded for any inftrument of iron; and the exclusive privilege of purchafing rhubarb. thus the work was conftructed with fuch folidity, brought to Kiatka by fome Buckharian mer- that it is ftill almost entire, though 2000 years ts, who have entered into a contract to fup- have elapfed fince it was conftructed. This exthe crown with it in exchange for furs; the traordinary work is carried not only through the ortation of the best rhubarb is forbidden under low lands and valleys, but over hills and mounre penalties, but yet is procured in fufficient tains; the height of one of which was computed atities, fometimes by clandeftinely mixing it by F. Verbieft at 1236 feet above the level of the inferior roots, and fometimes by fmuggling fpot where he ftood. According to F. Martini it rectly. Great part of Europe is fupplied with begins at the gulf of Lea-tong, and reaches to the arb from Ruffia.-The internal commerce of mountains near the city of Kin on the yellow a is much greater than that of all Europe. It river; between which places it meets with no ineatly facilitated by the vaft number of canals terruption except to the N. of the city of Suen in rivers with which the country is interfected. Pecheli, where it is interrupted by a ridge of inChinese, however, are not at all fitted for fo- acceffible mountains, to which it is closely united. n trade. Few of their veffels go beyond the It is likewife interrupted by the river Hoang-ho; ts of Sunda; their longeft voyages to Malacca but for others of an inferior fize, arches have been nd only as far as Acheen, towards the ftraits conftructed, through which the water paffes freely. Batavia, and northward to Japan. Their com Mr Bell informs us, that it is carried across rivers, ce with the last mentioned island, and with and over the tops of the highest hills, without the boya or Siam, produces them cent per cent. leaft interruption, keeping nearly along that cirir trade with the Manillas brings only about cular range of barren rocks which inclofes the er cent. The Chinese traders go alfo, though country; and, after running about 1200 miles, very frequently, to Acheen, Malacca, Thor, ends in impaffable mountains and fandy deferts. n, Ligon, and Cochin China; whence they The foundation confifts of large blocks of ftone. g gold and tin, with objects of luxury for the laid in mortar; but all the reft is of brick. The The great obftacles to the foreign, com- whole is fo ftrong and well built, that it scarcely ce of the Chinese are their indifference about needs any repairs; and, in the dry climate in time affairs, and the bad conftruction of their which it ftands, may remain in the fame condi ls. This they acknowledge; but fay, that a- tion for many ages. When carried over steep attempt to remove it would be derogating rocks, where no horfe can pafs, it is about 15 or the laws, and fubverting the conftitution of 20 feet high; but when running through a valley, empire. or croffing a river, it is about 30 feet high, with fquare towers and embrafures at equal diftances. The top is flat, and paved with cut ftone; and where it rifes over a rock or eminence, there is an afcent made by an eafy stone stair. "This wall (our author adds) was begun and completely finish ed in the fhort space of 5 years; and it is reported, that the labourers ftood fo clofe for many miles, that they could hand the materials from ane to another. This feems the more probable, as the rugged rocks among which it is built muft have prevented all ufe of carriages; and neither clay for making bricks, nor any kind of cement, are to be found among them." 9.) CHINA, VICEROYS OF. The viceroys are nguifhed by the title of TSONG-TOU, and are ys mandarins of the firft clafs, poffeffing an oft unlimited power within their diftricts. ymarch abroad with all the pomp of royal nificence, never quitting their palaces, on the trifling occafion, without a guard of 100 A viceroy is the receiver general of all the collected in the province, tranfmitting them e capital, after having referved what he judges flary for the demands of his diftrict. All law must be brought before his tribunal; and he the power of paffing fentence of death, but not be put in execution without being firft ed to the emperor. Every 3 years he fends ourt a report of the conduct of the mandarins rdinate to him; and according to the contents are either continued or difgraced. Thofe of m he makes an unfavourable report are pud in proportion to their delinquency; while, he other hand, those who are well reported, ewarded. .) CHINA, WALL OF. The principal defence e empire against a foreign enemy is the great which feparates China from Tartary, extendmore than 1500 miles in length, and of fuch nefs that fix horfemen may easily ride abreaft it. It is flanked with towers two bow-fhots at from one another; Walker fays there are Do of thefe towers; a number rather incredible, hat the wall extends 2000 miles. It is faid that * (II. 1.) CHINA. n. f. [from China, the country where it is made.] China ware; porcelain ; a fpecies of veffels made in China, dimly tranfparent, partaking of the qualities of earth and glafs. They are made by mingling two kinds of earth, of which one eafily vitrifies; the other refifts a very strong heat: when the vitrifiable earth is melted into glafs they are completely burnt.-After fupper, carry your plate and china together in the fame basket. Savift. (2.) CHINA-ORANGE. n.. [from China and orange. The fweet orange; brought originally from China.-Not many years has the China-orange been propagated in Portugal and Spain. Mortimer's Hufb. (3.) CHINA-ROOг. . . [from China and root.j A medicinal root, brought originally from China. (4-) CHINA ROOT, in the materia medica, the root of a fpecies of SMILAX, brought both from the rious evolutions of the body, and i the Eaft and Weft Indies; and thence diftinguith ed into ORIENTAL and OCCIDENTAL. Both forts are longith, full of joints, of a pale reddish colour with no fmell, and very little tafte. The oriental, which is most eftċemed, is confiderably harder and paler than the other. Such fhould be chofen as are fresh, clofe, heavy, and upon being chewed appear full of a fat unctuous juice. It is generally fuppofed to promote infenfible perfpiration and the urinary difcharge, and by its unctuous quality to obtund acrimonious juices. China root was first brought into Europe in 1535, and ufed as a fpecific against venereal and cutaneous diforders With this view it was made ufe of for fome time; but has long fince given place to more powerful medicines. (5.) CHINA ROSE, in botany. See HIBISCUS. (6.) CHINA WARE. See PORCELAIN. CHINCA, a town of South America, in Peru, fituated in a valley of the fame name, where the ancient incas had formerly built a temple dedicated to the fun. It once contained 25,000 inhabitants, now reduced to about 500 families. miles N. of Pifco. It lies CHINCHILLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, 25 leagues SW. of Valencia. Lon. 14. 15. E. of Teneriffe. Lat. 38. 48. N. CHINCHIO, a town of European Turkey, in the province of Dalmatia, 6 miles E. of Spalatro. CHINCON, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, 18 miles ESE. of Madrid. (1.) CHINCOUGH: n. [perhaps more properly kincough, from kinckin, to pant, Dutch; and cough. A violent and convulfive cough, to which children are fubject. I have obferved a chincough, complicated with an intermitting fever. Floyer. (2.) CHINCOUGH. See MEDICINE, Index. *CHINE. n. f. [efchine, Fr. fthiena, Ital. fpina, Lat. cein, Arm.] 1. The part of the back, in which the fpine or backbone is found. She ftrake him fuch a blow upon his chine, that the opened all his body. Sidney. 2. A piece of the back of an animal.Cut out the burly-boned clown in chines of beef ere thou fleep. Shakefp. *To CHINE. v. a. [from the noun] To cut into chines. (3.) CHINESE BONZES. The bonte are reprefented as a moft avaricious and h tical race of men, ready to practife even villainy, and even to fubject themfelves to intolerable tortures, to obtain more compaffion of the public. See BoNZE edict of one of the emperors is cited by fier, by which great numbers of ther houfes were fuppreffed. To perpetuate t they purchase young children, whom they in all the myfteries and tricks of the but they are in general very ignorant, ad them would be able to give any tolerable a of the tenets of their fect. They are t to a regular hierarchy, but acknowledge whom they call grand bonzes, who la place in all religious affemblies at which pen to be prefent. Their wealth is i by pilgrimages to certain places wher temples more or lefs reverenced, and multitude of abfurd ceremonies are p Thefe bonzes are inveterate enemies to ty, telling the moft abfurd ftories conc millionaries; as that they pluckt out t their converts to conftruct telefcopes The literati, and the fenfible part of the hold them in the greatest contempt. (4.) CHINESE, CHARACTER OF TEL fier, who feems inclined to give a f of the Chinese, is obliged to confels th commercial dealings, they are as dib knavifh a race as any that exift. "The (1.) CHINESE. adj. belonging to CHINA. quented fairs of Europe (fays he) afford (2.) CHINESE. n. f. plur. the people of CHINA. idea of that immenfe number of buyer The Chinese, in their perfons, are middle-fized, with which the large cities of China their faces broad, their eyes black and finall, their ly crowded. We may almoft fay, nofes rather fhort. They have fingular ideas of half are employed in over-reaching the beauty. They pluck up the hairs of the lower against strangers, the Chinese merda part of their faces by the roots with tweezers, lea- without any fenfe of fhame, their inf ving a few ftraggling ones by way of beard. Their city. Of this F. du Halde gives t Tartar princes compel them to cut off the hair of ample out of many: "The captain their heads, and to wear only a lock on the crown. vellel bargained with a Chinefe mercha Their complexion towards the N. is fair, towards ton for feveral bales of filk, which the the S. fwarthy, and the fatter a man is, they think to provide against a certain time. him the handfomer. Men of rank and learning, were ready, the captain went with his who are not much expofed to the fun, are of a de- to the houfe of the Chinese merchant, to licate complexion, and thofe who are bred to let- whether they were found. On op ters let the nails of their fingers grow to an enor- bale, he found it according to his wi mous length, to fhew that they are not employ- reft were good for nothing. The c The women have little fell into a great paffion, and muracie eyes, plump rofy lips, black hair, regular features, chant in the fevereft terms for ha dindi and a delicate though florid complexion. "The Chinefe, after having heard him exterior demeanor of the Chincfe (fays Sir G. with great coolness, replied, Staunton,) is very ceremonious. It confits of va- knave of an interpreter; he and ed in manual labour. father of a family is refponfible for his children, and even his domeftics; all thofe faults being im puted to him which it was his duty to have prevented. Every father has the power of felling his fon, "provided (fays the law) the fon has a right of felling himself." This cuftom, however, is barely tolerated among the middling and inferior ranks; and all are forbidden to fell them to come dians, or people of infamous character, or very mean ftations. In China a fon remains a minor during his father's life, and is even liable for the debts contracted by him, thofe from gaming only excepted. Adoption is authorifed by law, and the adopted child immediately enters into all the rights of a lawful fon; only the law gives a right to the father of making a few difpolitions in favour of his real children. The children, however, whether real or adopted, cannot fucceed to the dignity of their father, though they may to his eftate. The emperor alone can confer honours and even then they must be refigned when the perfon attains the age of 70; though this refignation is confidered as an advice rather than a law. The will of a father cannot be fet afide in China on account of any informality; nor can a mother make a will. dt not infpect the bales.' The lower clafs of are very dexterous in counterfeiting and ating every thing they fell. Sometimes you you have bought a capon, and you receive g but fkin; all the reft has been scooped and the place fo ingenioufly filled up, that the ion cannot be difcovered till the moment egin to eat it. The counterfeit hams of have been often mentioned. They are of a piece of wood cut in the form of a nd coated over with a certain kind of earth is covered with hog's fkin. The whole is oufly painted and prepared, that a knife is try to detect the fraud. Mr Ofbeck relates, aving one day obferved a blind man carry but for fale fome of thofe trees called by hinefe Fo-kei, he purchased one, which to ance had fine double red and white flowers; a clofer examination, he found that the s were taken from another tree, and that lyx was fo neatly fitted into the other, with made of bamboo, that he fhould fcarcely difcovered the deceit, had not the flowers to wither. The tree itself had buds, but e open flower. The robbers in China figthemfelves alfo by their dexterity and ingewhich they difplay in their profeffion. They a have recourfe to acts of violence, but ince themfelves into a houfe either privately, forming fome connection with the family. s difficult in China to avoid robbery, as it is prehend the criminal in the fact. If we are us of finding among the Chinese opennefs of r, benevolence, friendship, and virtue, we not feek for it in cities, but in the bofom of untry, among that clafs of men who have ed themfelves to labour and agriculture." On hole, the Europeans are perhaps not fufficientquainted with the interior parts of China, to an accurate judgment of the character of the e in general; and it feems not fair to chaife a great nation from a few inftances of y, however, well attefted. By fome authors, hinese appear to be too much degraded; by others too extravagantly praised. ) CHINESE, CUSTOMS PECULIAR TO THE. uthors agree, that an abfurd cuftom prevails ghout China of confining the feet of female ts in fuch a manner, that they are never ald to grow to near their full fize. "Of moft e women we faw, (fays Sir G. Staunton,) in the middle and inferior claffes, the feet unnaturally small, or rather truncated. They ar as if the fore part of the foot had been actally cut off, leaving the remainder of the lize, and bandaged like the ftump of an amed limb. They undergo, indeed, much torand cripple themselves in a great measure, itation of ladies of higher rank, among whom the cuftom to ftop by preffure the growth of ncle as well as foot from the earlieft infancy; aving the great toe in its natural pofition, bly to bend the others, and retain them un the foot, till at length they adhere to, as if d in the fole, and can no more be feparated. faid, indeed, that this practice is now lefs ent than formerly, at least among the lower in the northern provinces." In China every L. V. PART. II. (6.) CHINESE DIVERSIONS. The only diverfions of the Chinese are hunting and fishing; dancing not being practifed, and gaming forbidden by law. They catch fish by various methods; ufing nets in their great fisheries, but lines in their private. In feveral provinces alfo they use a certain kind. of bird, whofe plumage greatly refembles that of a raven, but it has a much longer bill, very fharp and hooked. This method of fishing is practifed in boats, of which great numbers may be feen on the river about fun-rifing, with the fifhing birds perched on their prows. Thefe birds are taught to catch fish almoft in the fame manner that dogs purfue game. The fishermen beat the water ftrongly with their oars. This ferves as a fignai to the birds, who inftantly plunge into the water, and diving, fwallow as inany fmall fith as they can, repairing immediately afterwards to the boat, and carrying a large one by the middle in their bills. The fmall ones are prevented from pafling into the ftomach by a ring placed to confine the bird's gullet: and the fisherman by firoaking its neck with the head downwards, makes the bird difgorge all the fall fish. When they have done fishing, the rings are taken off, and the birds allowed to feed. When the fish happens to be too large for a fingle bird, the others have the fagacity to affift it; one taking it by the tail, another by the head, &c. and thus they tranfport it to their mafter. Another method of fithing, practifed only in China, is as follows: They nail a board, about two feet in breadth, which is covered with a white fhining kind of varnish, upon the edges of a long narrow boat, from one end to the other. board is placed in fuch a manner as to flope almoft imperceptibly to the water. It is ufed only in the night, and is always turned towards the moon, that the reflection of the light may increase the fplendor of the varnish. The fish, in fporting, of ten mistake this varnifhed board for water; and endeavouring to throw themfelves into it, fall into the beat. The foldiers have a particular metho This of fishing with bows and arrows; the latter of which are fixed to the bows by ftrings, to prevent them from being loft, and to draw out the fif which the arrows have pierced. Others ufe triderits to catch large fish which are fometimes found in the mud. Befides thefe diverfions, the Chinese have fome ftrolling players, but no reguJar theatres; they have likewife muficians and fingers, but no operas, or indeed any public fpectacle worthy of notice. (7.) CHINESE DRESSES. There is little diftinction in China between the ordinary drefs of men and women. Rank and dignity are diftinguished by certain acceffary ornaments; and the perfon would be feverely chatifed, who should prefume to affume them without being properly authorifed. The dress in general confifts of a long veft which reaches to the ground. The left fide folds over the other, and is fastened to the right by four or five fmall gold or filver buttons, placed at a little diftance from one another. The fleeves are wide towards the fhoulder, growing narrower as they approach the wrift, where they terminate in the form of a horfe floe, covering the hands entirely, and leaving nothing but the ends of the fingers to be seen. Round the middle they wear a large girdle of filk, the ends of which hang down to their knees. From this girdle is fufpended a fheath, containing a knife and two fmall fticks which they ufe as forks. Below this robe they wear a pair of drawers, in fummer made of linen, and in winter of fatin lined with fur, fometimes of cotton, and in fome of the northern provinces of fkins. Thofe are fometimes covered with another pair of white taffety. Their fhirts are always very fhort and wide. Under thefe they wear a filk net to prevent it from adhering to the fkin. In warm weather they have their necks always bare; in cold, they wear a collar made of filk, fable, or fox's fkin, joined to their robe, which in winter is trimmed with fheep's fkin, or quilted with filk and cotton. That of people of quality is lined with beautiful fable fkins brought from Tartary, or with the fineft fox's fkin, trimmed with fable; in fpring it is lined with ermine. Above their robe they wear alfo a kind of fur-tout, with wide fleeves, but very fhort, and lined in the fame manner. The emperor and princes of the blood only, have a right to wear yellow; certain mandarins have liberty to wear fatin of a red ground, but only upon days of ce in, and covered with ratan or cane very remony; in general they are clothed in black, head. The whole bird adheres to the b blue, or violet. The inferior ranks are allowed to claws, which are fixed in the hair. Last wear no other colours but blue or black; and lity fometimes wear feveral of the their drefs is always compofed of plain cotton up into a fingle ornament, the w cloth. Formerly the Chinefe were at great pains which is very expenfive. Young to preferve their hair; but the Tartars compelled a crown of pafteboard, the fore part them to cut off the greater part of it, and to alter in a point above the forehead, and is the form of their clothes after their fashion. This jewels. The reft of the head is dea revolution in drefs was not effected without blood-, natural or artificial flowers, amoord thed, though the conqueror at the fame time a- diamond pins are interfperfed. The b dopted in other refpects the laws, manners, and of the ordinary clafs of women, ope cuftoms of the conquered people. Thus the Chi- advanced in years, confifts only a nefe are painted as if bald, but they are not fo na- fine filk wrapped round their ha turally; that fmall portion of hair which they pre- ufe white as the colour proper for ferve behind, or on the tops of their heads, is all fon can ufe no other for three youn that is now allowed them. This they wear very of his father or mother; and rich long, and plaited like a tail. In fummer they wear clothes muft be of one colett, 1 del a cap fhaped like an inverted cone, lined with fat bidden the ufe of filks and f n preferibed the time when they are firft to cap. This is put upon their heads by the of ceremonies, who addrelles them in the ng manner: "Consider that you now ree drefs of thofe who have attained to maand that you ceafe to be children; retherefore all chilish thoughts and inclinaaflume a grave and ferious deportment; with refolution to the ftudy of virtue and and endeavour to merit à long and hapCHINESE DYNASTIES. See CHINA, 7. HINESE, EDUCATION OF THE. The book nonies directs the education of a child to ice as foon as it is born, and deferibes the s which its nurfe ought to have. She muft ttle, adhere ftrictly to truth, have a mild behave with affability to her equals, and pect to her fuperiors. The child is taught he right hand as foon as it can put its hand outh, and then it is weaned. At 6 years it a male, he is taught the numbers moft and made acquainted with the names of cipal parts of the world; at 7 he is fepaom his fifters, and no longer allowed to them, nor to fit down in their prefence; is inftructed in the rules of good breeding iteneis; at 9 he ftudies the kalendar; at fent to a public fchool, where he learns to rite, and caft accounts; from 13 to 15 he t mufic, and every thing that he fings conmoral precepts. It was formerly the cufat all the leifons defigned for the Chinese were in verfe; and it is to this day lament the fame cuftom is not followed, as their on has fince been rendered much more difnd laborious. At 15, the Chinese boys are to handle the bow and arrow, and to n horfeback; at 20 they receive the fir they are thought to deferve it, and they mitted to wear filk dreffes ornamented rs; but before that period they are not to wear any thing but cotton. Another of initiating children into the principles of ge in this empire is, by felecting a DumCharacters expreffive of the most common engraving or painting them feparately on nd of fubftance, and, under the thing red, putting the name, which points out children the meaning of the word. As the have no alphabet, they reprefent almost ing by different characters. The labour youth, therefore, is intolerable; being to study many thoufand characters, each h has a different fignification. Some idea difficulties may be obtained, from what told by F. Martini, who aflures us, that under the neceifity of learning 60,000 difharacters before he could read the Chinefe ith tolerable eafe. The book first put in ands of children, points out what a child o learn, and the manner in which he should t. This volume is a collection of fhort cs, confifting of 3 or 4 verfes each, in and they are obliged to give an account vering of what they have learned in the After this elementary treatife, they put in to their hands the 4 books which contain the doctrines of Confucius and Mencius. The fenfe and meaning of the work is never explained to them until they have got by heart all the characters, that is to fay, the words in the book. While they are getting thefe words by heart, they are ikewife employed in learning to form the characters with a pencil. For this purpose they are furnished with large leaves of paper, on which are writ ten or printed with red ink very big characters; and thefe they are required to cover with black ink, and to follow exactly their fhape and figure; which intenfibly accustoms them to form the different ftrokes. After this they are made to trace fmaller characters defigned in black, and placed under the paper on which they write. Great pains is taken in forming the hands of young peo. ple, particularly ftudents of literature. After the fcholar has made himfelf malter of the characters, he is allowed to compofe; but the fubject is pointed out to him only by one word. Competitions are alio eftablifhed in China, but most of them are of a private nature: 20 or 30 families, all of the fame name, and who confequently have only one hall for the names of their ancettors, agree among themfelves to fend their children twice a month to this hall to compofe. Each head of a family in turn gives the fubjee of this literary conteft, and adjudges the prize; but this cots him a dinner, in the hall of competition. A fine of about rod. is impofed on the parent of each scholar who abfents himfelf from this exercife. Every ftudent is obliged to compete at leaft twice a-year under the infpection of an inferior mandarin of letters, styled H10-KOUAN. The mandarins often order the @udents to be brought before them, to examine the progrefs they have made in their studies, and excite a ipirit of emulation among them. Even the governors of cities order all thofe ftudents, who relide near them, to appear before their tri bunal once a month. The author of the beft compolition is honoured with a prize, and the gover nor treats all the candidates on the day of competition at his own expenfe. In every city, town, and village in China, there are fchoolmatters who teach fuch fciences as are known in that country, Parents pofleffed of a certain fortune have private inftructors for their children. The education of the Chinese women is confined to giving them a tafte for folitude, and accuftoming them to modelty and filence; and, if their parents are rich, they are likew de inftructed in fuch accomplishments as may render them agreeable to the other fex. Free fchools are very numerous in every province of China, and even fome of the villages are not deftitute of this advantage. The fons of the poor are there received as readily as thofe of the rich; and from this obfcure fource talents often spring, which afterwards make a confpicuous figure on the grand ftage of life. (10.) CHINESE ENTERTAINMENTS. Nothing can appear more irkfome to an European than the multitude of ceremonies uted on all occafions by the Chinefe. An invitation to an entertainment is not fuppofed to be given with fincerity, until it has been renewed three or four times in writing. A card is fent the evening before the entertain ment; |