rendered defenfible either by nature or art. It frequently fignifies with us the principal manfion of noblemen. In the time of Henry II. there were no less than 1115 caftles in England, each of which contained a manor. (3) CASTLE, [caftellum,] in ancient writers, denotes a town or village furrounded with a ditch and wall, furnished with towers, and guarded by troops. See CASTELLUM. (4.) CASTLE, OF CASTLE-STEED, is alfo an appellation given by the country people in the North, to the Roman caftella, as diftinguished from the caftra Stativa which they ufually call CHESTERS. Horfley reprefents this as a ufeful criterion, whereby to difcover or diftinguish a Roman camp or ftation. There are feveral of thefe caftella on Severus's wall: they are generally 60 feet fquare; their N. fide is formed by the wall itself which falls in with them; the intervals between them are from 6 furlongs to 7; they feem to have ftood clofeft where the stations are wideft. The neighbouring people call them caftles or caftlefteeds, by which it feems probable that their ancient Latin name had been CASTELLUM. Some modern writers call them mile cafles, or military caftella; Horf ley fometimes exploratory castles. In thefe caftella the areans had their ftations, whofe bufinefs was to make incurfions into the enemy's country, and give intelligence of their motions. (5.) CASTLE, in fea language, denotes an elevation on the deck of a veffel; or a part of the deck, fore and aft, raised above the reft. See FORE-CASTLE, and HIND-CASTLE. (6.) CASTLE, Edmund. See CASTELL. (7.) CASTLES, HISTORY OF ANCIENT ENGLISH. Caftles, walled with stone, and defigned for refidence as well as defence, are, for the most part, according to Mr Grofe, of no higher antiquity than the conqueft: for although the Saxons, Romans, and even according to fome writers on antiquity, the ancient Britons had caftles built with ftone; yet these were both few in number, and at that period, through neglect or invafions, either deftroyed or fo much decayed, that little more than their ruins were remaining. This is afferted by many of our hiftorians and antiquaries, and affigned for a reafon for the eafe with which William made himself mafter of England. This circumftance led him alfo both with a view to guard against invations from without, and to awe his newly acquired fubjects, immediately to begin erecting cattles all over the kingdom, and likewife to repair and augment the old ones; and as he had parcelled out the lands of the English amongst his followers, they, to protect themselves from the refentment of thofe fo defpoiled, built ftrong holds and caftles on their eftates. This likewife caufed a confider able increase of thefe fortreffes; and the turbulent and unfettled ftate of the kingdom in the fucceeding reigns, ferved to multiply them prodigioufly, every baron or leader of a party building caftles; infomuch, that towards the end of king Stephen's reign they amounted to the almost incredible number of 1115. As the feudal fyftem gathered ftrength, thefe caftles became the heads of baronies. Each castle was a manor: and its caftellain, owner, or governor, the lord of it. Markets and rs were directed to be held there; not only to prevent frauds in the king's duties, but also as they were efteemed places where the laws of the land were obferved, and as fuch had very particu lar privileges. But this good order did not long laft; for the lords of caftles began to arrrogate to them. felves a royal power, not only within their cafties, but likewife its environs; exercifing judicature both civil and criminal, coining of money, and arbitrarily feizing forage and provifion for the fub fiftence of their garrifons, which they afterwards demanded as a right. At length their infolence and oppreffion grew to fuch a pitch, that accord. ing to William of Newbury, "there were in Eng land as many kings, or rather tyrants, as lords of caftles;" and Matthew Paris ftyles them, very nefts of devils and dens of thieves. Caftles were not folely in the poffeffion of the crown and the lay barons, but even bishops had thefe fortrefes; though it feems to have been contrary to the ca nons, from a plea made use of in a general coun cil, in favour of king Stephen who had feized upon the ftrong caftles of the bishops of Lincoln and Salisbury. This prohibition (if fuch exifted) was, however, very little regarded; as in the fol lowing reigns many strong places were held, and even defended, by the ecclefiaftics: neither was more obedience afterwards paid to a decree made by the pope at Viterbo, 28 May 1220, where it was ordained, that no perfon in England fhould keep in his hands more than two of the king's caftles. The licentious behaviour of the garrifont of these places becoming intolerable, in the treaty between king Stephen and Henry II. when only duke of Normandy, it was agreed that all the caftles built within a certain period should be de molished; in confequence of which many were actually razed, but not the number ftipulated. The few caftles under the Saxon government were probably, on occafion of war or invafions, gar rifoned by the national militia, and at other times flightly guarded by the domeftics of the great per fonages who refided therein; but after the con queft, when all the eftates were converted into baronies held by knight's fervice, castle guard co ming under that denomination, was among the duties to which particular tenants were liable. From thefe fervices the bishops and abbots, who till the time of the Normans, had held their land in frank almoign, or free alms, were, by this new regulation, not exempted: They were, not how ever, like the laity, obliged to perfonal fervice, it being fufficient that they provided fit and able perfons to officiate in their ftead. This was, however, at firft ftoutly oppofed by Anfelm Abp. of Canterbury; who being obliged to find fome knights to attend William II. in his wars in Wales complained of it as an innovation and infringement of the rights and immunities of the church. It was no uncommon thing for the Conqueror and the kings of thofe days, to grant eftates to men ef approved fidelity and valour, on condition that they fhould perform caftle guard in the royal caffles with a certain number of men, for fome specified time; and fometimes they were likewife bound by their tenures to keep in repair and guard for e particular tower or bulwark, as was the cafe a Dover caftle. In procefs of time thefe fervices were commuted for annual rents, fometimes y led ward penny, and waytfee, but commonly caf feal. ther neceffary offices. On the top of this wall, and on the flat roofs of these buildings, ftood the defenders of the caftle, when it was besieged, and from thence discharged arrows, darts, and ftones, on the befiegers. The great gate of the cattle ftood in the courfe of this wall, and was ftrongly fortified with a tower on each fide, and rooms over the paffage, which was clofed with thick folding doors of oak, often plated with iron, and with an iron portcullis or grate down from above. Within this outward wall was a large open space or court, called, in the largest and most perfect caftles, the outer bayle, or ballium, in which stood commonly a church or chapel. On the infide of this outer bayle was another ditch, wall, gate, and towers, inclofing the inner bayle or court, within which the chief tower or keep was built. This was a very large fquare fabric, 4 or 5 ftories high, having fmall windows in prodigious thick walls, which rendered the apartments within it dark and gloomy. This great tower was the palace of the prince, prelate, or baron, to whom the caftle belonged, and the refidence of the conftable or governor. Under ground was the dungeon, confifting of difmal dark vaults for the confinement of prifoners. In this building also was the great hall, in which the owner difplayed his hofpitality, by entertaining his numerous friends and followers. At on end of the great halls of caftles, palaces, and monafteries, there was a place raifed a little above the reft of the floor, called the déis, where the chief table stood, at which perfons of the highest rank dined. Though there was unquestionably great variations in the ftructure of caftles, yet the moft perfect and magnificent of them feem to have been constructed near ly on the above plan, Such, to give one example, was the famous caftle of Bedford, as appears from the following account of the manner in which it was taken by Henry III. A. D. 1224. The caftle was taken by 4 affaults. "In the firft was taken the barbican; in the fecond the outer ballia; at the third attack, the wall by the old tower was thrown down by the miners, where, with great danger, they poffeffed themfelves of the inner ballia, thro a chink; at the fourth affault the miners fet fire to the tower, fo that the imoke burst out, and the tower itself was cloven to that degree, as to fhow vifibly fome broad chinks; whereupon the enemy furrendered. See Plate LX, Fig. 5. where I is the barbacan, 2 the ditch or moat, 3 the wall to the outer ballium, 4 the outer ballium, 5 the artificial mount, 6 the wall of the inner ballium. 7 the inner ballium, 8 the keep or dungeon. (8.) CASTLES, MATERIALS, FORM, SITUATION, &c. OF. The materials of which caftles were Built, varied according to the places of their erection; but the manner of their conftruction fhs to have been pretty uniform. The out des of the walls were generally built with the Bones neareft at hand, laid as regularly as their hapes would admit; the infides were filled up with the like materials, mixed with a great quantity of fluid mortar, which was called by the work men grout-work. The shape or plan of these Calles depended entirely on the caprice of the architects, or the form of the ground intended to be occupied neither do they feem to have confed themfelves to any peculiar figure in their towers; fquare, round, and polygonal, oftentimes occuring in the original parts of the fame building, The fituation of the caftles of the Anglo-Norman kings and barons, was most commonly on an eminence, and near a river; a fituation on feveral accounts eligible. The whole fite of the caftle (which was frequently of great extent and irregular figure) was furrounded by a deep and broad ditch, fometimes filled with water, and fometimes dry, called the folle. Before the great gate was an outwork, called a BARBA CAN, OF ANTEMURALE, which was a ftrong and high wall, with turrets upon it, defigned for the defence of the gate and draw-bridge. On the infile of the ditch ftood the wall of the caftle, a but 8 or 10 feet thick, and between 20 and 30 feet high, with a parapet, and a kind of embrafures, called CRENNELS, on the top. On this wall, at proper diftances fquare towers of 2 or 3 stories high were built, which ferved for lodging Some of the principal officers of the proprietors of the caitle, and for other purpofes; and on the inide were erected lodgings for the common ferTants or retainers, granaries, forchoufes, and o- Cafle. (9.) CASTLES, SCOTTISH, Before the accef fion of James VI. to the throne of England, the fituation of Scotland was fuch, that every baron's houfe was more or lefs fortified, according to the power and confequence of its lord, or according to the fituation of the caftle, Near Edinburgh or Stirling, where the inhabitants were more polished in their manners, and overawed by the feat of government, no more was neceflary than towers capable of refifting the curfory attack of robbers and thieves, who never durft flop to make a regular investment, but plundered by furprife, and if repulfed, inftantly fled away. Such was Melville It anciently confifted of a strong built N 2 tower the head quarters of Gen. Lake, in August 1798, when he was attacked by about 800 French troop and a party of the rebels, who obliged him to re treat with the lofs of 20 men and 6 pieces of cannon, and kept poffeffion of the place for 20 day afterwards. It is 35 miles N. of Galway. La 9, 25. W. Lat. 53. 45. N. CASTLE-BEARE, a village of England, N.d Great Ealing, Middlefex. CASTLE-BELLINGHAM, a town of Ireland, i Louth county, Leinster, 34 miles from Dublin. CASTLE-BITHAM, 3 miles W. of Bourn, Lis colnshire. CASTLE-BLAKENEY, in Galway county, In land, 80 miles from Dublin. CASTLE-BLANEY, in Monaghan, Ulfter, 80 miles NW. from Dublin. CASTLE-BRACK, in Queen's county, Leinster. CASTLE-BRIDGE, in Wexford, Leinfter. CASTLE-CAMPS, in Cambridge, E. of Linton. CASTLE-CARBERRY, in Kildare, Leinster, about 26 miles from Dublin, on the borders of the bog of Allen. by. CASTLE CAREW, in Pembrokeshire, near Te CASTLE-CARGAN, or CASCARRIGAN, in Le trim, Connaught, 84 miles from Dublin. tower of ftories, en battled at the top, and was fufficiently trong to refift any fudden attack unaided by artillery, or other engines of war. But, when further removed, as in Perthshire, Invernefshire, or Aberdeenshire, then it was neceflary to be better defended, and the aids of a peel or dungeon, with outer walls, moat, and wet ditch, barnakin, &c. adde 1, to enab`e ti e powerful lord to refift the formidable attack of his powerful adverfary. The hiftory of Scotland, fo late as the reign of the Stuart family, affords many melancholy inftances of inveterate feuds among the greater and leffer barons of that period; by which every mode of fortification then in ufe was feldom adequate to the defence of the caftle, against the form or blockade of the enraged chieftain and his clan. The caftle of Doun feems to anfwer this defeription of fortification, and has made feveral gallant defences in the annals of Scotland. The third kind of fortreffes in Scotland were those fituated on the borders of England, or on the fea coafts of the kingdom, and in the western ifles, and very remote places. Many of the old cafties in Scotland were fituated on an island, in a deep Jake, or on a peninfula, which by a broad deep cut was made an ifland. Of this kind was Lochmaben, in Annandale, the caftle of Clofeburn in Nithfdale, thecaftle of the Rive, on the Dee, in Galloway, Lochleven cafle, and many others. These fortrefles were only acceffible in a hard froft, or by boats which were not eafily transported, by a people deftitute of good roads and wheel car riages. In fact, they could only be taken by furprife or blockade; the firft very difficult, the 2d ery tedious; fo that, before the ufe of artillery, they might be deemed almoft impregnable. On that account, their fituation was very defirable in the inland parts of Scotland. On the fea coats of Scotland we generally find the strongest and most ancient, as well as the most impregnable caftles. Thefe had to defend theinfelves from the invasion of the for ign enemy, as well as the attacks of the domeftic foe. Thus we find the barons, whofe lands extended to the féa coaft, perched, like cagies, on the moft inacceffible rocks that lay within their poffeffions. Of this kind were Slains caftle, Tantallon, and Dunotter on the E coaft, and Dunvegan in the ifle of Sky, with Dunolly on the W. Thefe muft have been moft uncomfortable retreats, except to a barbarous people, or when a preffing danger forced the baron to feek his fafety in the only retreat left him. CASTLE-ACRE, a town in the county of Norfolk, 4 miles NW. of Swaflam, fo named from its cattle built in a field. It has fairs 18th April, and 5th July CASTLE-ASHBY, a village in Northamptonshire, W. of Wellingborough. CASTLE BALDWIN in Sligo Ireland. CASTLE-BAR, à populons borough and market town of Ireland, capital of the county of Mayo. It carries on a brisk trade, and has a barrack for a troop of horfe; with a charter fchool capable of receiving 30 children, endowed with two acres of land, rent-free, By Lord Lucan; who has alfo granted a leafe of 20 acres more at a pepper corn yearly. Cattle-bar is memorable for having been (1.) CASTLE-CARY, a remarkable Roman fa tion about four miles weft from Falkirk, on the horders of Stirlingshire in Scotland. It compre hends feveral acres of ground, is of a fquare tort and is furrounded with a wall of ftone and mor tar; all the space within the walls has been con pied by buildings, the ruins of which have rail the earth eight or ten feet above its natural fir face; fo that the fort now feems like an billig furrounded with a funk fence. In 1770, fre workmen employed in fearching for thones, t the great canal which paffes near it, difcovered i veral apartments of ftone; and in one of them great number of ftones about two feet in length and standing erect, with marks of fire upon th as if they had been employed in fupporting for veffel under which fire was put. In a hollow the rock near this place, 1771, a confidere quantity of wheat, quite black with age, found, with wedges and hammers fuppofed to hat been Roman. (2.) CASTLE-CARY, a town in Somerf.tilir, 3 miles from Wincanton, 11 SE. of Wells, and 112 W. by S. of London. It has a market c Tueflay, and fairs on Mid Lent and Whiske Tuefday, and May 1. It has a mineral water that of Epfom. Lon. 3. 42. W. Lat. 51. 5... CASTLE-CHALAMINE, Sec ARCHITECTUR CASTLE-CHONAL, Index. CASTLE-COMB, in Wiltfaire, between Chippen ham and Badmington, in Gloucestershire, 1: NNE. of Bath. It has a fair, May 4. Lot 1.45 W. Lat. 51, 30. N, CASTLECOMER, in Kilkenny, Leinfor, 45 m from Dublin. It is remarkable for its collate which produce the Kilkenny coals, famous burning without smoke. CASTLECUFF, in King's county, Leirfter. * CASTLED. adj. [from cafile.] Furnished wit caftles, Th |