paraphrafes in Walton's Polyglot; viz. 1. of Onkelos; 2. of Jonathon fon of Uziel; and 3. of Jerufalem. See BIBLE, 19.

1

(1) CHALE, a river of China, which rifes in the kingdom of Lafia, and falls into the Gulf of Cochin China.

(2.) CHALE, a village in the Ifle of Wight. CHALESWORTH, in the Peak of Derby. CHALEUR BAY, a deep broad bay of North America, W. of the Gulf of St Lawrence. CHALFONT ST GIRES; two villages, near CHALFONT ST PETERS; Amerfham, Bucks. CHALFORD, two towns; 1. in Bifley parish, Gloucestershire; 2. one mile from Oxford. CHALGRAVE, two villages; 1. in Bedfordfhire, S. of Tuddingham: 2. in Oxfordshire, NE. of Dorchester,

(1.) CHALICE. n. f. (calic, Sax. calice, Fr. calyx, Lat.] 1. A cup or bowl.

When in your motion you are hot, And that he calls for drink, I'll have prepar'dhim, A chalice for the nonce. Shakespeare. 2. It is generally ufed for a cup ufed in acts of worship-All the church at that time did not think emblematical figures unlawful ornaments on cups or chalices. Stilling fleet.

(2) CHALICE (§ 1. def. 2.) is peculiarly applied to the cup ufed to adminifter the wine in the facrament, and by the Roman Catholics in the mafs. The ufe of the chalice, or communicating in both kinds, is by the church of Rome denied to the laity, who communicate only in one kind; the clergy alone being allowed the privilege of communicating in both kinds; in direct oppofition to our Saviour's words, "Drink ye all of it." *CHALICED. adj. [from calyx, Lat. the cup of a flower. Having a cell or cup: applied by Shakespeare to a flower, but now obfolete.

Hark, hark! the lark at heaven's gate fings,
And Phoebus 'gins arife,

His feeds to water at thofe fprings, On chalic'd flowers that lies. Shakelp. CHALIZA, in the Jewish cuftoms, the ceremony whereby a widow pulls off her brother-inlaw's fhoes, who fhould efpoufe her, and thus is at liberty to marry whom the pleafes.

(1.) * CHALK. n. f. [realc, cealestan, Sax. calck, Welch. Chalk is a whitish foffile, ufually reckon ed a ftone, but by fome ranked among the boles. It is ufed in medicine as an abforbert, and is celebrated for curing the heartburn. Chambers-Chalk is of two forts; the hard, dry, ftrong chalk, which is beft for lime; and a foft, unctuous chalk, which is beft for land, because it easily diffolves with rain and froft. Mortimer.

With ebalk I first defcribe a circle here, Where these ethereal fpirits must appear. Dryd. (2.) CHALK, CRETA, is a white earth found plentifully in Britain, France, Norway, and other parts of Europe, faid to have been anciently dug chiefly in the ifland of Crete, and thence to have received its name Creta. They have a very eafy way of digging chalk in the county of Kent in England. It is there found on the fides of hills; and the workmen undermine it fo far as appears proper; then digging a trench at the top as far diftant from the edge as the undermining goes at bottom, they fill this with water, which foaks through in the space of a night, upon which the whole flake falls down at once. In other parts of the kingdom, chalk generally lies deeper, and they are forced to dig for it at confiderable depths, and draw it up in buckets. Chalk whether burnt into lime or not, is in many cafes an excellent manure. See RURAL ECONOMY. Pure chalk melts eafily with alkali and flint into a transparent colourlefs glafs. With alkaline falts it melts fome. what more difficultly, and with borax more eafily, than with flint or fand. It requires about half its weight of borax, and its whole weight of alkali, to fufe it. Sal mirabile and fandiver, which do not vitrify at all with the cryftalline earthis, form with half their weight of chalk, the firft a yellowith black, the latter a greenish, glass. Nitre, one of the most active fluxes for flint, does not perfealy vitrify with chalk. This earth notably promotes the vitrification of flint; a mixture of the two requiring lefs alkali than either of them feparately. If glafs made from flint and alkali is further faturated with the flint, fo as to be incapable of bearing any further addition of that earth without becoming opaque and milky, it will still in a ftrong fire take up or of its weight of chalk, without injury to its tranfparency. Hence chalk is fometimes made ufe of in compofitions for glass, as a part of the falt may then be spared. Chalk has alfo a great effect in melting the ftony matters intermixed with metallic ores, and hence might be of ufe in fmelting ores: as indeed limestone is ufed for that purpose. But when deprived of its fixed air, and converted into limeftone, it lofes much of its difpofition to vitrify. It then nielts very difficultly and imperfectly, and renders the glafs opaque and milky. Chalk readily imbibes water; and hence matics of it are employed for drying precipitates, lakes, earthy powders that have been levigated with water, and other moist preparations. Its ufes in cleaning and polishing metalline or glafs utenfils are well known. When powdered and wathed from any gritty matter it contains, it is called WHITING. In medicine it is one of the most useful abforbents, and is to be confidered fimply as fuch. The aftringent virtues, which fome have attributed to it, have little foundation, unless in fo far as the earth is faturated with an acid, with which it compofes a faline concrete manifeftly fub-aftringent. See CHEMISTRY, Index.

(3.) CHALK, in geography, a town of Kent, near Northfleet.

(4.) CHALK, BLACK, a name given by painters to a fpecies of earth with which they draw on blue paper, &c. It is found in pieces from 2 to CC 2

10

to feet long, and from 4 inches to 20 broad, generally flat, but fomewhat rifing in the middle, and thinner towards the edges, commonly lying in large quantities together. While in the earth, it is moist and flaky: but being dried, it becomes confiderably hard and very light; but always breaks in fome particular direction; and if attentively examined when fresh broken, appears of a ftriated texture. To the touch it is foft and fmooth, ftains very freely, and by virtue of the finmoothnefs makes very neat marks. It is easily reduced into an impalable foft powder without any diminution of its blacknefs. In this ftate it mixes cafily with oil into a smooth pafte; and being diffufed through water, it flowly fettles in a black flimy or muddy form; properties which make its ufe very convenient to the painters both in oil and water colours. It appears to be an earth quite different from common chalk, and rather of the aty bituminous kind. In the fire it becomes white with a reddish caft, and very friable, retaining its fiaky structure, and looking much like the white flaky males, which fome forts of pit coal leave in burning. Neither the chalk nor thefe afhes are at all affected by acids. The colour shops are fupplied with this earth from Italy or Germany; though fome parts of England afford fubftances nearly, if not entirely, of the fame quality, and which are found to be equally ferviceable for marking, and as black paints. Such particularly is the black earth called KILLOW, faid by Dr Merret, in his Pinax Rerun Britannicarum, to be found in Lancashire; and by Mr Da Cola, in his hiftory of toffils, to be plentiful near the top of Cay-Avon, a high hill in Merionethfhire.

(5.) CHALK, RED, an earth much used by painters and artificers, and common in the colour flops. It is properly an indurated clayey ochre ; and is dug in Germany, Italy, Spain, and France, but in greatest quantity in Flanders. It is of a fine, even, and firm texture; very heavy and very hard; of a pale red on the outfide, but of a deep dufky chocolate colour within. It adheres firmly to the tongue, is perfectly infipid to the afte, and makes no effervefcence with acids. (6.) CHALK, SILVER. See ARGENTARIA, N°2. (7.) CHALK, YELLOW. See TRIPOLI. *To CHALK. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To fub with chalk.

The beastly rabble then come down
From all the garrets in the town,
And ftalls and fhopboards in vaft fwarms,
With new chalk'd bills and rufty arms.

Hudib

2. To manure with chalk.-Land that is chalked, if it is not well dunged, will receive but little be. nefit from a fecond chalking. Mortimer. mark or trace out as with chalk.

3. To

CHALK-HEAD, a village in Cumberland, near Caldbeck.

CHALK-HILL, near Dunstable, Bedfordshire. *CHALK-PIT. n. f. [from chalk and pit. A pit in which chalk is dug. See CHALK-CUTTER. CHALK-STONES, in medicine, fignify the concretions of calcarous matter in the hands and feet of people violently afflicted with the gout. Leuwenhoek examined thefe by the microscope; but his obfervations and diftinctions have led to nothing ufeful, with regard to the nature or cure of the difease.

CHALK-STREET, à village in Kent, between Chalk and Gravefend.

CHALK-WELL, near Settingbourn. Kent. (1.) *CHALKY. adj. [from chalk.] 1. Con fifting of chalk; white with chalk.

As far as I could ken the chakly cliffs, When from thy fhore the tempeft beats us back, I stood upon the hatches in the ftorm. Shak 2. Impregnated with chalk.-Chalky water to wards the top of earth is too fretting. Bacon.

(2.) CHALKY LAND. Barley and wheat fa ceed very well on the better fort of chalky lan and oats generally do well on any kind of "." The natural produce of this fort of land in weeds, is that fort of small vetch, called the fine-turn with poppies, may-weed, &c. Sainfoil and hep clover will generally fucceed pretty well on thee lands; and, where they are of the better fort, tit great clover will do. The beft manure is du old rags, and the sheep dung left after folding them.

CHALLANS, a town of France, in the depart ment of the Upper Loire. Its late Benedite Abbey was much celebrated, It lies 12 miles E. of Brioude.

(1.) CHALLENGE. n. f. [from the verb.] 1. A fummons to combat.--

I never in my life
Did hear a challenge urg'd more modeftly. S
2. A demand of fomething as due.-

Taking for his younglings,
Left greedy eyes to them might challenge lay
Bufy with oker did the fhoulders mark. Si

There mult be no challe nge of fuperionty, of difcountenancing of freedom. Collier of Friend 3. In law. An exception taken either agant perfons or things; perfons, as in affize to the ours, or any one or more of them, by the p foner at the bar. Challenge made to the juro is either made to the array, or to the pa Challenge made to the array is, when the wide number is excepted againft, as partially impare led: challenge to or by the poll, is when fome or more are excepted against, as not indifferent challenge to the jurours is divided into challe principal, and challenge for caufe: challenge por cipal is that which the law allows without ca alleged, or farther examination; as a prifener the bar, arraigned upon felony, may peremptor challenge to the number of 20, one after anoite, of the jury empannelled upon him, alleging caufe. Cowel

You are mine enemy, I make my challenge You thall not be my judge. Shake pest (II.) CHALLENGE to fight a duel, by word

or letter, or be the bearer of fuch a challenge, is punishable by fine and imprisonment, on indictment or information. See DUEL.

(III) CHALLENGE, in the law of England, (§ I. def. 3.) is an exception made to jurors, (See TRIAL,) either in civil or criminal cafes.

CHALLENGES, IN CIVIL CASES,, are of two forts; challenges to the array, and challenges to the poll.

1. CHALLENGES TO THE ARRAY, as above defind (1. def. 3.) may be made upon account of partiality or fome default of the theriff or his ader officer who arrayed the panel. Alfo, though there be no perfonal objection against the fheriff, yet if he arrays the panel at the nomination, or under the direction of either party, this is good Cule of challenge to the array. Formerly the Jury was to come de vicineto, i. e. from the immedate neighbourhood; but by ftatute 4 and 5 Ann. 16. this was abolished upon all civil actions, xcept upon penal fatutes; and upon thofe alfo by the 24 Geo. II. c. 18. the jury being now only to come de corpore comitatus, i. e. from the body the county at large. The array by the ancient law may alfo be challenged, if an alien be party to the fuit, and, upon a rule obtained by his moto to the court for a jury de medietate lingua, fah a one be not returned by the fheriff puriuant to the ftatute 28 Edward III. c. 13. enforced by Henry VI. c. 29. which enacts, that where either party is an alien born, the jury fhall be one half izens and the other aliens (if fo many be forthming in the place,) for the more impartial trial: A privilege as ancient in England as the time of K. Ethelred, in whofe ftatute de monticolis Wallie then aliens to the crown of England,) c. 3 it is trained, "duodeni legales homines, quorum fex Wall et fex Angli erunt, Anglis et Wallis jus di

canto."

malice or favour: as, that a juror is of kin to either party within the 9th degree; that he has an intereft in the caufe; that he has taken money for his verdict, &c. which, if true, cannot be overruled, for jurors must be omni exceptione majores. Challenges to the favour, are where the party objects only fome probable circumftances of fufpicion, the validity of which must be left to the determination of triers. 4. Challenges propter délictum, are for fome crime or mifdemeanor that affects the juror's credit, and renders him infamous: As for a conviction of treafon, felony, perjury, or confpiracy; or if, for fome infamous offence, he hath received judgment of the pillory or the like.

ii. CHALLENGES, IN CRIMINAL CASES, may be made either on the part of the king, or on that of the prifoner; to the whole army, or to the feparate polls, for the fame reafons that they may be in civil caufes, For it is here at least as necef fary as there, that the sheriff or returning officer be totally indifferent; that, where an alien is indicted, the jury fhould be de medietate, or half foreigners, if fo many are found in the place (which does not indeed hold in treafons, aliens being very improper judges of the breach of allegiance; nor yet in the cafe of Egyptians, under the ftatute 22 Henry VIII. c. 1o.); that on every panel there fhould be a competent number of hundreders; and that the particular jurors thould be omni exceptione majores, not liable to any objections whatever. Challenges on any of the foregoing accounts are styled challenges for cause; which may be without ftint in both civil and criminal trials. But in criminal cafes, or at leaft in capital ones, there is, in favorem vite allowed to the prifoner an arbitrary and capricious fpecies of challenge to a certain number of jurors, without fhowing any caufe at all; which is called a peremp tory challenge: a provifion full of that tendernes and humanity to prifoners for which our laws are justly famous. This is grounded on two reafons: 1. As every one must be fenfible what fudden inipreffions and unaccountable prejudices we are apt to conceive upon the bare looks and geftures of another; and how neceflary it is, that a prifoner, when put to defend his life, fhould have a good opinion of his jury, the want of which might totally difconcert him; the law wills not that ke fhould be tried by any one man, against whom he has conceived a prejudice, even without being able to aflign a reafon for fuch his diflike. 2. Becaule upon challenges for caufe fhown, if the reafon afligned prove infufficient to fet afide the juror, perhaps the bare queftioning his indifference may fometimes provoke a refentment; to prevent all il confequences from which, the prifoner is still at liberty, if he pleafes, peremptorily to fet him a fide. This privilege of peremptory challenges, granted to the prifoner, is denied to the king by the ftatute 33 Edw. I. ftat. 4, which enacts, that the king fhall challenge no jurors without aligning a caufe certain to be tried and approved by the court. However, it is held that the king need not affign his caufe of challenge till all the panel is gone through, and unless there cannot be a full jury without the perfons fo challenged. And then, and not fooner, the king's counfel muft fhow the caufe; otherwife the juror fhall be fworn.

CHALLENGES TO THE POLLS, in capita, are exceptions to particular jurors; and seem to anver the recufatio judicis in the civil and canon laws; by the conftitution of which, a judge might refufed upon any fufpicion of partiality. But is now held that judges or juftices cannot be Callenged. But challenges to the polls of the jury are reduced to 4 heads by Sir Edward Coke: 1. Propter bonoris refpe&um; as, if a lord of parliament be impannelled on a jury, he may be challenged by either party, or he may challenge himef. 2. Propter defectum; as, if a juryman be an en born, this defect is of birth; if he be a flave ur bondman, this is defect of liberty, and he canht be a liber et legalis homo. Females are alfo excoded, propter defectum fexus; except when a widow feigns herfelf with child in order to exclude the next beir, and a fuppofititious birth is fufpected to be intended; then, upon the writ de ventre fpiciendo, a jury of women is to be impannelled to try the queflion whether the be with child or &t. But the principal deficiency is defect of efLate fufficient to qualify a man to be a juror, which pends upon a variety of ftatutes. See Blackt. m. III. 362. Propter affectum, for fufpicion of s or partiality. This may be either a principal Challenge, or to the favour. A principal challenge fuch, where the caufe affigned carries with it, prima facie, evident marks of fufpicion either of

The

land before 1584. About this time he married the daugther of Sir William Fleetwood. In 1591, he was knighted; and, fometime after, difcovered the alum mines on his eftate at Gifborough, in Yorkshire. Towards the end of the queen's reign, Sir Thomas vifited Scotland; and returning to England in the retinue of king James I. was immediately appointed governor to prince Henry. Some years before the death of that prince, he manied a 2d wife, the daughter of Mr Blount of London, by whom he had his heir Sir William, and other children. He died in 1615. He wrote 1. Dedication to Lord Burleigh, of his father's poetical works, dated 1579. 2. The virtue of Nitre. Lond. 1584, 4to. Sir Thomas during his refidence in Italy, being particularly fond of na tural hiftory, had fpent fome time at Puzzoli, where be was very attentive to the art of producing alum. This attention proved infinitely serviceable to his country, though of no great benefit to himself or bis family, his attempt being attended with much dificulty and expence. It was begun about A. D. 1500, but was not brought to any perfection till fame time in the reign of Charles I. by the afliftEce of one Ruffel a Walloon, and two other worken from the alum works at Rochelle. By one of the arbitrary acts of Charles, it was then deemdamine royal, and granted to Sir Paul Pindar. The long parliment adjudged it a monopoly, and justly restored it to the original proprietors.

CHALONNOIS, the name of two ci-devant tentories of France; viz. 1. in Burgundy: and 3. in Champagne.

(1.) CHALONS, or CHALLONS SUR MARNE, a handfome town of France in the department of Marne, lately an epifcopal fee in the province of Champagne. It contains 15,000 inhabitants who carry on a confiderable trade in thalloons and other woollen ftuff. The famous promenade, called the Gard, has been formed into a new ring much fuperior to the former. Here is an academy of the fciences, arts, and belles-lettres. Chalons is feated between two fine meadows on the rivers Marne, Mau, and Nau, 40 miles SW. of Verdun, and 95 E. of Paris. Lon. 4. 27. E. Lat. 48. 57. N. CHALONS, OF CHALLONS SUR SAONE, an ancient town of France, in the department of Sa one and Loire, lately an epifcopal fee of the province of Burgundy. It is the staple of iron for Lyons and St Etienne, and of the wines from exportation. The great Roman way from Lyons to Boulogne paffed by Chalons; and it has various indications of Roman magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphitheatre. The city contains the Old Town, the New Town, and the fuburbs c1 St Lawrence. In the first is the court of Jufetee, a modern ftructure, the cathedral, and the Hotel-de-ville. Chalons is feated on the Saone, 35 miles S. of Dijon. Lon. 4. 57. E. Lat. 46.

47 N.

CHALOUP, [Fr. chaloupe,] a fmall Hoop. CHALOW, a town in Berks, near Wantage. CHALTON, 6 miles E. of Bufh-Waltham, Hampshire.

CHALYBEATE. adj. [from chalybs, Lat. Reel Impregnated with iron or steel, having the qualities of fteel. The diet ought to ftrengthen

the folids, allowing fpices and wine, and the use of chalybeate waters. Arbuthnot on Diet.

(2.) CHALBEATE. See MINERAL WATERS. CHALYBES, in ancient geography, an ancient people of the Hither Afia. Their fituation is dif ferently affigned; Strabo placing them in Paphla gonia, E. of Synope; Apollonius Rhodius and Stephanus, on the E. of the Thermodon, in Pontus; called HALIZONES by Homer. They either gave their name to, or took it from the iron manufac tures, their only fupport; the foil being barren and ungrateful.

(1.) CHAM, or CHAMB. See CHAMB.

CAAM, OF KHAN. See KHAN.

CHAMA, in zoology, a genus of shell fish belonging to the order of vermes teftace. The hell is thick, and has two valves; it is an animal of the oyfter kind. Linnæus enumerates 14 fpecies, principally diftinguished by the figure of their thells. See Plate LXV. fig. 4, 5 & 6.

(1.)* CHAMADE.nf [French.] The beat of the drum which declares a furrender. Several French battalions made a fhew of refiftance; but, upon our preparing to fill up a little foffe, in order to attack them, they beat the chamade, and fent us charte blanche. Addifon.

(2.) CHAMADE, is otherwife defined, a fignal to inform the enemy that fome propofition is to be made to capitulate, to have leave to bury the dead, make a truce, or the like.

CHAMABUXUS, in botany. See POLYGALA CHAMECERASUS. See LONICERA. CHAMEDAPHNE. See MITCHELLA.

CHAMDRYS. See TEUCRIUM & VERONICA.

CHAMEJASME, a fpecies of STELLERA.
CHAMELEA. See CNEORUM.

CHAMELEON, in zoology. See CHAMELE ON, and LACERTA.

CHAMELINUM, in botany. See LINUM.
CHAMEEMELUM. See ANTHEMIS.
CHAMÆNERION. See EPILOBIUM.
CHAMEPITYS. See TEUCRIUM.

CHAMÆROPS, inbotany, the DWARF PALM, or LITTLE PALMETTO, a genus of the natural order of palma. The hermaphrodite calyx is tripartite; the corolla tripetalous; there are fix ftamina, 3 piftils, and 3 monofpermous plums. The male, is a diftinct plant, the fame as the herma phrodite. There are two fpecies, the most re

markable of which is the

CHAMEROPS GLABRA, a native of the West

It ne

Indies, and warm parts of America, alfo of the correfponding latitudes of Alia and Africa. ver rifes with a tall ftem; but when the plants are old, their leaves are 5 or 6 feet long, and upwards of two broad; thefe fpread open like a fan, having many foldings, and at the top are deeply divided like the fingers of a hand. This plant the Americans call thatch, from the ufe to which the leaves are applied. It may be eafily raifed in this country from feeds brought from America; but as the plants are tender, they must be conftantly kept in a bark-ftove.

CHAMEXYLON. See GNAPHALIUM,

CHAMANIM, [from chaman, to burn,] in Jewith antiquity, is the Hebrew name for that which the Greeks call PYREIA; and St Jerom, is

Leviticus,