them, in 1212, the magnificent tent of Miralmumin was given to the king of Navarre, he being the first who broke and forced the chains thereof.

(6.) CHAINS, in thip-building, are frong links or plates of iron, the lower ends of which are bolted through the fhip's fide to the timber.

from falling down, when the ropes, by which they are hung, happen to be fhot away, or renderd incapable of fervice.

CHAIN-WALES, or CHANNELS, of a hip, boirs, are broad and thick planks projec horizontally from the ship's outfide, abreast of fomewhat behind the mafts. They are formed ta extend the throuds from each other, and from the middle line of the fhip, fo as to give a greater port to the mafts, as well as to prevent the threck from damaging the gunwale, or being hart htt bing against it. Every maft has its chain wak which are either built above or below the fed deck ports in a thip of the line: they are strongly connected to the fide by knees, bolts, and flask

(7.) CHAINS, GOLD, are among the badges of dignity of the chief magiftrates of a city, as the lord mayor of London, the lord provoft and bai. lies of Edinburgh, &c.-Something like this obtained among the ancient Gauls: the principal ornament of thofe in power and authority was a gold chain, which they wore on all occafions; and even in battle to diftinguish them from the comtnon foldiers. (8.) CHAINS, HANGING IN, a kind of punith-ards, befides being confined thereto by the chass ment inflicted on murderers. By ftat. 25. Geo. II. c. 3. the judge thall direct fuch to be executed on the next day but one, unless Sunday intervene; and their bodies to be delivered to the furgeons to be diffected and anatomized: and he may direct them afterwards to be hung in chains. This punishment has not been used for many years paft in Scotland.

*To CHAIN. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To faften or bind with a chain. They repeal daily any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide more piercing ftatutes daily to chain up and reftrain the poor. Shakefp.-The mariners he chained in his own galleys for flaves. Knolles. 2. To enflave; to keep in flavery.

The monarch was ador'd, the people chain'd.

Prior. 3. To put on a chain.-The admiral feeing the mouth of the haven chained, and the caftles full of ordnance, and ftrongly manned, durft not attempt to enter. Knolles's Hift. of the Turks. 4. To unite. O Warwick, I do bend my knee with thine, And in this vow do chain my foul with thine. Shakespeare. CHAIN-ISLAND, an island difcovered by Captain Wallis in the South fea. It feemed to be about 5 miles long and as much broad, lying in the direction of NW. and SE. It appeared to be a double range of woody iflands joined together by reefs, fo as to compofe one ifland of an oval figure, with a lake in the middle. The trees are large; and from the fimoke that iffued from the woods, it appeared to be inhabited. Lon. 145. 54. W. Lat. 17. 21. S.

CHAINPUMP. n. /. [from chain and pump ] A pump ufed in large English vefels, which is double, fo that one rifes as the other falls. It yields a great quantity of water, works eafily, and is eafly mended, but takes up a great deal of room, and makes a difagreeable noife. Chambers. (1) CHAINSHOT. n. f. (from chain and jot.] Two bullets or half bullets, faftened together by a chain, which, when they fly open, cut away whatever is before them. -in fea fights oftentimes, a buttock, the brawn of the thigh, and the calf of the leg, are torn off by the codingbor, and fplinters. Herman's Surgery.

whofe upper ends pafs through notches on the
outer edge of the chain-wales, fo as to unite wa
the throuds above. See Plate LXV, fig. 2.
*CHAINWORK. n. f. [from chain and w
Work with open spaces like the links of a ch
Nets of chequcrwork, and wreaths of t
work, for the chapiters which were upon the ta
of the pillars. 1 Kings.

CHAJOTLI, cr CHAYOTI, a Mexican fruit a round thape, and fimilar in the hulk with w it is covered to the chefnut, but four or five t larger, and of a much deeper green colour. kernel is of a greenish white, and has a large w ftone in the middle, like it in fublance. It boiled, and the flone eat with it. This fr produced by a twining perennial plant, the re which is alfo good to eat. See Plate LXV

(1.) CHAIR. "n. f. [chuir, Fr.) 1. A mor feat.-If a chair be defined a feat for a fingle p fon, with a back belonging to it, then a fou feat for a fingle perfon, without a back. Logick. 2. A feat of juftice, or of authorityThe honour'd gods

Keep Rome in fafety, and the sbairs of jut Supply with worthy men. Slukep. Com -The committee of the commons appoint Pym to take the chair. Clarenden. 3. A v born by men; a fedan.

Think what an equipage thou haft in air, And view with fcorn two pages and a chair (2.) CHAIR, [Cathedra,) was anciently the pulpit. It is fill applied to the place wh profeflors and regents in univerfities deliver the lectures, and teach the fciences to their pages (3.) CHAIR is alfo applied by the Romanis certain feafts, held anciently in commemor of the tranflation of the fee, or feat of the va age of Christ, by St Peter.

(4-) CHAIR, CURULE, was an ivory feat plac on a car, wherein were feated the prime mi trates of Rome, and thofe to whom the honour a triumph had been granted.

(5.) CHAIR, PERFORATED, a chair, wherein new elected pope is placed, F. Mabilion oblo is to be feen at Rome: but the origin there does not attribute, as is coramonly done, t adventure of Pope Joan; but fays there is a tery in it; and I is intended, for fouth, tots, to the pope thofe words of forijtun, that draws the por run cut the atl end mitt. (6) CH 14, SEDAN, (+ 1 deg. 2.) is jupp ff yards in time of battle, to prevent them by poles, and periods are called in it, by

(1) CHAIN-SHOT are used at fea to shoot down yards er mifts, and to cut the throuds or rigging

of a hip.

CAIN, TOP, on board a fhip, a chain to ging

men. There are 200 chairs allowed by act of parliament; and no perfon is obliged to pay for a hackney chair more than the rate allowed by the act for a hackney coach driven two third parts of the faid distance. 9 Ann. c. 23. § 8. Their number is fince increased, by 10 Ann. c. 19. and 12 Geo. I. c. 12. to 400. See HACKNEY COACHES.

CHAIRMAN. n.. [from chair and man.] 1. The prefident of an affembly.-In affemblies generally one perfon is chofen chairman or moderator, to keep the feveral speakers to the rules of order. Watts. 2. One whofe trade it is to carry a chair.

One elbows him, one juftles in the fhole, A rafter breaks his head, or chairman's pole. Dryden. CHAIS DIEU, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, and ci-devant province of Velay. Its late Benedictine Abbey was much celebrated. It is 12 miles E. of Brioude. Lon. 3. 4. E. Lat. 45. 15. N.

(1.) * CHAISE. n.. [chaife, Fr.] A carriage of pleature drawn by one horse.-Inftead of the chariot he might have faid the chaife of government; for a chaife is driven by the perfon that fits in it. Addion.

(2) CHAISES, POST, are faid by Aurelius Victor, to have been first introduced by Trajan; but the invention is generally afcribed to Auguftus; and was probably only improved by Trajan and his fucceffors.

CHALASTICS, relaxing medicines.

CHALAZA, a white knotty ftring at each end of an egg, formed of a plexus of the fibres of the membranes, whereby the yolk and white are connected together. See EGG.

CHALBURY, a town in Dorfetfhire.

CHALCAS, in botany: A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the decandria clafs of plants. The calyx is quinquepartite; the corolla campanulated, with the petals heeled; the ftigma found-headed and warty.

CHALCEDON, or CALCEDON, anciently called PROCERASTIS and COLEUSA, a city of Bithynia, fituated at the mouth of the Euxine, on the N. extremity of the Thracian Bofphorus, over agant Byzantium. Pliny, Strabo, and Tacitus, call it The City of the Blind; alluding to the anfwer which the Pythian Apollo gave to the founders of Byzantium, who, confulting the oracle relative to a place where to build a city, were directed to choose that fpot which lay oppofite "to the habitation of the blind;" that is, as was then tinderstood, to Chalcedon: the Chalcedonians well deferving that epithet for having built their city in a barren and fandy foil, without feeing that advantageous and pleafant fpot on the oppofite thore, which the Byzantines afterwards chote.Chalcedon became famous A. D. 451, on account of the council which was held there againft Eutythes. The emperor Valens caufed the walls of this city to be levelled with the ground for fiding with Procopius, and the materials to be conveyed to Conftantinople, where they were employed n building the famous Valentinian aqueduct. Chalcedon is at prefent a poor place, known to the Geeks by its ancient name, and to the Turks by that of Cadiaci, i. e. the judge's town.

VOL V. PART I.

CHALCEDONIANS, the people of CHALCE DON. See laft article.

CHALCEDONIUM. See CHALCIDIC. CHALCEDONY, in natural history, a genius of the femipellucid gems. They are of a regular ftructure, not tabulated; of a femi-opaque cryf taline bafis; and variegated with different colours, difpofed in form of mifts or clouds, and, if nicely examined, found to be owing to an admixture of various coloured earths, but imperfectly blended in the mafs, and often vifible in dift.ct moleculæ

It has been doubted whether the ancients were acquainted with the ftone we call chalcedony; they having defcribed a Chalcedonian carbuncle and emerald, neither of which can at all agree with the characters of our ftone; but they have alfo defcribed a Chalcedonian jafper, which feems to have been the ftone they defcribe by the word turbida, which extremely well agrees with our chalcedony. There are 4 known fpecies of the chalcedony. 1. A bluish white one. This is the molt common of all, and is found in the thape of our flints and pebbles, in maffes of 2 or 3 inches or more in diameter. It is of a whitish colour, with a faint cloud of blue diffufed all over it, but always in the greateft degree near the furface. This is lefs hard than the oriental onyx. The oriental chalcedonies are the only ones of any value; they are found in vaft abundance on the fhores of rivers in all parts of the Eaft Indies, and frequently come over among the ballaft of the Eaft India fhips. They are common in Silefia, Bohemia, and other parts of Europe; but with us are lefs hard, more opaque, and of very little value. 2. The dull milky veined chalcedony. This is a tone of little value; and is fometimes met with among our lapidaries, who mistake it for a kind of nephritic ftone. It is of a yellowish white or cream colour, with a few milk white veins. This is principally found in New Spain. 3. The brownish, black, dull, and cloudy chalcedony, known to the ancients by the name of fmoky jafper, or jaspis capnitis. This is the leaft beautiful ftone of all the clafe: it is of a pale brownish white, clouded all over with a blackily mift, as the common chalcedony is with a blue. It is common in the Eaft and Weft Indies, and in Germany; but is very little valued, and is feldom worked into any thing better than the handles of knives. 4. The yellow and red chalcedony is greatly fuperior to all the reft in beauty; and is in great repute in Italy, though very little known among us. It is naturally compofed of an admixture of red and yellow only, on a clouded crystalline bafis; but is fometimes found blended with the matter of common chalcedony, and then is mixed with blue. It is all over of the misty hue of the common chalcedony. This is found only in the Eaft Indies, and there not plentifully. The Italians make it into beads, and call thefe cafidonies: but they are not determinate in the ufe of the word, but call beads of feveral of the agates by the fame. name. All the chalcedonies readily give fire with steel, and make no effervefcence with aquafortis.

CHALCEMBOLON, in antiquity, a hip witha a brazen roftrum.

CHALCIDENE, or CHALCIDICE, in ancient geography, an inland country of Syria, having Se Cc leucia

(1.) CHALCITIS, an inland oppofite to Chalcedon, mentioned by Pliny.

(2.) CHALCITIS, one of the divifions of Me potamia, S. of Anthemufia, the moft northu diftrict, next to Armenia, and fituated between Edeffa and Carræ.

* CHALCOGRAPHER. . . lxannoypuft, of xa, brafs, and gap, to write or engrave.] An engraver in brafs.

*CHALCOGRAPHY. n. lapia.] Etn graving in brafs.

leucia on the W. Cyrrheftica on the N. Apamene in the 3d century, who wrote a commentary on and Cælefyria on the S. and Chalybonitis on the E. Plato's Timæus, which is eftcemed. This work being fo called from its principal city CHALCIS. has been tranflated from the Greek into Latin. This province, one of the molt fruitful in Syria, (1.) CHALCIS, a mountain of Ætolia. was feized by Ptolemy the fon of Mennæus during (2-5) CHALCIS, the name of 4 ancient cities; the troubles of Syria, and by him made a feparate viz. . in Etolia, near the mouth of the Evenus, kingdom. Ptolemy himself is called by Jofephus on the Ionian Sea, at the foot of the mountain, and Hegefippus only prince of Chalcis, but his fon (N° 1.) and therefore called by fome HYPOCHAL Lyfanias is tiled king both by Jofephus and Dio. CIS: 2. the capital of Chalcidene in Syria, tear Upon the death of Antiochus Dionyfius king of Libanus, and a mountain or river called Beitu Syria, Ptoler y attempted to make himself mafter hence diftinguished by Pliny, by the epithets, of Damafcus and all Cœlefyria; but the inhabi- Libanum, and ad Belum: 3, in Chalcidice, neat tants, having an utter averfion to him on account Olynthus: and, 4. in Euboea, on the Euripu, of his cruelty, chofe rather to fubmit to Aretas the country of the poet Lycophron. king of Arabia, by whom Antiochus and his whole army had been cut off. He oppofed Pompey on his entering Syria; but was by him defeated, taken prifoner, and fentenced to death; which, however, he escaped by paying 1000 talents, and was alfo left in the poffeffion of his kingdom. After Ariftobulus king of Judea had been poifoned by the friends of Pompey, and Alexander his fon beheaded at Antioch, he fent Philippion his fon to Afcalon, whither the widow of Ariftobulus had retired with her other children, to bring them all to Chalcis; propofing, as he was in love with one of the daughters named Alexandra, to maintain them in his own kingdom in a manner fuitable to their rank: but Philippion, likewife being in love with Alexandra, married her on the way; for which prefumption Ptolemy put him to death on his return, and then took her to himfelf. On account of his affinity, he fupported to the utmoft of his power Antigonus the younger fon of Ariftobolus, who took the field at the head of a confiderable army, but on his entering Judæa was entirely defeated by Herod. Ptolemy foon after died, and was fucceeded by his fon Lyfanias; who, efpouling the caufe of the Afmonaan family with great warmth, promifed to Barzaphernes who commanded the Parthian troops in Syria, and to Pacorus the king's fon, roco talents and soo women, provided they fhould put Antigonus in poffeffion of the kingdom of Judæa, and depofe Hyrcanus. He was not long after put to death by Marc Antony, at the inftigation of Cleopatra; who accufed him falfely of having entered into an alliance with the Parthians, that the might get poffeflion of his dominions.

CHALCIDIC, CHALCIDICUM, or CHALCEDONIUM, in ancient architecture, a large magnificent hall belonging to a court of justice. Feftus fays, it took its name from the city Chalcis. Philander will have it to be the court where affairs of money and coinage were regulated; fo called from xxx, brafs, and xn, juftice. Others fay, the money was ftruck in it; and derive the word from xaxes, and ones, houfe. In Vitruvius, it is ufed for the auditory of a bafilica; in other ancient writers for a hall where the heathens imagined their gods dined. (1.) CHALCIDICE, in ancient geography, an eaftern district of Macedonia, ftretching northwards between the Sinus Toronæus and Singiticus; formerly a part of Thrace, but taken by Philip.

CHALCOLIBANON, a word which occurs in the Apocalypfe of St Jolin, and which is generally tranflated bras; but which, Mr Chambers Lays, interpreters have very much misunderstood. It formed of yeaxes, brafs, and olibanum, frankincent; and he argues when the name of a metal is prefix ed to another word, it only denotes the thing to be of the colour of that metal. He therefore tranflates it, frankincenfe of the colour of bras.

CHALCOMB, a village in Northamptonshire, near Oxford.

(1.) CHALCONDYLAS, Demetrius, a learned Greek, born at Conftantinople, who left that city after its being taken by the Turks, and afterwards taught Greek in feveral cities of Italy. He com pofed a Greek grammar; and died at Milaning

(2.) CHALCONDYLAS, Laonicus, a famous Greek hiftorian of the 15th century, born at Athens. He wrote an excellent hiftory of the Turks, from 0:toman, who reigned about A. D. 1300, to Maho met II. in 1463.

CHALCOPTHONGUS, a fpecies of black marble mentioned by Pliny, which when firuck upon, founded like brafs.

CHALCUS, xaxos, Gr.] See REOLUS. CHALCAIC. See CHALDEE, § 1, 2. CHALDEA, in ancient geography, 1. in a large fenfe, included Babylonia; as in the prophecies Jeremiah and Ezekiel. 2. In a reftricted fenfe, denoted a province of Babylonia, towards Arab Deferta; called in Scriptute The land of the Ch deans. It is faid to have been named from Cha the 4th fon of Nahor. See BABYLONIA, IRACĂRABIA, and ASTRONOMY, Index.

CHALDEANS, the people of Chaldea.

CHALDECOTE, a village in Purbeck i

Dorfetfhire, E. of Smedmore.

(1.) CHALDEE, or CHALDAIC, LANGUAGE, that fpoken by the Chaldeans. It is a dialect of

the HEBREW.

(2.) CHALDEE PARAPHRASE, in the rabbinical

(2.) CHALCIDICE. See CHALCIDENE.
CITALCIDIUS, a famous platonic philofopher ftyle, is called TARGUM. There are 3