the inland. It grows moft abundantly in the neighbourhood of Columbo, where the principal woods or cinnamon gardens are. Among thefe, the grand garden, which is neareft the town, occupies a a tract of country from 10 to 15 miles in length, extending from the NE. to the S. of the diftrict. Here nature feems to have concentrated both the riches and the beauty of the island. Over the plain, covered with low cinnamon trees, the eye reaches the groves evergreens, interfperfed with tall clumps, and bounded every where with ranges of cocoanut, and other trees; fuch as the uphorbium, tulip tree, ebony, red wood, caffia, cotton, lime, mangoe, citron, coffee; and the trees producing balfam of capivi, gum, gamboge, lac, &c. &c. Here is alfo the black and yellow TEAK, the wood of which is of a moft beautiful grain, but fo hard that the cutting of it proves very deftructive to the carpenters tools. But the most remarkable tree in this ifland is the tallipot, one of whofe leaves will cover ten men, and keep them from rain. They are very light, and travellers carry them from place to place, and ufe them inftead of tents. The common flowering fhrubs, which are numerous, fend forth a moft agreeable fragrance every morning and evening. The fineft fruits grow in vaft plenty; but there is also a poifonous fruit, called ADAM'S APPLE, which in fhape refembles the quarter of an apple cut out with the two infides a little convex, and a continued ridge along the outer edges; and is of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, ginger, and cardamoms, are alfo produced in Ceylon; with 5 kinds of rice, which ripen one after anther. It alfo abounds with topazes, garnets, rubies, and other precious ftones; befides ores of copper, iron, &c. and veins of black cryftal. Common deer as well as Guinea deer, are numerous; but the horned cattle are both very small and fcarce, fix of them weighing altogether, only 714 pounds, and one of thefe only 70 lb. Yet the inland produces the largest and beft elephants in the world; but the woods are infefted by tigers, the moft terrible of all ravenous beafts. They abound alfo with fakes of a monftrous fize, one of which has been known to deftroy a tiger, and devour him at one meal. Mr Ives faw one 15 feet long and 30 inches in circumference. Spiders, centipedes, and forpions alfo grow to an enormous fize. Our author faw a fpider as large as a toad, with brown hair upon it, and legs as thick as the fhank of a tobacco pipe. A fcorpion taken out of a piece of wood, was 8 inches long, from head to tail, exclufive of the claws; the fhell was as hard as that of a crab: and Mr Ives killed a centipede more than 7 inches long. Here the MANTIS or creeping leaf is met with; which is fuppofed to be a fpecies of grafshopper, having every member of common infects, though in fhape and appearance it greatly refembles a leaf. It is of a green colour. The fea coafts abound with fish; and the pearl hery, in the bay of Condatchy, during the feafon, exhibits one of the most interefting fcenes in Ceylon. The conqueft of this ifland was the firft attempt of Albuquerque the Portuguefe admiral. He found it well peopled, and inhabited by two different nations, the Bedas inhabiting the northern, and the CINGLASSES who dwelt in the fouthern parts. The former were very barbarous, but the latter a good deal more polished. Befides the advantages which these people derived from their mines of precious ftones, they carried on the greatest pearl fishery in the Eaft. These nations the Portuguese conquered, and tyrannized over in fuch a manner, that they affifted the Dutch in expelling them from the island; and by their united efforts this was accomplished in 1658, after a bloody and obftinate war. All the Portuguese fettlements fell into the hands of the Dutch Eaft India company, excepting a fmall diftrict on the eaftern coaft without any port, from whence the fovereign of the country had his falt. These fettlements formed a regular tract, extending from 2 to 12 leagues into the island. The Company appropriated all the productions of the island. Their articles of trade were, 1. Amethyfts, fapphires, topazes, and rubies; the laft very small and very indifferent. The Moors from the coaft of Coromandel ufed to buy them, paying a mo derate tax: and when cut, fold them at a low price in the different countries of India. 2. Pepper, coffee, and cardamom, all of an inferior qua lity. 2. Handkerchiefs, pagnes, and ginghams, of a fine red colour, fabricated by the Malabars at Jafnapatam. 4. Ivory, and elephants, which were carried to the coaft of Coromandel. 5. Areca, which the company bought at about 8s. 9 d. the ammonan, and fold on the fpot at L. 1. 12S. to the merchants of Bengal, Coromandel, and the Maldives; who, in return, gave rice, coarfe linen, and cowries, 6. The pearl fifhery, which was formerly of great confequence, but of late brought in only about L.8,750 per annum. 7. The great object of the company was cinnamon. They purchafed the greatest part of their cinnamon of their Indian fubjects, and, all expences deducted, it did not coft them above 6d per pound. The annual expences of the colony were about L. 96,250; their revenues, &c. produced only about L.87,5 co This deficiency was fupplied out of the profits of the cinnamon trade; and they were obliged to provide for the expences of the wars in which they were frequently engaged with the king of Candy, the fovereign of the illand. Thefe were very detrimental to the interefts of the Dutch; for which reafon they endeavoured to engage the good will of this monarch by fhowing him all imaginable civilities. The harmony, however, was often interrupted. In a bloody war, which terminated 14th Feb. 1966, the Ceylonefe monarch was driven from his capital, and the Dutch made a very advantageous treaty. Their fovereignty was acknowledged over all that part of the country they poffeffed before the war, and that part of the coafts held by the natives was ceded to them. They were allowed to gather cinnamon in all the plains; and the court was to fell them the beft fort produced in the mountains, at L. 1:16:1 for 18lb. The king engaged to have no connection with any foreign power; and even to deliver up any Europeans who might happen to ftray into the ifland. In return for fo many conceffions, he was to receive annually the value of the produce of the ceded coafts; and from thence his fubjects were Bb 2 out of a veffel like a tea-pot, through the pout, to be furnished gratis with as much felt as they had occasion for. The Dutch kept poffeffion of the whole Portuguese fettlements in the island, except a fmall diftrict on the E. coaft, and carried on an advantageous commerce with the merchants of Bengal, Coromandel, &c. til the 16th Feb. 1796, when the whole of the Dutch poffeffions on this ifland were furrendered to the British and E. India Company's troops, under captain Gardner and colonel Stuart; and was confirmed to them by the treaty of Amicris. Lon. from 20° to $2 E. Lat. from 6" to 10" N. CEYLONESE, the inhabitants of Ceylon. The aborigenes of Ceylon confift of two claffes of people, the Cingalefe and the Vaddlis. The latter are fill in the rudeft flage of focial life; they live embofomed in the woods, or in the hollows of the mountains, hunting their fele employment; and providing for the day their only care. Some of them acknowledge the authority of the king of Candy, and exchange with the Cingalefe elephants teeth, and deer's fieth, for arrows, cloths, &c.; but this traffick is not general; for two-thirds of them hold no communication with the Cingalefe, and have an utter antipathy to firangers. They worthip a particular god, and their religious doctrine feems to confift of fome indiftinét notions of the fundamental principles of the Braminical faith. In fome places, they have erected temples; but for the most part they perform their worthip at an altar conftructed of bamboos, under the fhade of a banyan tree. The Cingalefe are the fubjects of the king of Candy, and appear to have been, from time immemorial, a race of Hindoos, inftructed In all the arts of civil life, nearly in as high a degree as the nations of the neighbouring continent. They are a quiet inoffenfive people; very grave, temperate, and frugal. Their bodies partake of the cafe of their minds, and it is with reluctance they are roufed to any active exertion. When, however, neceffity obliges them to apply to any work, fuch as cultivating the land, they can undergo a great deal of labour. They ufe boats, hollowed out of the trunks of trees, about 12 or 14 feet long, but only as many inches broad withi. The tree part in the bottom is much larger; but when the boat on account of the fize of the tree, is too fmall, they make a trough on the top of it fquare at both ends. Some boats, however, are much larger, being built between two trees; and with there they coaft along the fhore; the others are for fifhermen. They are Pagans; and though they acknowledge a fupreme God, they worthip none but the inferior fort, anorg whom they reckon the fun and moon. In their temples are images, well executed, though their figures are monitrous; fome are of filver, copper, &c. The different gods have various priefts, who have all fumo privileges. The houfes are finall and low, with walls made of hurdles, fmoothly covered with clay, and roofs thatched. They have no chingies, and their furniture is only a few earthen veitels, with two copper bafons, and 2 or 3 tools; none but the king being allowed to fit in a chair. Even the most affluent have no other clothes but coarfe linen wrapt about them. Their nerally rice and falt, and their common C faut, that loves with all affection. Shak *CH has, in words purely English, or fully naturalized, the found of th; a peculiar pronu ciation, which it is hard to defcribe in words. I fome words derived from the French, it has the found of fh, as chaife; and, in fome derived from the Greek, the found of A, as cholerick. CHA, a thin light filk made in China. CHAA, the Chinese name for TEA. CHABAQUIDICK, a fmall fertile inland of the State of Mafiachusetts, 3 miles long, and 1 broad; fituated E. of Martha's Vineyard. CHABLAIS, a diftrist of France, being the M part of the department of Mont Blanc, and a ci-d vant province of Savoy; when it was bounded ca the E. by Vallais; on the S. by Faucigny; arde the W. and N. by the republic and lake of Gener CHABLIS, a town of France, in the depart ment of Yonne, and ci-devant province of Bur gundy, remarkable for white wines. It is 15 m from Auxerre. Lon. 3. 59. E. Lat. 47 42. N. CHABNAM, a very fine kind of mullin, mat of cotton in Bengal. CHABORAS, a river of Afiatic Turkey, which runs into the Euphrates CHACAPOYAS, a diftrict of Peru, within the Cordilleras. The native Indians make a gre-tvaritey of cottons and tapestry, equally beautifula their colours, and neat in their workmanship. *CHACE. See CHASE. CHACEWATER, a village of England, in Cor wall 5 miles W. of Truro. In its environs, with the circle of two miles, are feveral rich copp mines. To CHACK. See To BEAT, 11. ford. CHACKSHIRES, a kind of long breeche. troufers, worn by the Turks. A CHACKTAWS, a powerful nation of Ameri can Indians, who refide in the western parts Georgia. Their territory has the river Tomici bee, or Mobile, on the E. Weft Florida on thes the Miffifippi on the W. and the territory of the Chickafaws on the N. They are faid to be att 6cco in number; and more civilized than any ther nation of American Indians, within the te ritories of the United States. They not only dance, and compofe poetry, but are virtuous fible, and ingenious; in war courageous and intrepid, although their natural difpofition is E tle and quiet; and, what is ftill more decif. f their civilization, is, that they ufe their with great tendernefs. They are called Fur HEADS, from a peculiar cuftom they have off tening the foreheads of their male children. Wa which ferves the purpofe of a cradle. The p a boy is born, the nurfe procures a wooden cl.. wherein the child's head is laid, is hollowed in the form of a brick mould. The child is which they pour into their mouths profrate on his back, and a bag of fand put up his face, which gently comprefies the forehead, and forms it fomewhat refembling a brick, from the eye brows upwards. Their foreheads of confequence are high, and incline backwards. They allo celebrate the feast of the dead with great folemmnity. See AMERICANS, $9. CHACKTOOLE BAY, a bay in Norton Sound, on the W. coat of N. America, difcovered by Captain Cook, in 1778. It is expofed to S. and SW winds. Lon. 162. 47. W. Lat. 64. 31. N. CHACO, a large country of South America, fituated between 19° and 37° Lat. S. It belongs to the Spaniards, by whom it was conquered in 16. It is not naturally fruitful; but abounds in gold mines, which are fo much the more valuable that they are eatily worked. The works are carried on by about 8co negroes, who deliver every day to their mafters a certain quantity of gold; and what they can collect above this, belongs to themfelves; as well as what they find on thofe days that are confecrated to religion and reft, upon condition that on thefe occafions they maintain themselves. This enables many of them to purchafe their liberty; after which they inter. marry with the Spaniards. CHACONE, or a Spanish dance, originally CHACOON, from the Moors; the meafure of which is always in triple time. CHAD. n.. A fort of fish-Of round fifh there are brit, fprat, whiting, chad, eels, congar, millet. Carea's Survey of Cornaval. CHADBURY, a town near Holt, Dorfetshire, CHAD CHAPEL, near Malpas, Cheshire. CHADCHOD, in Jewish antiquity, is mentoned by Ezekiel, among the merchandizes which were brought to Tyre. The old interpreters, not weknowing the meaning of this term, continued it in their tranflation. St Jerom acknowledges that he could not difcover the interpretation of it. The Chaldee interprets it pearls; others think that the onyx, ruby, carbuncle, crystal, or dia. mond is meant by it. of Britain. The roots of the firft have been found poifonous when ufed as parfnips: the rundles afford an indifferent yellow dye; the leaves and talks a beautiful green. Its prefence indicates a fertile foil, but it ought to be rooted out from all paftures early in the fpring, as no animal but the afs will eat it. It is one of the moft early plants in fhooting, fo that by the beginning of April the leaves are near two feet high. The leaves are re'commended by Geoffroy, as aperient and diuretic, and at the fame time grateful to the palate and ftomach. He even aflerts, that dropfies which do not yield to this medicine can scarcely be cured by any other. He directs the juice to be given in the dofe of 3 or 4 ounces every 4th hour, and continued for fome time either alone, or in conjunc tion with nitre and fyrup of the 5 opening roots, The other fpecies of charophyllum are not poffeffed of any remarkable property. CHADDENSDEN, a village 1 m. from Derby. CHADDESLEY, a town in Worcestershire. CHADFIELD, near Bradfield, Wilts. CHADLEWORTH, SE. of Fawley, Berkh. CHADLINGTON, near Norton, Oxfordfh. CHADSON, near Afhby, Northamptonfh. CHADSHUNT, near Kington, Warwick fh. CHADWELL, near Ramford, in Effex. CHADWICK, two villages; 1. near Bomfgrove, Worcesterth. 2. in Hampton parish, Warwickih. CHERONEA, in ancient geography, the laft town, or rather village, of Bootia, towards Pho-, Cs; the birthplace of Plutarch: famous for the fatal defeat of the confederate Greeks by Philip of Macedon; (fee PHILIP;) as well as for that of Mithridates by the Romans, wherein the for er loft 110.000 men. CHERONENSIS, a native of Chæronea. CHEROPHYLLUM. CHERVIL: A genus of the digynia order, belonging to the pentandria Clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 4th order, Unbiata The involucrum is reflexed concave, the petals inflexed-cordate; the fruit oblong and fineoth. There are 7 fpecies, two of which, called cow-ed and wild-chervil, are weeds common in any places CHÆTIA, in zoology, a fpecies of infects of the aptera kind, without any vifible limbs. It refembles a hair, or a piece of fine thread; its furface is imooth, its body round, and very flender. It is called in English the BAIR-WORM. CHATODON, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of thoraci. The teeth are very numerous, thick, fetaceous, and flexile; the rays of the gills are fix. The back fin and the fin at the anus are fleshy and fquamops. There are 23 fpecies, diftinguifhed from each other principally by the figure of the tail, and the number of fpines in the back-fin. The most remarkable is the. CHETODON ROSTRATUS, or fhooting fish, having a hollow, cylindrical beak. It is a native of the Eaft Indies, where it frequents the fides of the fea and rivers in fearch of food, from its fingular manner of obtaining which it receives its name. When it fpies a fly fitting on the plants that grow in fhallow water, it fwims on to the diftance of 5, or 6 feet; and then, with a furprifing dexteri ty, it ejects out of its tubular mouth a fingle drop of water, which never fails ftriking the fly into the water, where it foon becomes its prey. 4, CHAPCOMB, a town near Chard, Somersetsh. CHAFE. n. . [from the verb.] A heat; a rage; a fury; a paffion; a fume; a pett; a fret; a ftorm-When Sir Thomas More was fpeaker of the parliament, with his wifdom and eloquence he fo croffed a purpofe of cardinal Wolfey's, that the cardinal in a chafe, fent for him to White hall. Camden's Remains. At this the knight grew high in chafe, Hudibras. (1.) * To CHAFE, V. 2. [echauffer, Fr.] 1. Το warm with rubbing.-They laid him upon fome of their garments, and fell to rub and chafe him, till they brought him to recover both breath, the ferrant, and warmth, the companion of living, Sidney. 2. To heat by rage or hurry. 3. Have I not heard the fea, puff'd up with winds, Rage like an angry boar, chafed with fweat? Shakespeare. To perfume.- Lilies more white than now, New fall'n from heav'n, with violets mix'd, did grow; Whofe Suckling 4. To make angry; to inflame paffion. For all that he was inwardly chafed with the heat of youth and indignation, againft his own people as well as the Rhodians, he moderated himself betwixt his own rage, and the offence of his foldiers. Knolles's Hiftory. This chaf'd the boar, his noftrils flames expire, And his red eye-balls roll with living fire. Dryd. (2.) To CHAFE. v. n. 1. To rage; to fret; to fume; to rave; to boil. * How did they fume, and stamp, and roar, and chafe, Whofe fcent fo chaf'd the neighbour air, that you end of the box and cuts the chaff, which is brought Would furely fwear Arabick fpices grew. forward between the rollers, which are about inches afunder. The ftraw is brought on by the worm taking one tooth of the wheel every round of the knife; and being fo hard preffed between the rollers, the knife cuts off the chaff with fo great ease, that 22 bushels can be cut within the hour, and makes no more noife than is caufed by the knife paffing through the chaff. In Plate LXV. Fig. 1, A reprefents the box into which the ftraw is put: B, the upper roller, with its diagonal projecting ribs of iron, the whole moviag by the revolution of the brafs wheel C, on the axis of which it is fixed. D, a brafs wheel, having up on it a face wheel, whofe teeth take into the endless fcrew on the arbor E, while the teeth 02 the edge of this wheel enter between thofe on the edge of the wheel C. On the axis of the whed D is a roller, with iron ribs fimilar to B, but hid within the box. E, the arbor, one of the ends d which being made fquare, and pafling through i mortife in the centre of the wooden wheel F, is faftened by a ftrong fcrew and nut; the other end of this arbor moves round in a hole within the 'wooden block G. H, the knife, made falt by fcrews to the wooden wheel F, and kept at the diftance of nearly of an inch from it, by mears of the blade, and reaching to within an inch of the edge. I, the handle, mortifed into the out fide of the wooden wheel F. And fwear! not Addison himself was fafe. Pope. 2. To fret against any thing. The murmuring furge, That on th' unnumber'd idle pebble chafes, Cannot be heard so high. Shak. King Lear. (1.) * CHAFER. n. f. [ceafon, Sax. keyer, Dutch. An infect; a fort of yellow beetle. (2.) CHAFER. See SCARABEÆUS. (1)* CHAFERY. n.. A forge in an iron mill, where the iron is wrought into complete bars, and brought to perfection. Philips. (2.) CHAFERY, in the iron works, is the name of one of the two principal forges. The other is called the FINERY. When the iron has been brought at the finery into what is called an ANCONY, or fquare mafs, hammered into a bar in its middle, but with its two ends rough, the bufinefs to be done at the chafery is the reducing the whole to the fame shape, by hammering down thefe rough ends to the fhape of the middle part. * CHAFE-WAX. n. f. An officer belonging to the lord chancellor, who fits the wax for the fealing of writs. Harris. CHAFF. n. f. [ceaf, Sax. kaf, Dutch.] 1. The hufks of corn that are feparated by threshing and winnowing. He fet before him a fack of wheat, as it had been just threshing out of the theaf; he then bid him pick out the chaff from among the corn, and lay it afide by itfelt. Spectator. 2. It is ufed for any thing worthlefs. CHAFF-CUTTER, a machine for making chaff to feed horfes.-The advantages of an eafy and expeditious method of cutting ftraw into chaff, by an engine which could be used by common labourers have occafioned various attempts to bring fuch an engine to perfection. An invention of Mr James Pike, watchmaker of Newton Abbot in Devonshire, which is of a fimple and cheap conftruction, feems to anfwer every purpose. This engine is fixed on a wooden frame, which is Supported with 4 legs, and on this frame is a box for containing the ftraw, 4 feet 6 inches long, and about 10 inches broad. At one end is fixed aerofs the box two rollers inlaid with iron, in a diagonal line about of an inch above the furface; on the end of thefe rollers are fixed two frong brafs wheels, which takes one into the other. On one of thefe wheels is a contract whee!, whofe teeth take in a worm on a large arbour; on the end of this arbour is fixed a wooden wheel, 2 feet 5 inches diameter and 3 inches thick; on the infide of this wheel is fixed a knife, and every Fevolution of the wheel the knife paffes before the * (1.) To CHAFFER. v. a. [The active fenfis obfolete.] 1. To buy. He chaffer'd chairs in which churchmen were fet, And breach of laws to privy farms did let. Sp 2. To exchange. Approaching nigh, he never ftaid to greet, Ne chaffer words, proud courage to provoke, Fairy Que (2.) To CHAFFER. v. n. [kauffen, German, to buy. To treat about a bargain; to haggle; bargain.-In difputes with chairmen, when your mafter fends you to chaffer with them, take pit, and tell your mafter that they will not take a far thing lefs. Savift. CHAFFERCONNERS, or in commerce, CHAFFERCOUNCES, printed line manufactured in the Great Mogul's dominios and imported by the way of Surat. *CHAFFERER, n. s. [from chaffer.] A buyer; i bargainer; purchafer. *CHAFFERY. 7. f. [from efchauer, Fr. to heat.] A veffel for heating water. Dia. (1.) CHAFFERY. n.. [from chaffer.] Tr fick; the practice of buying and fellingthird is, merchandife and chaffery, that is, buy-i and felling. Spenfer's State of Ireland. (2.) CHAFFERY. See CHAFERY, 1 and (1.) CHAFFINCH. n. f. (from chaff and f A bird fo called, because it delights in chair, and is by fome much admired for its fong. Php. (2.) CHAFFINCH. See FRINGILLA. CHAFFLESS. adj. [from chaff] Withe chaff. The love I bear him, Made me to fan youthus; but the gods mader.. Shak. Cyb CHAFFORD, a town near Tunbridge, Kent (1.) CHAF |
