At ther of Cato, fent often for him and his brother, pleafed the people, by making the affaffins, to and talked familiarly with them. Cato, who was whom Sylla had given confiderable rewards, for then about 14 years of age, fecing the heads of murdering the profcribed, difgorge their gains. great men brought in, and obferving the fighs of He was always the first who came to the fenate thofe that were prefent, afked his preceptor, houfe, and the laft who left it; and he never quit. "Why does nobody kill this man?" Because, faid ted Rome during thofe days when the fenate was the other, he is more feared than he is hated. The to fit. He was alfo prefent at every affembly of boy replied, Why then did you not give me a the people, that he might awe those who, by an ford when you brought me hither, that I might ill-judged facility, bestowed the public money in have ftabbed him, and freed my country from this largeffes, and frequently, through mere favour, Bivery? He learned the principles of the Stoic granted remiflion of debts due to the state. rophy, under Antipater of Tyre. Eloquence first his aufterity and ftiffness difpleafed his colhe likewife ftudied, to defend the caufe or juftice, leagues; but afterwards they were glad to have and he made a very confiderable proficiency in it. his name to oppofe to all the unjuft folicitations, To increafe his bodily ftrength, he inured himfelf againft which they would have found it difficult to extremes of heat and cold; and used to make to defend themselves. To keep out a very bad journeys on foot, and bare-headed in all feafons. man, he put in for the tribunate. He fided with When he was fick, patience and abstinence were Cicero against Catiline, and oppofed Cæfar on tis only remedies. Though remarkably fober that occafion. His enemies fent him to recover the beginning of his life, making it a rule to Cyprus, which Ptolemy had forfeited, thinking drink but once after fupper, he infenfibly con- to hurt his reputation by fo difficult an underta trated a habit of drinking more freely, and of king; yet none could find fault with his conduct, fting at table till morning. His friends excufed He tried to bring about an agreement between Lis, by faying that the affairs of the public en- Cæfar and Pompey; but feeing it in vain, he fided grolled his attention all the day; and that, being with the latter. When Pompey was flain, he fled 1abitious of knowledge, he paffed the night in to Utica; and being purfued by Cæfar, advifed te converfation of philofophers. Cæfar wrote his friends to be gone, and throw themselves on that Cato was once found dead drunk at the cor- Cæfar's clemency. His fon, however, remained ter of a ftreet, early in the morning, and that the with him; and Statilius, a young man, remar people blushed when they found it was Cato. He kable for his hatred to Cæfar. The evening beaffected fingularity, and, in things indifferent, to fore his death, after bathing, he fupped with his act directly contrary to the tafte and fafhions of friends and the magiftrates of the city. They fat the age. Magnanimity and conftancy are gene- late, and the converfation was lively. The dif rally afcribed to him. Cato, fays Seneca, having courfe falling upon this maxim of the Stoics, that received a blow in the face, neither took revenge "the wife man alone is free, and that the vicious Hor was angry; he did not even pardon the affront, are flaves;" Demetrius, who was a Peripatetic, but denied that he had received it. His virtue rai- undertook to confute it. Cato, in anfwer, treated fed him fo high, that injury could not reach him. the matter with fo much earnestnefs and veheHe is reputed to have been chafte in his youth. mence of voice, that he confirmed the fufpicions His first love was Lepida; but when the marriage of his friends, that he defigned to kill himself. W upon the point of being concluded, Scipio Me- When he had done fpeaking, a melancholy filence tellus, to whom she had been promifed, interfered, enfued; and Cato perceiving it, turned the dif and the preference was given to him. Our Stoic course to the present fituation of affairs, exprefwas for going to law with Scipio; but his friends fing his concern for thofe who had been obliged verted him from that defign, and he revenged to put to fea, as well as for thofe who had deter himself by making verfes upon his rival. He mar- mined to make their efcape by land, and had a Attilia the daughter of Serranus, had two dry and fandy defart to pats. The company be children by her, and afterwards divorced her for ing difmiffed, he walked for fome time with a very indifcreet conduct. He ferved as a volunteer few friends, and going into his chamber, emder Gallius in the war of Spartacus; but refu- braced his fon with more than ufual tenderness, fed the military rewards offered him by the com- which farther confirmed the fufpicions of his remander. Some years after, he went a legionary folution. Then lying down on his bed, he took tribune into Macedonia, in which station he ap- up Plato's Dialogue on the Immortality of the peared, in his drefs, and during a march, more Soul. Having read for fome time, he looked up ke a private foldier than an officer; but the dig- and miffing his fword, which his fon had removed, nity of his manners, and the elevation of his fen- he called a flave, and afked who had taken it a timents, fet him far above the generals and pro- way; and receiving no pertinent anfwer, he reconfuls. Cato's defign in all his behaviour was fumed his reading. Some time after, he asked ato engage the foldiers to the love of virtue; whofe gain for his fword; and, without showing any affections he engaged thereby to himself, without patience, ordered it to be brought to him; but, tending it. When his fervice expired, the fol- having read out the book, and finding nobody diers were all in tears; fo effectually had he gain- had brought it, he called for all his fervants, fell of their hearts by his condefcending manners. into a rage, and ftruck one of them on the mouth On his return home, he was chofen queftor; and with fo much violence, that he very much hurt hid fcarce entered on his charge, when he made his own hand, crying out in a paflionate manner, A great reformation with regard to the registers, "What! do my own fon and family confpire to whofe places were for life, and through whofe betray me, and deliver me up naked and unarmed pads all the public accounts paffed. He greatly to the enemy?" Immediately his fon and friends im ruthed rushed into the room; and began to lament, and to befeech him to change his refolution. Cato raifing himfelf, and looking fiercely at them, "How long is it," faid he, "fince I have loft my fenfes, and my fon is become my keeper? Brave and generous fon, why do you not bind your father's hands, that when Cæfar comes, he may find me unable to defend myfelf? Do you imagine that without a word I cannot end my life?" His fon anfwered with tears, and retired. Apollonides and Demetrius remained with him, to whom, among other things, he faid, "Is it to watch over me that yo fit filent here? Do you pretend to force a man of my years to live? Not that I have determined any thing concerning myfelf; but I would have it in my power to perterm what I thall think 6 to refolve upon. Go tell my fon, that he thould not compel his father to what he cannot peruade him." They withdrew, and the fword was brought by a young flave. Cato drew it, and finding the point to be sharp; "Now, (faid he,) I am my own master:", And, laying it down, he took up his book again, which he read twice over. After this he fiept fo foundly that he was heard to hore by thofe near him. About midnight he call. ed two of his free men, Cleanthes his phyfician, and Butas whom he chiefly employed in the management of his affairs. The latt he fent to the port, to fee whether all the Romans were gone; to the phyfician he gave his hand to be dreffed, which was fwelled by the blow he had given his flave. This was thought an intimation that he intended to live, and gave great joy to his family. It was now break of day, and Cato flept yet a little more, til Butas returned to tell him, that all was perfectly quiet. He then ordered him to thut his door, and hung himfelf upon his bed, as if he meant to finish his night's reft; but immediately he took his fword, and ftabbed himfelf a little below his cheit; yet not being able to ufe his hand fo well by reafon of the fwelling, the wound did not kill him. It threw him into a convulfion, in which he fell upon his bed, and overturned a table near it. The noife gave the alarm; and his fon and friends, entering the room, found him wel tering in his blood, and his bowels half out of his body. The furgeon, upon examination, found that his bowels were not cut, and was preparing to replace them, and bind up the wound, whe Cato, recovering, thrust the furgeon from him, and, tearing out his bowels, immediately expired, in the 48th year of his age. By this rafh act, in dependent of all other confiderations, he carried his patriotifm to the highest degree of political frenzy: for Cato, dead, could be of no ufe to his country; but had he preferved his life, his coun fel might have moderated Cæfar's ambition, and (as Montesquieu obferves) have given a differet turn to public affairs. CATOCHE, or CATOCHUS, } a difeafe, by which the p tient is rendered in an inltat as immoveable as a flatue, without either fenfe or motion, and continues in the fame pofture he wa in at the inoment of his being feized. See MAD CINE, Index. CATODON, in ichthyology, a fpecies of phy fetor. See PHYSETER, N° 1. CATOLICA, or CATHOLICA, a village of Ir ly, in the dep. of the Rubicon, and ci-devant Pa pal province of Romagna, fituated on an hence, to which the Catholic bithops retired from the fynod held at Rimini, A. D. 359, when they were out-voted by the Arians, whence the pann CAT-O'-MOUNTAIN. See CAT-A-MOUN TAIN, and Lysz. CATON, a town SW. of Scarborough, York. CATONIAN, adj. grave, like Cato. Afb. CATOPSIS, in medicine, dimnefs of fight, more generally called MYOPIA. CATOPTER, a mirror. *CATOPTRICAL. adj. [from catoptrick Relating to catopricks, or vifion by reflection A catoptrical or dioptrical heat is fuperior to a vitrifying the hardeft fubftances. Arbuth.on Air САТО INTRODUCTION. DEFINITIONS and HISTORY of CATOPTRICS. (1.) * CATOPTRICKS. n. f. [varez, a looking glafs That part of opticks which treats of vision by reflection. (2.) CATOPTRICS is the fcience of reflex vifion, which explains the laws and properties of night reBected from mirrors or specula. (3.) The earlieft treatife extant on this fubject is faid to have been composed by EUCLID: it was published in Latin in Herigon's Courfe of Mathematics, and in Dr Gregory's edition of Euclid's works. This piece, however, is fo imperfect, that fame with reaton fufpect, that Euclid was not ife author, although it be afcribed to him by Pro, and by Marinus in his preface to Euclid's (4.) ARCHIMEDES is faid to have writter treatife on that part of Catoptrics which relat to burning mirrors, but which is now loft, as wel as fome other treatifes written by that celebrated mathematician, (5) ALHAZEN, an Arabian author, compofed a large volume upon optics, about the year 110 in which he treats pretty fully of catoptrics; and atter him, VITELLO, a Polifa writer, composed another, about the year 1720. (6.) The chief propofitions relating to plane an fpherical mirrors have been well demonftrated Taquet, in his Optics, and by Dr Barrow in Optical Lectures; as well as in Trabe's Catoptric David Gregory's Elements of Catoptrics and tries; thofe of Dr Smith, contained in his learned and elaborate treatife on Optics; and many others of lefs note, DIVISION DIVISION of the SUBJECT. (7) As this fubject naturally recurs under the general fcience, OPTICS, it is fufficient to give under this article, I. Some definitions of terms, together with the principle upon which all mathematical reafoning relpecting this fubject is founded. il. A fummary account of the conclufions deduced from that principle, relating to the reflecton of light from plane, concave, and convex mir TO; and fil. A few entertaining experiments, founded on thefe conclufions. SECT. I. DEFINITIONS of TERMS, and GENERAL PRINCIPLE of the SCIENCE. (.) L. Every polifhed body that reflects the rays f light is called a MIRROR OF SPECULUM. They. may be of various forms, but there are three kinds pricipally ufed in catoptrical experiments: viz. The PLANE MIRROR, GHI, Plate LXII. fig. 1. The SPHERICAL CONVEX MIRROR, GHI, fig. 2. III. The SPHERICAL CONCAVE MIRROR, GHI and 4. 1 19.) II. The centre of a sphere, whofe concave, unvex furface, forms the reflecting furface of a mirror, is called the CENTRE of that mirror; Chus Kis the centre of the concave mirror, fig. 3. or of the convex mirror, fig. 2. (1) III. A line K H drawn from the centre of à concave or convex mirror, perpendicular to its ing furface, is called the Axis of the mirror; d the point H, where the axis meets the furce, is called its VERTEX. 1.) IV. The PRINCIPAL FOCUS of a spherical relecting mirror is a point in its axis, equally difLet from the centre and the vertex. (13) V. The ANGLE OF INCIDENCE is the angle ae by an incident ray, and the perpendicular to that point of the furface on which the ray falls; and, 3) The ANGLE OF REFLECTION is the angle ntained by the reflected ray and the fame perpicular. 4.) Thus in fig. 20, let D E be any reflecting ice to which F C is a perpendicular at the nt C, let A C be an incident ray, and C B the (ponding reflected ray. The angle A CF led the angle of incidence, and BC F the gle of reflection. 15) The whole doctrine of catoptrics is found ed on this fimple principle which is a law of natare, that the angle of incidence is in all cafes equal to the angle of reflection. The truth of this law is founded upon no particular hypothefis concerning the nature of t. It is merely matter of experience, and has found to take place in every cafe that has fala under obfervation; at least as nearly as mechanical measurements can afcertain. (7) It is worthy of remark, that by this law of nature, a ray of light paffing from a given point A, to another given point B, fig. 20, by being reflected from a plane, or from a convex furface, at point C, will have the length of its rout, or the fum of the lines AC and C B, the fhortest poible. This obfervation, however, does not uRotfally apply to reflection from all furfaces. the SECT. II. CONCLUSIONS deduced from the GENERAL PRINCIPLE, Respecting the REFLECTION of LIGHT. (18.) FROM the principle explained in the last fection, (15-17.) and the common properties of lineal geometry, the chief phænomena relative to the reflection of light from mirrors, may be accounted for. Thefe are as follow. I. PHENOMENA of a PLANE MIRROR. (39) I. Rays of light reflected from a plane turface have the fame inclination to each other after reflection, that they had before it. (20.) Thus if AC and AG be rays iffuing from the radiant point A, fig. 20. and reflected by the furface DE into the lines CB, GK, these lines, if produced to H, will contain an angle BHK equal to the angle CAC. (21.) II. The image, DF, fig. 1. will appear as far behind the mirror as the object, AC, is before it. (22.) H. The image will appear of the fame fize, and in the fame pofition as the object. (23) IV. Any plane mirror will reflect an image of twice its own length and breadth. II. PHENOMENA of a SPHERICAL CONVEX (23) I. The image, DF, will always appear behind the mirror, or within the fphere. (25) II. The image will be in the fame pofition but lefs than the object, AC. (26.) III. The image will be curved, but not fpherical like the mirror. (27.) IV. Parallel rays falling on this mirror will have the image at half the diftance of the centre from the mirror. (28.) V. In converging rays, the distance of the object must be equal to half the diftance of the centre, to make the image appear behind the mirror. (29.) VI. Diverging rays will have their image at lefs than half the distance of the centre. III. PHENOMENA of a SPHERICAL CONCAVE MIRROR, fig. 3 and 4. (30.) I. Parallel rays have their focus, or the image, at half the distance of the centre. (1.) II. In the centre of the fphere, the image appears of the fame dimenfions as the object. (32) III. Converging rays form an image before the mirror. (33.) IV. In diverging rays, if the object be at lefs than half the diftance of the mirror, the image will be behind the mirror, erect, curved, and magnified, as DEF, fig. 3. but if the diftance of the object be greater, the image will be before the mirror, inverted and dimnihed, as DEF, fig. 4. (34) V. The folar rays being parallel, will be collected into a focus at half the diftance of its centre, where their heat will be augmented in proportion as the furface of the mirror exceeds that of the focal fpot. (35) VI. if a luminous body be placed in the principal focus of a concave mirror, its rays, being reflected in parallel lines, will strongly enlighten a fpace of the fame dimenfions. with the mirror at a great diftance. If the luminous object be placed between the focus and the vertex, its rays |