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88. CARNWATH village stands half a mile east of Carnwath Station. It consists chiefly of one old street, fully half a mile long, but contains a parallel new street, and a number of other new houses. Its parish church is a capacious building of 1798, repaired in 1833, but adjoins some fine remains of a previous structure, in the Gothic style, built in 1424. The old church was collegiate, in the Romish times, for a provost and six prebendaries. An elliptical artificial mound, at the west end of the village, formerly encompassed with a deep ditch and an earthen rampart, and now covered with wood, is supposed to have been constructed by the first Baron Somerville, as a defensive work in the interest of Robert Bruce. The village has a post office under Lanark, and a subscription library. population is about 950.

Its

Carnwath barony belonged for four and a half centuries to the Somervilles; it passed successively to the Mars and to the Dalziels; and it is now the property of Sir N. M. Lockhart, Bart. The ruin of Cowthalley Castle, the ancient seat of the Somervilles, stands on the edge of a moss about 1 mile north-west of the village. It was surrounded by moat and rampart, and must have been a place of very great strength. It suffered destruction by fire in 1320, during an inroad of the English, but was afterwards rebuilt. James VI. often resorted to it for hunting, and issued from it some of his charters. A lake of about 30 acres, called White Loch, three-quarters of a mile west of the ruin, contains eel and perch, and has long been famous as a resort of curlers from a large extent of surrounding country. Carnwath House, a seat of Sir N. M. Lockhart, stands adjacent to the west end of the village. An Earldom of Carnwath was created in favour of Robert

89. WEST-CALDER church village stands about 2 miles north-north-west of the Harburn Station. It has a post office under Ratho, and about 450 inhabitants. Hermand House, in its eastern vicinity, the seat of Mrs. Maitland; and Harburn House, near the station, the seat of James Cochrane, Esq., are large mansions. An old castle, said to have been a fortalice of Cromwell for overawing the mosstroopers, stood on the Harburn estate. Traces of a Roman camp occur about 2 miles to the south-east. Cobinshaw Reservoir, seen close to the right side of the railway, about 3 miles before reaching the station, was formed for supplying the Union Canal. A brook which issues from it, and flows past the western neighbourhood of the station to Linhouse Water at Mid-Calder, is an excellent trouting stream. Linhouse Water itself, which descends from the Pentlands, and runs beneath the railway 3 miles beyond the station to a confluence with the Almond a little below MidCalder, having altogether a course of about 10 miles, is well stored with trout, and shows some good ravine scenery.

90. THE PENTLAND HILLS commence about 8 miles north-east of Carnwath, in slender connection with the Southern Highlands, and extend 12 miles north-eastward to a sudden termination about 4 miles from Edinburgh. Their mean breadth is about 4 miles; and their altitudes, at the highest points, are from 1600 to 1898 feet. They do not form strictly a ridge, but are much dissevered by ravines and hollows. They present, for the most part, a bleak, barren appearance, yet are clothed with fine pasture, and embosom some charming close landscapes. Their rocks are all porphy ries, most of them of the claystone and felspar varieties. Some copious springs and large reservoirs near their northeast end supply Edinburgh with water.

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92. MID-CALDER, about 2 miles west of Kirknewton Station, is a church village, with a post office under Ratho, a banking office, and about 550 inhabitants. East-Calder, about midway between MidCalder and the station, is a village with a ruined ancient church, and about 420 inhabitants. Calder House, a little west of Mid-Calder, is the seat of Lord Torphichen. Part of it is very ancient, and was one of the first places in Scotland in which John Knox celebrated the Lord's Supper, and contains a portrait of him, supposed to be genuine. Greenbank, in the vicinity, was the birth-place of Archbishop Spottiswoode.

93. DALMAHOY, near the left side of the railway, 23 miles from Kirknewton, is a seat of the Earl of Morton. Its grounds possess much beauty, and are open to strangers. The hills of Kaimes, Dalmahoy, and Ravelrig, on the other side of the railway onward from Kirknewton, show precipitous, craggy fronts, and figure grandly in the view from the plain of West Lothian. Kaimes and Ravelrig are crowned by ancient camps, the latter Roman, faced with stone, and encompassed by two ditches.

94. CURRIE village stands on the Water of Leith, about half a mile east of Currie Station. It is a sweet place, and has a post office under Edinburgh, a parish church, and about 300 inhabitants. Lennox Castle, on a rising ground on the right bank of the stream, a little above the village, with a pleasant outlook

of the hospital at Edinburgh. Currie Hill, on the opposite bank, is the ruined ancient seat of the Skenes. Balerno village, 2 miles above Currie, has a post office under Edinburgh, a paper mill, and about 320 inhabitants. Malleney House, in its neighbourhood, now the seat of C. G. Scott, Esq.; and Baberton House, near the right side of the railway, a mile beyond Currie Station, are said to have belonged to James VI.; and the latter was a temporary residence of Charles X. of France. Riccarton House, a little north-west of Currie Station, is the seat of Sir James Gibson Craig, Bart.

mile east of

It is a charm

95. COLINTON village stands on the Water of Leith, about 1 the Kingsknowe Station. ing place, with a post office under Edinburgh, a parish church, and about 130 inhabitants; and it was the head-quarters of the Covenanters' army on the night before the battle of Rullion Green. The pleasant village of Juniper Green, with a post office under Slateford, and about 340 inhabitants, stands further up the stream, in the near neighbourhood of Kingsknowe Station. Colinton House, Lord Dunfermline; Comiston House, Sir James Forrest, Bart.; Craig Lockhart House, Dr. Alexander Monro; Bonally, John Gray, Esq.; Hailes House, Edward Cruickshank, Esq.; and several other interesting residences, adorn the vicinity of Colinton. Hailes Quarry, contiguous to the railway, supplied much of the stone with which the modern parts of Edinburgh are built. Lords Colinton, Redford, Dreghorn, and CockburnJudges of the Court of Session; Dr. Alexander Munro, Sir William Forbes of Pitsligo, and James Gillespie, the founder of Gillespie's Hospital at Edin

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96. THE UNION CANAL goes from the western part of Edinburgh to the Forth and Clyde Canal, 1 mile west of Falkirk. Its length is 311⁄2 miles; its depth, 5 feet; its breadth, 40 feet at the top and 20 at the bottom. It goes for 30 miles on a level, and then falls 110 feet by 11 locks. It was begun to be cut in 1818, and was completed in the early part of 1822. It long served for passenger traffic between Edinburgh and Glasgow; but it became the property of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Company, and is now used chiefly for the conveyance of minerals.

97. THE WATER OF LEITH rises among the Pentland Hills, 4 miles southeast of Harburn, and runs about 20 miles north-eastward to the Frith of Forth at Leith. Its volume differs, according to the weather, from the insignificance of a brook to the importance of a considerable river. Its water-power for the driving of machinery is economized by such a multitude of small dams as to exceed the water-power of any other stream of its size in Scotland.

By the

The

used to be excellent, but has just undergone great change by extension of the Edinburgh water works. Its basin abounds in pleasant scenery, varying from the wooded glen to the meadowy plain, and largely gemmed with parks and mansions.

98. SLATEFORD village stands on the Water of Leith, contiguous to Slateford Station. It has a post office under Edinburgh, and about 240 inhabitants. The bridges of the road, the canal, and the railway here, from their different heights and their near vicinity to one another, make a curious scene. The canal bridge is 65 feet high, and 500 feet long. Robert Pollok sojourned in Slateford during part of the period of his writing his "Course of Time." An ancient castle, now extinct, on the estate of Redhall, in the southern neighbourhood, was a place of strength, and stood a regular siege in 1650 from the army of Cromwell. Craiglockhart Hill, in the same vicinity, has an altitude of 540 feet above sea-level, shows some fine basaltic columns, and commands a charming view.

Glasgow and South-Western Railway. Same as VI. to the deflection of the Glasgow and SouthWestern Railway from the Caledonian Railway beyond the Sark,

Paragraph

.50, 51

Gretna Green Station, 9 miles. Kirtle Water, crossed..

left. Ruthwell

Paragraph

107

675

108

110

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and a parish church. Kinmount House, 11⁄2 mile to the north, a seat of the Marquis of Queensberry, is a modern mansion, built at the cost of £40,000. The shores and seaboard in the neighbourhood are the chief scene of Sir Walter Scott's novel of "Redgauntlet."

104. RUTHWELL is an ancient church village, made a burgh of barony in 1509, rebuilt about the beginning of the present century, and now consisting of a double row of houses, with about 180 inhabitants. Dr. Duncan wrote here his "Philosophy of the Seasons," and established here the earliest of all the savings' banks. A famous Runic monument stands in the manse garden, originally about 18 feet high, richly sculptured with religious simulacra, and supposed to have been erected in the 9th century, by some followers of Halfden, the Dane. The small village of Clarencefield, 2 miles to the east, has a post office under Annan. The decayed village of Brow, at the nearest part of the shore, has a chalybeate spring, and was formerly in repute as a watering-place for both the spring and sea-bathing. Burns the poet spent some of the last weeks of his life at it, in a vain effort to retrieve his shattered health. Comlongan Castle, 14 mile to the west, is an ancient, strong, baronial fortalice, of quadrangular form, and in good preservation, measuring 60 feet along each side, and 90 feet high, long the residence of the Murrays of Cockpool, and now the property of the Earl of Mansfield.

105. DALTON is a church village 3 miles north of Ruthwell, with a post office under Lockerby. It stands within 11⁄2 mile of Annan Water, in an alluvial hollow, which the Annan is believed to have formerly traversed, toward an embouchure at Cummertrees. Dormont, about a mile north of it, and Rammerscales, about 2 miles to the west, are fine mansions. Almagill Hill, 2 miles to the north-west, and about 500 feet

donian camp, and commands a view of nearly all Annandale.

106. MOUSWALD is a church village near the edge of Lochar Moss, 33 miles north-west of Ruthwell. It has a post office under Dumfries, and about 150 inhabitants. Its present church is a handsome modern edifice on a conspicuous site. Its former church, still standing, is a very ancient structure, and contains a monumental effigy of Sir Simon Carruthers, an ancestor of the Marquis of Queensberry. Remains of Sir Simon's baronial tower, and vestiges of four other Border fortalices, together with several ancient camps and cairns, are in the neighbourhood. Rock Hall, in the vicinity, is a modern mansion, the seat of Sir Alexander Grierson, Bart. Hills, 680 feet high, the commencement of a ridge extending 7 miles northward to Ae Water, rise immediately to the east, and command an extensive view.

107. LOCHAR MOSS is a morass 10 miles long, and from 2 to 3 miles broad, extending southward to the Solway. It is almost a dead level. A stagnant stream, called Lochar Water, bisects it from end to end, with a total fall of only 11 feet. Much of the moss has been reclaimed, and much lies cut in pieces of turbary, but great part is still monotonous waste. Excavations in it discover many prostrate old trees, and have brought up ancient anchors and canoes, proving it to have been, in former times, both a forest and an estuary. An old rhyme says respecting it—

"First a wood, and then a sea ;

Now a moss, and e'er will be."

108. CAERLAVEROCK CASTLE stands on the left side of the mouth of the estuary of the Nith, 5 miles from the railway between Ruthwell and Mouswald, and 7 miles south-south-east of Dumfries. The suitable mode of reaching it is by special conveyance from Dumfries; and this, at respectively 4 and