but between these, a pause is not only embarrassing, but unsuitable and repugnant to the sense.

The subordinate parts of sentences are easily distinguished in such sentences as consist of parts corresponding to parts, as in the following example:

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of justice, as insolence does in the country and places of less resort; Aulus Cæcina would submit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this cause, as he did before to his insolence when assaulted by him.

Here the whole sentence readily divides into two principal constructive parts at resort; the first part as readily divides into two subordinate parts at justice; and the last into two other subordinate parts at cause; and these are all the pauses necessary: but if, either from the necessity of drawing breath, or of more strongly enforcing every part of this sentence, we were to admit of more pauses than those, it cannot be denied, that for this purpose, some places more readily admit of a pause than others: if, for instance, the first subordinate part were to admit of two pauses, they could no where be so suitably placed as at impudence and forum; if the next might be over-pointed in the same manner, the points would be less unsuitable at does and country than at any other words; in the same manner a pause might be more tolerable at Cacina and Æbutius, and at before and insolence, than in any other of the subordinate parts of the latter division of this sentence.

The parts of loose sentences which admit of the short pause, must be determined by the same principles. If this sentence has been properly defined, it is a sentence consisting of a clause containing perfect sense, followed by an additional clause which does not modify it. Thus in the following example:

Foolish men are more apt to consider what they have lost, than what they possess; and to turn their eyes on those who are richer than themselves, rather than on those who are under greater difficulties.

Here a perfect sentence is formed at possess, and here must be the longest pause, as it intervenes between two parts nearly independent: the principal pause in the first member of this sentence, which may be called a subordinate pause respecting the whole sentence, is at lost, and that of the last member at themselves; if, for the sake of precision, other and shorter pauses were admitted, it should seem most suitable to admit them at men and consider in the first member, at eyes and those in the first part of the second member, and at those in the last. In these observations, however, it must be carefully understood, that this multiplicity of shorter pauses are not recommended as necessary or proper, but only as possible, and to be admitted occasionally and, to draw the line as much as possible between what is necessary and unnecessary, we shall endeavour to bring together such particular cases as demand the short pause, and those where it cannot be omitted without hurting either the sense or the delivery.

Rule IV. When a nominative consists of more than one word, it is necessary to pause after it.

When a nominative and a verb come in a sentence unattended by adjuncts, no pause is necessary, either for the ear or understanding; thus in the following sentence-Alexander wept: No pause intervenes between these words, because they convey only two ideas, which are apprehended the moment they are pronounced; but if these words are amplified by adjuncts of specification, as in the following sentenceThe great and invincible Alexander, wept for the fate of Darius: Here a pause is necessary between these words, not only that the organs may pronounce the whole with more ease, but that the complex nomina

tive and verb may, by being separately and distinctly exhibited, be more readily and distinctly

conceived.

This rule is so far from being unnecessary when we are obliged to pause after the verb, that it then becomes more essential.

EXAMPLE.

This account of party patches will, I am afraid, appear im probable to those who live at a distance from the fashionable world. Addison's Spect. No. 81.

If in this sentence we only pause at will, as marked by the printer, we shall find the verb swallowed up, as it were, by the nominative case, and confounded with it; but if we make a short pause both before and after it, we shall find every part of the sentence obvious and distinct.

That the nominative is more separable from the verb than the verb from the objective case, is plain from the propriety of pausing at self-love, and not at forsook, in the following example :

Self-love forsook the path it first pursu❜d,
And found the private in the publick good.

Pope's Essay on Man.

The same may be observed of the first line of the following couplet :

Earth smiles around with boundless bounty blest,
And heav'n beholds its image in his breast. Ibid.

Here, though the melody invites to a pause at beholds, propriety requires it at heaven.

Rule V. Whatever member intervenes between the nominative case and the verb, is of the nature of a parenthesis, and must be separated from both of them by a short pause.

EXAMPLES.

I am told that many virtuous matrons, who formerly have been taught to believe that this artificial spotting of a face was unlawful, are now reconciled, by a zeal for their cause, to what they could not be prompted by a concern for their beauty. Addison's Spect. No. 81.

The member intervening between the nominative matrons and the verb are, may be considered as incidental, and must therefore be separated from both.

When the Romans and Sabines were at war, and just upon the point of giving battle, the women, who were allied to both of them, interposed with so many tears and intreaties, that they prevented the mutual slaughter which threatened both parties, and united them together in a firm and lasting peace.. Addison, ibid.

Here the member intervening between the nomina tive case women, and the verb interposed, must be separated from both by a short pause.

Rule VI. Whatever member intervenes between the verb and the accusative case, is of the nature of a parenthesis, and must be separated from both by a short pause.

EXAMPLES.

I knew a person who possessed the faculty of distinguishing flavours in so great a perfection, that, after having tasted ten different kinds of tea, he would distinguish, without seeing the colour of it, the particular sort which was offered him.

Addison's Spect. No. 409.

The member intervening between the verb distinguish and the accusative the particular sort, must be separated from them by a short pause.

A man of a fine taste in writing will discern, after the same manner, not only the general beauties and imperfections of an author, but discover the several ways of thinking and express ing himself, which diversify him from all other authors.

Addison, ibid.

The member intervening between the verb discern and the accusative not only the general beauties, must be separated from both by a short pause.

Rule VII. When two verbs come together, and the latter is in the infinitive mood, if any words come between, they must be separated from the latter verb by a pause.

EXAMPLES.

Now, because our inward passions and inclinations can nev、 er make themselves visible, it is impossible for a jealous man, to be thoroughly cured of his suspicions. Spectator, No. 170,

In this example, the verbal phrases, it is impossible and to be thoroughly cured, have the words for a jealous man coming between them, which must there. fore be separated from the latter by a comma, or short pause.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind, to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune ;
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? Shakespeare.

If it were necessary for breathing to pause any where in this passage, we should find a pause much more admissible at mind than in any other part, as here a clause intervenes between the verbs is and suffer; and two verbs seem more separable than a verb and its objective case.

But when the substantive verb to be is followed by a verb in the infinitive mood, which may serve as a nominative case to it, and the phrases before and after the verb may be transposed, then the pause falls between the yerbs.

EXAMPLES.

The practice among the Turks is, to destroy, or imprison for life, any presumptive heir to the throne.

Here the pause falls between is and to destroy.