was Wusku - Wuttesthementum Yul-Lordumun Jesus Christ Nuppoqhwussuaenenmun. *

The whole Bible was printed in this language in 1663. The nation once speaking it is now extinct.

Pennsylvania was the second State to encourage printing. William Bradford went to Pennsylvania with William Penn, in 1682, and in 1686 established a printing-press in Philadelphia ; its first issue was an Almanac for 1687; it was but a sheet. The first book printed by Bradford was a collection of essays by Francis Bacon. It appeared in 1688, and was

called The Temple of Wisdom.

In 1692, Bradford was induced to establish a printing-press. in New York. He received £40 per annum, and “ the privilege. of printing on his own account." Previous to this time, there had been no printing done in the Province of New York. His first issue in New York, was a proclamation, bearing date of 1692.

During the latter part of the seventeenth century, Boston contained about forty printers and publishers. The first fruits of the press were devoted to the rights of religion and liberty -fitting tribute of the pioneer pilgrims of a great nation for the altar of Freedom. The bookselling business of Boston, half a century ago, was conducted on a very limited scale compared with present times. The senior publishers of that city are Crocker & Brewster. They began business in 1811. Gould & Lincoln are next in the order of date. Ticknor, Francis, Greene, Little & Brown, with others, form the succession. It is believed that the amount invested in the book

* One long word suggests another-the title of a pamphlet (in the possession of the writer), published years ago in London. The title reads: "Chrononhotonthologos, the most tragical tragedy that ever was tragedized by any company of tragedians." The two first lines of this effusion read

"Aldeborontiphoscophosnio!

Where left you Chrononhotonthologos ?”

We might name another singular title of a work published in 1661, by Robert Lovell, entitled, "Panzoologicomineralogia; a complete history of animals and minerals, containg the summe of all authors, Galenical and Chymicall, with the anatomie of man, &c."

business in Boston alone at the present day, cannot be less than three millions of dollars. Now there are nearly one hundred booksellers, and over fifty distinct publishers in the American "Athens."

In New York there are four hundred and forty-four booksellers and one hundred and thirty-three publishers, and in Pennsylvania, four hundred and two of the first and seventytwo of the last. Most of the publishing, and the largest number of the booksellers, centre in the three great cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, which are the leading publishing cities of the country. New York has the most capital invested in the business.*

In Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany, the book and publishing business is vast. Great Britain gives to the world more than two thousand five hundred new books, or editions, annually; while France publishes about six thousand. There are thirteen hundred books published in the United States annually.

Among modern bibliopoles and printers of Paris, we must name Didot, Plon, Crapelet, Bossange, and Baillière, chiefly known for his valuable medical publications, who has also a house in New York. The number of booksellers reaches nearly to four hundred; their business is divided into the clas sical book-trade, the old book-trade, the new publications, and the commission trade. Many journals also enter into the trade: the Revue des Deux Mondes publishes the works of several eminent authors.

* Stanford and Swords is the oldest existing publishing-house of New York. Harper & Brothers (numerically the largest publishers, from whose establishment the best editions of the Classics have emanated); Appletons; Putnam (publisher of Washington Irving's works); Barnes & Co.; Scribner; Redfield; Ivison & Phinney; Derby; De Witt & Davenport; Carters; Collins, Woods, Wiley, Sheldon, Lamport & Co., are the publishers of New York. In addition, there are several large establishments connected with religious societies, including the Methodist Book Concern. The booksellers and publishers of Cincinnati, Buffalo, Auburn, and other cities of the West, are rapidly competing with their brothers of the Atlantic cities in the magnitude of their operations. In Philadelphia, the more prominent publishers are, Lindsay & Blakiston, Blanchard & Lea, Lippincott & Co., E. H. Butler, Cowperthwaite & Co.

On the quays, on the Boulevards, near the Louvre, and in a few retired streets, there are more than two hundred secondhand booksellers.

In earlier times, Francis de Bure, a bookseller of Paris, wrote, among others, a work of great research and skill, A Treatise on Scarce and Curious Books, in seven large volumes. The originator of the great work, Encyclopédie Méthodique, which has extended to above 150 volumes, was M. Panckoucke, a Parisian bookseller. Peter Vander, of Leyden, who died 1730, was another eminent instance of an author-bookseller, as his singular work, Galerie du Monde, in 66 folios, sufficiently attests ; and Lascaile, of Holland, was no less celebrated as poet and publisher, having been honored with the poetic crown by the Emperor Leopold; and even his daughter so largely inherited her father's genius, that she was styled the Dutch Sappho, or tenth muse.

The renowned publisher, Tauchnitz, of Leipsic, achieves a great work for the diffusion of literature over continental Europe. His popular series of British Classics alone includes over 300 volumes, of which he annually sells about 150,000 copies. His will doubtless become the greatest publishing establishment in the world, if it progresses as it has since 1840, as it is now the largest on the continent of Europe.

In the sixteenth century, Trithemius died in Germany, after having, from time to time, assembled the literary world to behold the wonder of that age-a library of two thousand volumes. And yet, incredible as it may seem, nearly forty years ago the estimate was made, that since the invention of printing, there had been issued from the press of Germany three billions of volumes.

Next to the desire to know something about the personnel of an author, is the interest with which the public regard that intermediate personage between him and themselves, yclept the publisher. In a subordinate sense, he may justly be considered a member of the literary profession, for he enacts the part of

agent for the author and his readers; and if not an indispensable, he is at least a most important auxiliary in these relations. Publishers have, however, not unfrequently been characterized as selfish in their pursuits, and alike injurious to the interest of the author, and the commonwealth of literature. This aspersion upon their fair fame is at length fast passing away, if indeed it has not already disappeared. Their position in society, as the purveyors of its literary aliment, is at length appreciated. In former times, many a poor, unof fending publisher paid the penalty due to the sins and misdemeanors of a seditious or erratic scribe; having been held responsible for sentiments never avowed, and of which, in some cases they were unconscious, since they were incapable of their comprehension. In the majority of instances the bookselling fraternity are a plain, plodding set of men, whose movements are for the most part regulated by the laws of that universal pecuniary arithmetic-profit and loss. They deal in books very much after the same manner as do the purveyors of meat and bread, estimating their merchandise by the size, if not the weight avoirdupois. The history of "book-craft," which yet remains to be written, would form a book of "Chronicles,” if less important, scarcely less interesting than those of Froissart; it would abound with strange anomalies, and curious portraitures. In early times, the monks-the custodes of the learning of their day-combined within themselves both author and publisher; if indeed the latter term may be allowed in this case. They were styled the Commercium Librorum, their office comprehending that of the scribe, as well as the dealer in manuscripts. Between the years 1474 and 1600, it has been estimated about 350 printers flourished in England and Scotland, and that the products of their several presses amounted in the aggregate to 10,000 distinct productions.*

* D'Israeli, in his Ouriosities of Literature, states, that the four ages of typography have produced no less than 3,641,960 works! Taking each work at three volumes, and

"The titles of books," writes the author of the Tin Trumpet, are decoys to catch purchasers." There can be no doubt that a happy name to a book is like an agreeable appearance to a man; but if in either case the final do not answer to the first impression, will not our disappointment add to the severity of our judgment? "Let me succeed with my first impression," the bibliopolist will cry, "and I ask no more." The public are welcome to end with condemning, if they will only begin with buying. Most readers, like the tuft-hunters at college, are caught by titles. How inconsistent are our notions of morality! No man of honor would open a letter that was not addressed to him, though he will not scruple to open a book under the same circumstances. Colton's Lacon has gone through many editions, and yet it is addressed "To those who think." Had the author substituted for these words, "Those who think they are thinking," it might not have had so extensive a sale, although it would have been directed to a much larger class. He has shown address in his address.

Scott is known to have profited much by Constable's bibliographical knowledge, which was very extensive. The latter christened Kenilworth, which Scott named Cumnor Hall. John Ballantyne objected to the former title, and told Constable the result would be "something worthy of the kennel;" but the result proved the reverse. Mr. Cadell relates that Constable's vanity boiled over so much at this time, on having his suggestions adopted, that, in his high moods, he used to stalk up and down his room, and exclaim, " By Jove, I am all but the author of the Waverley Novels !"

London

But for booksellers, intellect would die of famine. is the great Sanhedrim of the authorcraft of the world. Lon.don is the very brain of Britain, the centre of its literature, the seat of its intelligence. There the great emporium of

reckoning each impression to consist of only 300 copies (a very moderate supposition), the actual amount of volumes which have issued from the presses of Europe, down to the year 1816, appears to be 3,277,640,000!