public, called SAN MARINO, must be a very powerful and populous state, to be able to hold out so long among empires and kingdoms. Let us look on a large map of Italy, and near the enslaved state of Venice, about eleven miles south of the city of Rimini, is a rude, craggy mountain, with a few smaller hills scattered around it. This is the whole extent of the ancient republic of San Marino. From the highest hill, on which stands La Citta, the capital-one may look over the whole of its territory, which is no where six miles across. It contains twenty-two square miles, and not quite 8000 inhabi tants. length of time, are worth looking into.Many persons have sneeringly said, that the Republic of San Marino was too small for the neighboring tyrants to care about destroying it. It is true, that this may be one reason why it has so long survived the proudest nations; but even this fact teaches us the important lesson, that humility and contentment in nations, as well as individuals, are often a protection against avarice and power. But there are other reasons why it stood so long. It was founded upon principles of Christianity, which have been strictly adhered to. Education has been universally givThe history of such a minute common- en to the inhabitants. The English writer, wealth is exceedingly curious and interest-Addison, says that when he visited the Reing. Near the close of the third century public, he could not find any one who did after Christ, the Roman Emperor Docletian, not read and write-Schoolmate commenced a terrible persecution of the Christians. This is called in history "the tenth persecution." At Rimini the slaughter became so horrible that the people at length rose against the Emperor's proconsul, and defeated him in battle. They were led on by a Dalmatian stone-cutter, named Marino; but when the conflict had ended, he did not think it right that Christians should continue fighting except in self defence, and so he went, with a number of families, to the rude mountain which now bears his name. ROME. THE VATICAN. OUR visit to the Vatican occupied two days, and then it was but a hurried glance at this great repertory of art, learning, wealth, and power. We democrats from the land of home-bred simplicity, and brick and mortar unadorned, were completely confounded by the constant succession of splendors. Here are the spoils of Time as well as its trophies, arranged amid the museums and libraries, and long-long galleries. Here learning and taste have added building after building, so that the appearance of the whole from St. Peter's cupola, is that of a Here he founded the little republic, and it has never been much enlarged either in population or territory; though once or twice some of its more ambitious citizens have endeavored to add portions of land to their State. The consequence was that their ava-long parallelogram of stony fabrics, with ricious neighbors seized on their growing wealth, depriving them of liberty for a short time. When restored to freedom, they tho't best to keep within their ancient bounds, and so strictly have they adhered to this principle, that when Napoleon Bonaparte offered to extend their country and increase their power, they declined his offer with many thanks. The principles which have combined to preserve this singular people for such a squares between, wherein are gardens of rare exotics in great urns, together with fountains of clear water. Long arbors of boxwood, and high impenetrable hedges of living green, spread around the palaces, upon which we may look, as we stroll through the long corridors, filled with busts, statues sarcophagi, and old inscriptions inserted in the walls. To compute the extent of these halls, miles might be used. The number of apartments may give some idea of its ex tent. It has eight grand stair cases, 200 smaller ones, 20 courts, and 4,422 apart ments. The wonders from Etrusca and Egypt form separate museums,and speak an earlier civilization than that of the elder Romans. In the cabinet, relieved by porticos, were the choice statues of antiquity, some greatly mutilated. We had many opportunities of applying the principle "expede Herculem.”— Here were statues of every animal, as well as every variety of men and divinities. are starting a new race for immortality in the panels of St. Paul. There, the richest tapestry of Gobelins, with the Bible illustrated by a strange order of art. Every where the same impression is produced, of endless variety, in the mazes of which the mind is almost lost, like a child amid a wilderness of foliage and beauty. Yet out of all these endless varieties and "brotherly dissimilitudes, arises the goodly and graceful symmetry," that speaks the common reason and nature which we all wear under God, our Maker. Through manifold phases and Separate and apart from all others stood turnings the mind ascends to that apex of the great group of the Laocoon. The great-generalization, where Unity kisses heaven est offspring of the chisel stood before us, in and is embathed in its pure light: where the his torture dignifying pain, greatest as well as the least obey that common law, whose seat is in the bosom of God. -S.S. Cox. "With an immortal's patience blending." Oh! what a clench was that old man's; what expiring sadness upon that young brow, and what speechless, anxious agony upon that other! For two thousand years that "long envenomed chain of living vation of the health. A garment that con PRACTICAL HINTS. DRESS has much influence in the preser links" has wound about the father and his sons, awakening the deepest sympathy of fines any part is an evil always to be avoidthe soul, while it illustrates the power of ed. Tight cravats, closely girted strapped the Rhodian sculptors over the passions of pants, exquisitely arranged vests, as well as some appliances and forms of dress that foolish custom requires the better sex to wear are all injurious, and should be avoided. man. What a contrast to this is the Apollo Belvidere, which is near. Light enshrined; every dignity personified; Love deified; Beauty, Manliness, and Genius, encased gracefully in the white marble; all that rivets admiration in the fair, or awakens awe in the supernal, stand "Starlike around until they gather to a God" Water-proof raiment should, as far as possible, be avoided. Even rubber shoes, that do more or less injury, and in general should operate upon so small a part of the surface, not be worn. When the feet become damp or wet, a change merely of the ordinary ap parel for the feet is best. afterwards saw, could not compete for the DISCOVERY OF SPANISH WHITING. guerdon beside these marble marvels of antiquity. The stone has no peer in the canvass, in the highest heaven of art. It would only weary, to tell our visions of beauty and uniqueness, which every where gleam from niche, ceiling wall, and floor; throughout library, portico, museum, and cabinet. Here were the maps of all Italy. worked in the wall. There, the mosaic manufactory, where all the saints and popes A MINE of Spanish Whiting has recently been discovered on the farm of Mr. Wiliams, in the southwestern part of Alto, Fond du Lac county, which is said to embrace an area of near twenty acres. The Whiting is found within eighteen inches of the surface, and is comprised in a layer of from 18 inches to 211⁄2 feet in thickness. It has been pronounced by competent judges, to be a superior arti : THE SICILIAN VESPERS. cle. Its quality has also been tested by actual experiment, and proved to be excellent. When compounded with oil, it made a very fine quality of putty. It has been used by carpenters to chalk their lines, and found to answer this purpose much better than chalk, as it is entirely free from the flinty lumps so common in chalk, which soon destroy the line by cutting it in pieces. The situation of the land where the mine was discovered, is low and flat.-Green Day Advocate. THE SICILIAN VESPERS. HALF a mile from the southern wall of the city, on the brink of the ravine of Oreto, stands a church dedicated to the Holy Ghost, concerning which the Latin fathers have not failed to record, that on the day on which the first stone of it was laid, in the twelfth century; the sun was darkened by an eclipse. On one side of it are the precipice and the the other the plain extending to the city, which in the present day is in great part encumbered with walls and gardens; while a square inclosure of moderate size, shaded by dusky cypresses, honeycombed with tombs, and adorned with urns and sepulchral monuments, surrounds the church. river, on This is now a public cemetery, laid out toward the end of the eighteenth century, and fearfully filled in three weeks by the dire pestilence which devastated Sicily in 1837. On the Tuesday, at the hour of vespers, religion and custom crowded this then cheerful plain, carpeted with the flowers of spring, with citizens wending their way toward the church. Divided into numerous groups, they walked, sat in clusters, spread the tables, or danced upon the grass; and, whether it were a defect or a merit of the Sicilian character, threw off for th moment, the recollection of their sufferings, when the followers of the justiciary suddenly appeared among them, and every bosom was thrilled with a shudder of disgust. The strangers came, with their usual insolent demeanor, as they said, to maintain 267 tranquility; and for this purpose they mingled in the groups, joined in the dances, and familiarly accosted the women, pressing the hand of one, taking unwarranted liberties with others; addressing indecent words and gestures to those more distaut, until some temperately admonished them to depart, in God's name, without insulting the women, and others murmured angrily; but the hotblooded youths raised their voices so fiercely that the soldiers said one to another, "These insolent paterini must be armed that they dare thus to answer," and replied to them with the most offensive insults, insisting, with great insolence, on searching them for arins, and even here and there striking them with sticks or thongs. Every heart already throbbed fiercely on either side, when a young woman of singular beauty and of modest and dignified deportment, appeared with her husband and relations, bending Drouet, a their steps toward the church. Frenchman, impelled either by insolence or licence, approached her as if to examine her for concealed weapons; seized her and searched her bosom. She fell fainting into her husband's arms, who, in a voice almost choked with rage, exclaimed, "Death, death to the French!" At that moment a youth burst from the crowd which had gathered round them, sprang upon Drouet, disarmed and slew him; and probably at the same moment paid the penalty of his own life, leaving his name unknown, and the mystery forever unsolved, whether it were love for the injured woman, the impulse of a generous heart, or the more ex lted flame of patriotism, that prompted him thus to give the signal of deliverance. Noble examples have a power far beyond that of argument or eloquence to rouse the people-and the abject slaves awoke at length from their long bondage. "Death, death to the French!" they cried; and the cry, say the historians of the time, re-echoed like the voice of God through the whole country, and found an answer in every heart. Above the corpse of Drouet were heaped those of victims slain on either side; the crowd expanded itself, closed in, and swayed hither and Even Christian burial was denied them, but thither in wild confusion; the Sicilians, with pits were afterward dug to receive their sticks, stones, and knives, rushed with des- despised remains; and tradition still points perate ferocity upon their fully armed oppo-out a column surmounted by an iron cross, nents; they sought for them and hunted raised by compassionate piety on one of them down; fearful tragedies were enacted those spots, probably long after the perpeamid the preparations for festivity, and the tration of the deed of vengeance. Tradioverthrown tables were drenched in blood. tion, moreover, relates that the sound of a The people displayed their strength, and word, like the Shibboleth of the Hebrews, conquered. The struggle was brief, and was the cruel test by which the French great the slaughter of the Sicilians; but of were distinguished in the massacre; and the French there were two hundred-and two hundred fell. Breathless, covered with blood, brandish ing the plundered weapons, and proclaiming the insult and its vengeance, the insurgents rushed toward the tranquil city.— "Death to the French!" they shouted, and as many as they found were put to the sword. The example, the words, the contagion of passion, in an instant aroused the whole people. In the heat of the tumult, Roger Mastrangelo, a nobleman, was chosen, or constituted himself their leader. The multitude continued to increase; dividing into troops they scoured the streets, burst open doors, searched every nook, every hiding-place, and shouting "Death to the French!" smote them and slew them, while those too distant to strike added to the tu that, if there were found a suspicious or unknown person, he was compelled, with a sword to his throat, to pronounce the word ciciri, and the slightest foreign accent was the signal of his death. Forgetful of their own character, and as if stricken by fate, the gallant warriors of France neither fled, nor united, nor defended themselves; they unsheathed their swords, and presented them to their assailants, imploring, as if in emulation of each other, to be the first to die; of one common soldier only it is recorded, that having concealed himself behind a wainscot, and being dislodged at the sword's point, he resolved not to die unavenged, and his enemies, slew three of them before he springing with a wild cry upon the ranks of himself perished. The insurgents broke into the convents of the Minorities and Preaching Friars, and slaughtered all the monks whom they recognized as French.— Even the altars afforded no protection; tears and prayers were alike unheeded; neither old men, women, nor infants, were spared: the ruthless avengers of the ruthless massa the French mult by their applause. On the outbreak of this sudden uproar the justiciary had taken refuge in his strong palace; the next moment it was surrounded by an enraged multitude, crying aloud for his death; they demolished the defences, and rushed furiously in, but the justiciary escaped them; favor-cre of Agosta swore to root out the seed of ed by the confusion and the closing darkness oppressors throughout the he succeeded, though wounded in the face, whole of Sicily; and this vow they cruelly in mounting his horse unobserved, with fulfilled, slaughtering infants at their mothonly two attendants, and fled with all speed. ers' breast, and after them the mothers Meanwhile the slaughter continued with in- themselves, nor sparing even pregnant womcreased ferocity, even the darkness of night en, but, with a horrible refinement of cruelty, failed to arrest it, and it was resumed on ripping up the bodies of Sicilian women the morrow more furiously than ever; nor who were with child by French husbands, did it cease at length because the thirst for and dashing against the stones the fruit of vengeance was slaked, but because victims the mingled blood of the oppressed. This were wanting to appease it. Two thousand general massacre of all who spoke the same French perished in this first outbreak.- language, and these heinous acts of cruelty, to aid him but the wonderful spiritual power of an earnest will-Thomas Wright has found means, in his little intervals of leisure, to lead back, with a gentle hand, three hundred convicted criminals to virtue; to wipe the blot from their names and the blight from their prospects; to place them in honest homes, supported by an honest livelihood. have caused the Sicilian Vespers to be class ed among the most infamous of national crimes. But these fill a vast volume, and in it all nations have inscribed horrors of a similar, and sometimes of a blacker dye; nations often more civilized, and in times less rude, and not only in the assertion of their liberty or against foreign tyrants, but in the delirium, of civil or religious partisanship, against fellow-citizens, against brothers,against innocent and helpless beings, whom they destroyed by thousands, sweeping away whole populations. Therefore I do not blush for my country at the remem-upon them, the unhappy prisoners, after rebrance of the vespers, but bewail the dire necessity which drove Sicily to such extremities. DILIGENCE IN DOING GOOD. THOMAS WRIGHT, of Manchester, is a worn Fourteen years ago Mr. Wright visited, one Sunday, the New Bailey Prison, at Manchester, and took an interest in what he saw. He knew that, with the stain of jail lease, would seek in vain for occupation; and become a friend to those who had no helper. The chaplain of the New Bailey, Mr. Bag shawe, recognized in the beginning the true practical benevolence of the simple-minded visitor. On his second visit a convict was pointed out, on whom Mr. Wright might test his power. It was certain power.→→ From the vantage-ground of a comparative equality of station, he pleaded with his fel but not a weary man of sixty-three, who has for forty-seven years been weekly servaat in a large iron foundry, of which he is now the foreman. His daily work begins at five o'clock in the morning, and closes at six in the evening; for forty-seven years he has worked through twelve hours daily, to support himself and those depending on him. Those depending on him are not few; he has had nineteen children; and at some periods there have been grandchildren looking to him for bread. His income never has attained two hundred pounds a year.-low workman for the wisdom of a virtuous This is a life of toil. Exeter Hall might plead for him as a man taxed beyond the standard limit; but he had bread to earn, and knew that he had need to work for it: he did work with great zeal and great efficiency, obtaining very high respect and confidence from his employers. A man so laboring, and leading in his home an exemplary, pious life, might be entitled to go to bed betimes, and rest in peace between these days of industry and natural fatigue. What could a man do, in the little leisure left by so much unremitting work? Poor as he was-toiling as he did, a modest man of humble origin, with no power in the world and honest life. Heaven does, and Earth should, wipe out of account repented evil.— Words warm from the heart, backed with a deep and contagious sense in the hearer of the high-minded virtue shown by his companion, were not uttered, like lip-sympathy, in vain. Then Thomas Wright engaged to help his friend, to get employment for him; and, if necessary, to be surety with his own goods for his honorable conduct. He fulfilled his pledge; and that man has been ever since, a prosperous laborer, and an up right member of society. So the work began. So earnest, so humble; yet, like other earnest, humble efforts, |