10. The Christian faith, &c. The earliest Gospel in point of date is said to be that of St. Matthew; the earliest Pauline Epistle is the Ist to the Thessalonians. Possibly St. Peter's and St. James' may be older than any of St. Paul's. However this may be, all the Epistles imply an already established Christianity. [21. What is the force of sit here?] 22. be wafted, &c. = to float over the river which according to the ancient mythology divides life from death. 28. journey-work day-work, day-labourer's work, the work of a journeyman or un homme de journée, set, mechanical, servile work. 29. upon his head. Cp. poll-tax, &c.; also the use of Lat. caput, Gr. kápa. 33. in a hand scars legible. Milton himself took pains to write as clearly as possible. Cp. Hamlet, v. 2. 33-36. hand. So fist also is used: see below, p. 32. 1. 7. Cp. Lat. manus, as Cicero, Ad Att. viii. 13: Lippitudinis meae signum tibi sit librarii manus,' &c. 'Know you the hand?' Hamlet, iv. 7. 52. P. 29. 1. would not down. Cp. the verbal use of up, away, &c. The emphatic word absorbs into itself, so to speak, the power of the formal verb; thus to down to go down, &c. So ává, as Homer, II. vi. 331, &c. 4. of a sensible nostrill. and 30: A Latin phrase; see Horace, Satires, i. 3. 29 'Iracundior est paulo, minus aptus acutis Naribus horum hominum.' Cp. Ib. iv. 8, Emunctae naris;' Epod. xii. 3, 'naris obesae;' Epistles, i. 19. 45, ‘naribus uti;' also Satires, i. 6. 5, 'naso suspendis adunco Ignotos;' ii. 8, 64, &c. Orelli compares Plato's use of κopvjáw, Republic, 343 A. Cp. also Cowper's Task, ii. 256: 'Strew the deck With lavender, and sprinkle liquid sweets, That no rude savour maritime invade The nose of nice nobility.' · (See Shakspere, 1 Henry IV, i. 3. 45.) But our corresponding metaphor is taken not from the nose but the palate. We speak of a man of taste.' Cp. the French de bon goût. sensible = our sensitive. So Dryden apud Johnson : Even I the bold, the sensible of wrong, Restrain'd by shame, was forced to hold my tongue." Cp. sensibility. Locke speaks of sensitive knowledge,' meaning knowledge reaching no further than the existence of things actually present to the senses,' (= our sensuous). [7. What part of the sentence is looking on it, &c.?] 14. ridd. Rid is cognate with Germ. retten, to save, rescue. 15. unthrift=prodigal. Some in Parys sayde: "It is pytie these I vnthrifts be vnhanged or drowned for tellyng of suche lies." "Berners' Froissart, apud Richardson. 17. salary. The Latin salarium originally denoted salt-money, money given the soldiers for salt, and then generally an allowance, stipend, &c. The word, which of course came to us through the French, is certainly as old in England as Piers the Plowman, where it occurs in the form salerye. 23. He now comes to Point IV, see p. 67. the no good. Cp. the use of où in Gr.; as, † Tŵv yepupŵv où diáλvσις, Thucydides, i. 137; ἡ οὐ περιτείχισις, Ib. iii. 95; ἡ οὐκ ἐξουσία, Ib. v. 50, &c. So To μǹ кaλóν, Sophocles, Antigone, 370, &c. 26. It was the complaint, &c. Mr. Osborn notes that when the Bill for abolishing Bishops, Deans, and Chapters was before the House of Commons, Dr. Hackett was heard in their defence (1641), and urged "that their endowments were encouragements to Industry and Virtue, and were serviceable for the advancement of Learning." These were the arguments usually adopted in their favour.' 28. pluralities. Plurality was a crying offence in Milton's eyes; see Apology for Smectymnuus: The Prelate himself, being a pluralist, may under one surplice, which is also linnen, hide four benefices, besides the metropolitan toe,' &c. On the New Forcers of Conscience, 1-6: 'Because you have thrown off your prelate-lord, And with stiff vows renounced his Liturgy, From them whose sin ye envied, not abhorred, To force our consciences that Christ set free?' See also The Second Defence, &c. 29. dasht. Comus, 451-2: Psalm vi. 21: 'noble grace that dashed brute violence With sudden adoration and blank awe.' O Mine enemies shall all be blank and dashed It had been If you 30. I never found cause, &c. See Remonstrant's Defence: happy for this land, if your priests had been but only wooden . . mean by wooden, illiterate or contemptible, there was no want of that sort among you; and their number increasing daily, as their laziness, their tavernhunting, their neglect of all sound literature, and their liking of doltish and monastical schoolmen daily increased.' Also The likeliest Means to Remove &c.: ' .. ... as if with divines learning stood and fell, wherein for the most part their pittance is so small.' P. 30. 3. discontent. Suckling's Sessions of the Poets: Those that were there thought it not fit To discontent so ancient a wit.' 17. over it is, &c. The full phrase would be over what it is,' &c. ; but "' what' having occurred just before in what advantage, Milton does not care to repeat it. 18. scapt. So scape-goat. Cp. crawfish with écrevisse, craze with écraser, &c. Escape is perhaps ultimately cognate with skip; see Mr. Jerram's Par. Reg., Gloss. = 19. ferular the rod, the cane, the tawse' (see Jamieson). Mr. Skeat sends me a sketch of the thing from an old seal in his possession. It expanded at the end-the end designed for the victim-into a flat round; that is, it was in shape like a battledore with the handle lengthened and the bat diminished, and so well adapted for effect on the palm of the hand, which was the part of application; see Gerard Dow's picture of the Schoolmaster in the Fitz-William Museum, Cambridge. See Defence of the People of England: If I had leisure, or that if it were worth my while, I could reckon up so many barbarisms of yours in this one book as, if you were to be chastiz'd for them as you deserve, all the school-boys' ferulas in Christendome would be broken upon you.' See other instances-from Bishop Hall's Censure of Travel and Feltham's Resolves-apud Richardson; also Gosson's School of Abuse, p. 24, ed. Arber. The stem is the Lat. ferula, which is of the same root as ferire, to strike; see Horace, Satires, i. 3. 120; Juvenal, i. 15, where see Mayor's note. See Martial, Epigrams, xiv. 80, ' Ferulae': Invisae nimium pueris grataeque magistris Clara Prometheo munere ligna sumus.' The form ferularis is not found in Classical Latin; the Classical adjs. are ferulaceus and feruleus. Ferularis would seem an analogue of regularis. But it may be the ferular of the text is a misprint for ferula. fescu the wand or pointer; another form is festu. Lat. festuca, a stalk, stem, small stick. See Remonstrant's Defence: A minister that cannot be trusted to pray in his own words without being chewed to, and fescued to a formal injunction of his rote lesson, should as little be trusted to preach, &c.' See Sir T. More's Workes, p. 1102: 'But I shall afterward anon lay it afore him agayne and sette him to it with a festue that he shall not say but he saw it.' See Way's Promptorium Parvulorum, s. v. festu, note: In Piers Ploughman's Vision, line 6183 [Mr. Skeat's B-Text, x. 278, festu], where allusion is made to Matth. vii. 3, the mote in the eye, festuca, is termed fescu. [So in the Wycliffite version.] The Medulla likewise renders "festuca, a festu or lytul mote." The name was applied to the straw, or stick, used for pointing in the early instruction of children: thus Palsgrave gives "festue, to spell with, festev." Occasionally the name is written with c or k, instead of t; but it is apparently a corruption [probably due to writing, as there is often confusion in MSS. between c and t]. Festu, a feskue, a straw, rush, little stalk or stick, used for a fescue. Touche a fescue; also a pen or a pin for a pair of writing tables." CorG.' In the Puritan, one of the plays falsely ascribed to Shakspere, fescue = dial-hand; see iv. 2, Sir Godfrey Plus loq.: 'Nay, put by your chats nowe; fall to your business roundly; the fescue of the dial is I 2 upon the christ-cross of noon.' The form feasetrau, given by Halliwell, Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, is clearly due to some crude popular etymology. In Somersetshire occurs the form vester; see Jennings' Glossary of West Country Words. 21. the theam. This was the old grammar-school word for an essay; cp. Fr. thème. See Locke, On Education, § 171: As to themes they have I confess the pretence of something useful, which is to teach people to speak handsomely and well on any subject.' a Grammar lada grammar-school lad. The phrase is still so used provincially, as in Durham. 22. utter'd. To utter to outer, send out, issue. We still speak of * uttering coin.' = 22. without the cursory eyes, &c. without his eyes running over or surveying it. Henry V, v. 2. 77–8: I have but with a cursorary eye a temporizing and extemporizing licencer: =a licencer who considers only the expediencies of the moment, and arranges offhand the means to satisfy them. 25. standing to, &c. standing close to, in near connection with, &c. So 'Sir John stands to his word,' 1 Henry IV, i. 2. 130, &c.; and so our present usage. P. 31. 4. considerat. On the active sense of passive participles in Elizabethan English see Abbott's Shakespearian Grammar, § 294 and 374. Considerate has retained its active sense. 5. watchings. Watch, wake, wait are but various forms from A.-S. wacian. 6. expence of Palladian oyl. Operam et oleum perdere' was a common Latin phrase. See Cicero, Ad. Fam. vii. 1. 3 (perhaps in the Latin phrase there is allusion to athletes' oil; see l. c.); Ad. Att. ii. 17; see also xiii. 38: ante lucem quum scriberem contra Epicurios, de eodem oleo et opera exaravi nescio quid ad te et ante lucem dedi.' Lucubration means originally a working by lamplight. Palladian oyl learned oil. The olive-tree was sacred to Pallas Athena; of which dedication Milton perhaps here suggests a meaning. The old mythology was never a dry and forceless thing to him. He, like Bacon, discerns in it 'the wisdom of the ancients.' The oil-light, by which men of learning studied, was a gift of the goddess of learning. In the Latin poets Pallas sometimes oil, as Ovid, Tristia, iv. 5. 3. unleasur'd=ãoxoλos. 10. punie. Puny=puiné – puis-né, i. e. post-natus or after-born. See Bishop Hall's Resolutions for Religion, apud Richardson: 'Or [if any shall usurp] a motherhood to the rest and make them but daughters and punies to her,' &c. Of the Evil Angels: If still this priviledge were ordinary left in the church, it were not a work for puisness and novices, but for the .... greatest master and most learned and eminently holy doctors which the times can possibly yield.' 12. bayl is ultimately from Latin bajulus, a bearer, porter. idiot. See Trench's Select Glossary, also his Study of Words. 17. under the Presse. We say 'in.' century Latin phrase. Sub prelo' is the common sixteenth 19. diligentest. See above, note to p. 15, l. 15. 20. dares. Commonly, when we use dare with another verb, we do not inflect the 3rd person; we treat it like the auxiliary verbs; but when it 'governs an accusative,' then we inflect it. We say 'he dare not go,' but 'he dares him to go.' See Morris's Eng. Acc., p. 184. The fact is that the words are different. The auxiliary dare is really an old preterite, like wot, wont, olda, &c. See Grein's Bibliothek der Angelsächsischen Poesie, Glossar., s. v. durran; also Skeat's Moeso-Gothic Dict. p. 304. 23. jaunt. Old English jaunce, Old French jancer, 'to jolt, or jog' (Wedgwood.) See Shakspere, Richard II, v. 5. 94: 'Spurr'd, gall'd, and tri'd by jauncing Bolingbroke.' Ben Jonson's Tale of a Tub, ii. 1 : Faith, would I had a few more geances on't.' 27. accuratest most carefully considered, soundest. 29. [What is the meaning of melancholy here?] 31. Doctor is literally a teacher, as Cicero, Ad Fam. vii. 19, &c. P. 32. 1. patriarchal licencer. There is an allusion to Laud here. There was a popular rumour that he wished to become the Patriarch of the Western Church. See the quotation from Somers' Tracts, iv. 434, Scott's edition, apud Holt White; also Of Reformation, where Milton says that 'whenever the Pope shall fall' the Bishops will try to get what they can out of the ruin, 'hee a Patriarchdome, and another what comes next hand; as the French Cardinal [Richelieu] of late, and the See of Canterbury hath plainly affected.' patriarchal = patriarch-like, who assumes the authority of a patriarch or head of the House. Πατριάρχης, compounded of πατριά and ἄρχος, = racechief. In Eccl. Greek it was the title borne by the Bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. 2. hidebound is used of beasts, and of trees that cannot grow because their hides or barks are so thick; similarly of corn. See Overbury's Characters, The Franklin: 'He is never known to go to law; understanding to be lawbound among men is like to be hidebound among his beasts-they thrive not under it.' See from Boyle's Works, vi. 483, apud Richardson. Cp. barkbound: see Mahn's Webster. which he calls his judgement. Cp. the late Lord Westbury's phrase: 'what he is pleased to call his mind.' 4. pedantickschoolmaster-like, pedagogic. With the latter word it is said by some to be etymologically almost identical; pedant, they say, is contracted from pedagogant (is there such a word?), which is a secondary form from |