History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volume 3

W. Blackwood and sons, 1854

Geselecteerde pagina's

CHAPTER	1

Effect of these different passions in effecting the dispersion of mankind	2

They have produced the greatest wars recorded in history	3

Lasting conquests of the East over the West	4

Wars of races in the east of Europe	5

Strife of races peculiarly vehement in the Turkish empire	6

Variety of races in the Turkish dominions	7

Division of the Christians and Mussulmans	8

Subsequent movements of the Turks and Russians	353

Successful attack on the Turks at Sliwno	354

Advance upon Adrianople and its capture ib 135 Extended positions of the Russians	356

Unbounded alarm at Constantinople London and Vienna	357

Treaty of Adrianople	358

Convention regarding Wallachia and Moldavia	359

Irruption of the Pacha of Scodra ib 140 Affairs of Greece in 1828	360

Progress of the Greeks in 1829	361

Division of races in Turkey renders government more easy	10

The military strength of the empire entirely derived from the Turks	11

The whole civil business of the country is conducted by the Greeks	12

ib 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ib 13 Great and rapid increase of the Christians compared to the Turks	13

1415 Picture of the Servians by Lamartine	14

General decrease of population in Turkey	16

Statistics of Turkey	17

In what does Turkish oppression consist?	18

The lives and property of all belong to the Sultan	19

Great extent of land in Turkey held in mortmain	20

Injury done to Turkey by importation	21

Universal venality in the holders of office 15 16 17 19 20 21	22

Ruinous weakness of the Executive	23

Venality and corruption of justice	24

Contrary principles of good in Turkey Weakness of power	25

And want of the means of communication	26

Excellent qualities in the Turkish character	27

The theory of the central government is comparatively mild 29 Institution of Ayams	28

The village system	29

Small revenue derived from Turkey	31

Great population of the towns and decline of the country	32

Multitude of idle servants in the country	33

Variable strength of the Turkish empire	34

Great vicissitudes in the history of Turkey	35

Description of the city	37

Description of the city as seen from the sea	38

Defects of its interior	39

Population of Constantinople and equality of the sexes ib 43 Maritime forces of Turkey and Greece	40

The Janizaries	41

Turkish cavalry	43

The advantages of the Turks in this respect are now lost	44

In what the strength of the Turks now consists	45

Where are the Turks now strongest in war?	46

Causes of the obstinate defence of fortified cities by the Turks	48

Russian mode of fighting the Turks	49

Triple barrier which defends Constantinople	50

The Danube as a frontier stream	51

The Balkan	52

Country between the Balkan and Constantinople	53

The command of the sea or the support of Austria is essential to the suc cess of Russia	54

its description	55

Asiatic defence of Turkey The Caucasus	56

Its value as a military barrier	57

Description of the passes through the Caucasus	58

Description of Asia Minor	60

Mountainous nature of the country and want of roads	61

The Caucasian tribes it 66 Russian policy of intervention	62

Examples of the application of this principle	63

Intervention of Peter the Great in the affairs of neighbouring states	64

Establishment of the Russians in the Caucasus and on the Caspian	65

Acceptance of the crown of Georgia by the Emperor Alexander	66

Wars with the Caucasians and fresh rupture with Turkey and Persia	67

28 24	68

Glorious peace with Persia ib 74 Affairs of Wallachia and Moldavia	69

Russian system of intervention regarding them	70

Repeated insurrections of the Greeks	71

Mutual exasperation of the Greeks and Turks	73

Insurrection of Ali Pacha	74

Causes of this difference Destruction of the influence of property	75

Statistics of Greece	76

Defensible nature of the country	77

Clarkes description of Greece	78

Assault of the town	79

CHAPTER XIV	80

Recent favourable circumstances in the condition of Greece	81

Page 3 Recent spread of information and passion for independence	82

Formation of the society of the Hetairists	83

Different gradations in the Hetairists	84

Extraordinary secresy preserved regarding the affairs of the society	85

Their eyes are all fixed on Russia ib 8 Cession of Parga in 1819	87

Heartrending scene at the evacuation of the town	88

Debates on this subject in Parliament	89

Effect of the Spanish revolution on Turkey and Greece ib 13 State of Turkey at this period	90

Its weakness in a military point of view	91

Commencement of the insurrection in Wallachia	92

Their deliverance	93

Ipsilantis insurrection in Moldavia	94

Ipsilantis first measures	95

Reasons which urged the Emperor Alexander to intervene in Turkey at this time	96

Reasons which induced him to remain neutral ib 20 Ethusiasm of the Turks and measures taken against Ipsilanti	97

Commencement of the insurrection in Greece Proper and the Islands	98

The insurrection spreads over all Greece	99

Violent excitement at Constantinople and murder of the Patriarch	100

Succession of murders by the Turks	101

25	102

Atrocious acts of cruelty in Asia Minor	103

Massacres in Cyprus	104

28	105

29	107

ib 31	108

32	109

His total defeat at Dragaschan	110

Naval successes of the Greeks	111

Bloody action in Cydonia	113

Successes of the Turks in the Morea ib 37 Battle of Valtezza	114

Raising of the siege of Athens and defeat of the Turks in Thermopyla	116

its description	117

Progress of the siege ib 41 Storm and massacre of Tripolitza	118

Importance of the conquest and subsequent measures of the Greeks	119

Fresh massacre of the Christians in Smyrna	120

Operations of Chourchid Pacha before Janina Fall and recapture of Arta	121

Failure of the Greeks before Napoli di Romania and Patras	122

Forcing of the line of Cassandra	123

Operations in Crete	124

War with Persia	125

Angry negotiations with Russia ib 50 Russian ultimatum and its refusal by the Divan	127

Ultimatum of the Turks	128

Efforts of Lord Strangford the English minister to avert a rupture	129

Alarming state of Constantinople and efforts of the ambassadors	130

Capitulation of Ali Pacha	132

Perfidious seizure and death of Ali Pacha	133

Sensation this produced at Constantinople	134

Turkish plan of the campaign	135

Success of the fleet and defeat of Chourchid Pacha by the Souliotes	136

Extension of the insurrection to Chios	137

Frightful massacre in the island by the Turks	138

General massacre in the island	139

Signal retribution which befel the Turks	140

Operations of the Greek fleet against the Turks	141

Successful attack on the Turkish fleet	142

Destruction of the admirals ship	143

Renewed massacre in Chios	144

Unsuccessful expedition of Mavrocordato into Epirus ib 69 Insurrection and its suppression in Macedonia	145

Grand invasion of the Morea	146

Dangerous position of the Turks and able measures of the Greeks	147

Disastrous retreat of the Turks	148

Further successes of the Greeks	149

First siege of Missolonghi	150

Operations in Cyprus and Crete	151

Fall of Napoli di Romania	152

Fresh naval successes of the Greeks	153

Destruction of another Turkish ship of the line ib 79 Glorious results of this campaign to the Greeks	155

Dreadful earthquakes in Asia Minor	156

Negotiations with Russia during the year	157

The Congress of Verona declines to recognise the Greek state	158

Revolution at Constantinople in favour of the janizaries	159

Dreadful fire at Constantinople in spring 1823	160

Preparations of the Turks for the next campaign ib 87 Destruction of part of DramaAlis corps by Niketas	161

Independent position of the larger pachas and consequent weakness of the central power	162

Plan of the campaign on the part of the Turks	163

Ibrahims proceedings after the battle	164

Dispositions of the Greeks	165

Divisions among the Greeks in the Morea	166

Revolt of the Albanians and advance of the Pacha of Scodra	167

Nocturnal surprise of the Turks and death of Mark Bozzaris	168

Commencement of the siege of Anatolico	169

Operations in Candia during 1823	170

Naval campaign of 1823	171

Increased dissensions in the Morea	172

Increasing interest in Greece abroad Arrival of Lord Byron at Missolonghi	173

Continued divisions of the Greeks	174

Contraction of the Greek Loan	176

Preparations and plan of the campaign by the Turks ib 104 Operations of the Turks in the Archipelago	177

Defeat of the Greeks by Ibrahim Pacha	191

Further successes of Ibrahim and capture of Tripolitza	198

Critical position of the Turks and preparations of the Sultan	204

Vast effects of the siege of Missolonghi and general despondence in Greece	210

Treaty of 6th July	218

Measures of Paskewitch against the Persians	222

interfere and in behalf of the Greeks	234

Vigorous measures of Sultan Mahmoud	246

The Russian demands are acceded to without reservation	252

Battle of the Abbarane	258

34	267

Vast influence of Constantinople on the fortunes of mankind 35	268

Its incomparable situation 36	270

VOL III	273

Combat of Bazardjik	277

Surprise of a Russian redoubt	283

Attack on Wittgenstein	289

Commencement of the campaign in Asia	295

March upon Akhalzikh	301

Opening of the campaign with the Turks	315

Success of the Russians in the centre and on the left	321

Statistics of finances of 1826 and 1827	322

Further movements	327

Operations during the winter	335

Commencement of the siege of Silistria and its description	341

Measures of Diebitch after the battle	348

Progress of the siege of Silistria and its fall	349

Description of the passes of the Balkan	350

Diebitchs preparations for passing the Balkan	351

Passage of the Balkan	352

Operations in Attica	362

Convention of March 22 1829 regarding the limits of Greece	363

Reflections on this convention	364

Remarkable words of the Emperor Nicholas on this subject	366

What of the alleged regeneration of Turkey	367

Astute policy of Russia in the treaty of Adrianople	368

Difficulty of the conquest of Turkey evinced in this war	369

Battle of Kouleftscha	370

Dangers of the Russian position in regard to Turkey	371

The final triumph of Christianity in Turkey is secure	372

CHAPTER XVI	373

Character of Charles X	374

His defects	375

The Duke dAngoulême is declared Dauphin	376

The secret Camarilla of ecclesiastics	377

Architecture of Paris	378

Entry of the king into Paris	379

Abolition of the censorship of the press ib 8 Dangers of this step	380

Increase of the Jesuits influence at the court and their efforts in the country	381

Strength of the Jesuit party in the legislature and the administration	383

Their opponents in the Chambers and the press	384

Injudicious measure regarding the army	385

comparative strength of parties	386

Flourishing state of the finances	387

Restoration of the estates of the Orléans family	388

Law of indemnity to the sufferers by the Revolution	389

Embarrassment of the Government from other claims	393

2430 Argument against the project by the Liberals 394398	394

Measures of the Jesuits	404

Preceptor to the Duke of Bordeaux	418

Riot at the funeral of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld	425

Statistics of Algiers	427

Formation of the parties and preparations for a moral struggle on both sides	432

The new Ministry had not the confidence of the King	438

Preparations for a change of Ministry	444

CHAPTER XVII	453

Result of the elections	466

Vast influence of the press in France	468

Vote on the subject	477

657	482

Public debt	483

661	484

Landing at SidiFeruch near Algiers	489

The ordonnances	500

Total want of preparation for the coup détat on the part of Ministers	506

Meeting of the Liberal chiefs at Casimir Periers	513

State of affairs at St Cloud and firmness of the King	523

The Louvre is carried by the insurgents	531

Secret objects of the Liberal Opposition in France at this period	552

Great error of the King in the ground he took for resistance	553

Extraordinary want of preparation on the part of the Government	554

Great fault of Government in not at once arresting the leaders of the Liberals	556

Ruinous effects of the treachery of the troops	557

Ruinous effects of this military treachery on the cause of freedom in France ib 108 Great error of the military commanders on this occasion	559

Cause of this in the composition of the French army ib 110 Military errors committed on the occasion	560

Mode of combating an urban insurrection	561

Dangerous influence of the Partiprêtre on the Government	562

Strange vehemence of the opposition which the Restoration experienced in France	563

Though the constitution was then as popular as the country could bear	564

Obloquy thrown on the Bourbons from their having succeeded after the national disasters	565

Effect of the continuance of peace in France	566

Which thwarted the strongest passions of the Revolution ib 118 Which was the reason why the expeditions to Spain and Algiers were undertaken	567

Political reasons on which these projects were founded	568

Ruinous effects of the destruction of the aristocracy in France	569

General absence of the restraint of religion in the towns	570

Number of natural children in the great towns	571

Effect of this in a political point of view	572

It produced 80000 bastard combatants in Paris	573

Curious circumstance which mitigated these evils	574

Decline in the material comforts of the working classes	575

Causes of this miserable state of the working classes	577

Way in which the division of land affected the industry of the country	578

Immense burdens on the land in France	580

Crowding of the inhabitants of towns from these causes	581

Effect of the destruction of commercial capital during the Revolution	582

Excessive general competition and wretched state of the working classes	583

Want of any representation of the working classes	584

Were the ordonnances illegal?	585

Previous instances of royal ordonnances not objected to	586

Reasons why coups détat are necessary in France	587

Conduct of the King	588

CHAPTER XVIII	590

Its distinguishing features	591

Violent antagonism between the opposite schools	592

Character of the romantic school	593

Pernicious character of their works of imagination	594

Corrupt character of their drama	595

Chateaubriand	596

Sketch of his life ib 9 His character as a writer	597

His beauties	598

His influence in reviving the spirit of Christianity	599

Peculiarity of his style on religious subjects and its apology	600

His defects	601

Madame de Staël as a political writer	603

Her character as a novelist ib 16 Her merits as a critic	604

Her merits as a philosopher	605

his early rise	606

His peculiar style of thought	607

His style of writing ib 21 His mode of viewing human affairs	608

His chief publications	609

Lamartine	610

His defects as a historian	611

His defects	612

His want of authorities in his writings and personal vanity ib 27 Sismondi	613

His social and political essays	614

His political opinions	615

Auguste and Amadée Thierry	616

Their opposite principles	617

3234 MichaudBaranteSalvandy 618619	618

his principles	620

His merits and defects	621

His History of the Consulate and Empire	622

3840 LacretelleCapefigueMichelet 623624	623

Military histories and memoirs	626

His merits and defects	627

His disregard of truth	628

General Jomini	629

General Mathieu Dumas	630

Count Segur	631

Baron Fain	632

The Memoirs of France during the Revolution	633

Bourrienne	634

Chateaubriand and Lamartine as writers of memoirs	635

5457 CousinM LamenaisM VillemainM Ginguené 637639	637

his great meritsHis errors 640641	640

Cuvier	642

Humboldt	643

His indefatigable energy	644

Poets their decline in France	645

Decline of the drama in France	657

8485 Le GrosVernet	662

Conclusion 662663	663

CHAPTER XIX	665

Effect of the South American Revolution on the currency of Great Britain	667

Causes which augmented the currency in 1823	668

gradual	670

Effect of the expansion of the currency on prices in 1823 and 1824	671

Preparations of Russia for a war with Turkey	672

Budget of 1824	676

nent reduction of the National Debt 15 Grants for new churches Windsor Castle and the National Gallery 16 Prosperous state of the country during th...	679

Retaliatory measures of other nations 22 Mr Wallaces five Freetrade bills in 1822	686

2426 Mr Huskissons argument in favour of the Reciprocity System 2728 Answer by the shipowners 29 Effect of these acts	694

698	698

Failure of the Reciprocity System to increase our exports	700

3435 Cause of the failure of the Reciprocity System in this respect 702703	702

Commencement of the Freetrade system	704

Reflections on this petition	706

Indication this afforded of the growth of the commercial class	707

4246 Argument of the Protectionists 708711	708

Results of the system of Freetrade as proved by experience	712

State of the silk trade	713

First introduction of Free Trade in reference to it	714

Reduction of duties on foreign wools	716

Reflections on these changes	717

Repeal of laws against emigration of artisans and combinations among workmen	718

Disastrous effects of the change ib 54 Argument in favour of the repeal of the Combination Laws	720

Reflections on this subject	722

Causes of the frequency of strikes	723

System which must be adopted on the subject	724

Its advantages	725

Gloomy aspect of affairs in the West Indies and Ireland	726

Lord Dudleys picture of the Empire in the opening of 1825	727

Picture of the country from the Annual Register	728

Picture of the times from the Quarterly Review	729

Sound condition of trade and manufactures to the end of 1824	730

Which was owing to the extended currency	731

Causes of danger which were now impending	733

Excess of imports over exports	735

Drain of specie produced by the South American speculations	736

The Chancellor of the Exchequers budget	737

Reduction of taxation introduced and public accounts of the year	739

Mr Robinsons argument in favour of the reduction of the duty on spirits	740

Vast increase of crime which has arisen in consequence	741

7374 Reflections on this subject 742743	742

Temperance Leagues	744

Renewed measures in favour of Free Trade	745

Great and wise change in the laws regarding our colonial shipping	746

Reflections on this decay	747

Approach of the monetary crisis	748

Dreadful severity of the crash	749

Increased circulation forced upon the Government	750

The crash was not owing to the instability of the banks but to the mone tary laws	752

Conclusions to be drawn from this catastrophe	753

Overige edities - Alles bekijken

History of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the ..., Volume 3
Archibald Alison
Volledige weergave - 1854

History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in MDCCCXV to the ..., Volume 3
Archibald Alison
Volledige weergave - 1858

Alles bekijken »

Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen

Abbas Mirza admiral Ali Pacha arms army artillery Asia assault attack battalions battle battle of Navarino besiegers blockade campaign Capitan Pacha capitulation cavalry CHAP chiefs Christian Colocotroni command commenced Constantinople contest danger Danube Dardanelles defeated defence Diebitch Emperor empire enemy entirely Erzeroum Europe favour fire fireships fleet Fonton force formidable fortress France frigates garrison Gordon Greece Greeks Guard guns Hist horse hospodars hundred Hydra Ibrahim infantry inhabitants insurrection intrenched Ipsara island janizaries July June King length Mahommedan ment Miaulis military Ministers Missolonghi Moldavia Morea mountains Muscovites Mussulmans Napoli nation Navarino Osmanlis Ottoman Paske Paskewitch Persians Porte Prince provinces ramparts resistance resolution Russian sail Schumla Seraskier ships sians side siege Silistria soon Souliotes squadron St Petersburg strength Sublime Porte success Sultan thousand tion took town treaty troops Turkey Turkish Turks utmost Valentini vessels victory vigorous viii Wallachia whole

Populaire passages

Pagina 54 - Above me are the Alps, The palaces of Nature, whose vast walls Have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps, And throned Eternity in icy halls Of cold sublimity, where forms and falls The avalanche — the thunderbolt of snow ! All that expands the spirit, yet appals, Gather around these summits, as to show How Earth may pierce to Heaven, yet leave vain man below.‎

Komt voor in 460 boeken vanaf 1805-2008

Pagina 79 - The isles of Greece ! the isles of Greece ! "Where burning Sappho loved and sung, — Where grew the arts of war and peace, Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung ! Eternal summer gilds them yet, But all, except their sun, is set. The Scian and the Teian muse, The hero's harp, the lover's lute, Have found the fame your shores refuse ; Their place of birth alone is mute To sounds which echo further west Than your sires' ‎

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Pagina 59 - Where rougher climes a nobler race display, Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread, And force a churlish soil for scanty bread ; No product here the barren hills afford, But man and steel, the soldier and his sword.‎

Komt voor in 274 boeken vanaf 1789-2006

Pagina 702 - That the maxim of buying in the cheapest market, and selling in the dearest, which regulates every merchant in his individual dealings, is strictly applicable, as the best rule for the trade of the whole nation.‎

Komt voor in 164 boeken vanaf 1796-2008

Pagina 704 - But it is against every restrictive regulation of trade not essential to the revenue— against all duties merely protective from foreign competition — and against the excess of such duties as are partly for the purpose of revenue, and partly for that of protection — that the prayer of the present petition is respectfully submitted to the wisdom of parliament.‎

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Pagina 50 - The blue-eyed myriads from the Baltic coast The prostrate South to the destroyer yields Her boasted titles and her golden fields • With grim delight the brood of winter view A brighter day, and heavens of azure hue, Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose, And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows.‎

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Pagina 702 - That, unfortunately, a policy, the very reverse of this, has been, and is more or less adopted and acted upon by the government of this and...‎

Komt voor in 68 boeken vanaf 1796-2008

Pagina 743 - ... per cent. If the article be not manufactured much cheaper or much better abroad than at home, such a duty is ample for protection. If it be manufactured so much cheaper or so much better abroad as to render 30 per cent, insufficient, my answer is, first, that a greater protection is only a premium to the smuggler ; and, secondly, that there is no wisdom in attempting to bolster up a competition which this degree of protection will not sustain.‎

Komt voor in 21 boeken vanaf 1826-1980

Pagina 745 - ... ships of those countries, allowing the latter to import all articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the country to which the ship belongs, and to export from such Colonies all articles whatever of their growth, produce, or manufacture, either to the country from which such ship came, or to any other part of the world, the United Kingdom, and all its dependencies, excepted. All intercourse between the Mother Country and the Colonies, whether direct or circuitous, and all intercourse of...‎

Komt voor in 30 boeken vanaf 1803-2008

Pagina 685 - The act of navigation is not favourable to foreign commerce, or to the growth of that opulence which can arise from it. The interest of a nation in its commercial relations to foreign nations is, like that of a merchant with regard to the different people with whom he deals, to buy as cheap and to sell as dear as possible.‎

Komt voor in 142 boeken vanaf 1786-2008

Bibliografische gegevens

Titel	History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volume 3 History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Archibald Alison
Auteur	Archibald Alison
Uitgever	W. Blackwood and sons, 1854
Oorspronkelijk uit	de University of Michigan
Gedigitaliseerd	13 sep 2007

Citatie exporteren	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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