BIBLIOGRAPHY

HE immense debt which the foregoing pages owe

TH

to the Oxford English Dictionary-now practically complete-is, I hope, too obvious from the text to need further emphasis. Without access to that unrivalled monument of imaginative scholarship a great deal of the first part, and nearly all the second part, of this book could never have been even attempted. Readers who wish to study history in English words for themselves should lose no opportunity of consulting its fascinating volumes. And in case the fear of wearisome repetition has induced me to mislead, I should like to take advantage of this opening to point out that the O.E.D. is the authority for practically all the English etymological and semantic material on which my book is based. For example, the incautious but conveniently brief statement that such a word "was first used by I was first used by" Chaucer or "first appeared in " the fourteenth century must be regarded as the abbreviated form of a longer statement to the effect that the earliest illustrative quotation given in the O.E.D. under the heading of the word in question is drawn from Chaucer or from a book written during that century.

On the subject as a whole-history, and the outlook of men upon the world, as they are embodied in the histories of words-comparatively few people seem to have written in English. Trench led the way with his little book On the Study of Words, which is interesting,

both for itself and because the Archbishop was the first to attach as much or more importance to the semantic than to the etymological side of his subject, being, in fact, himself the originator of the Oxford Dictionary. Max Müller's numerous essays and writings are fresh and keen and full of interest. The material adduced by both these writers should always be verified by reference to the Dictionary.

I do not know if anyone has hitherto attempted to treat the subject chronologically and systematically, apart from one solitary English writer, Mr. Pearsall Smith. To his invaluable little book, The English Language (Home University Library), I am indebted throughout, not only for very much of my material, but also for many extremely fruitful suggestions as to the best way of dealing with it. I have also made extensive use of two essays (" English Words Abroad" and "Four Romantic Words "), printed in Words and Idioms (Constable), of which, as of The English Language, it would, in my opinion, be very difficult to speak too highly, partly because of the imaginative treatment of the material and partly because of its solid background of careful scholarship and wide reading. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge here the more direct and personal help which I have been fortunate enough to receive from time to time from this distinguished writer.

For the rest, I have attempted to skim over such a wide area that a full bibliography is impossible. As an introduction to a closer study of the English language, the late Henry Bradley's The Making of English is practically indispensable. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary and Concise Etymological Dictionary (of which it is important to get the latest editions), and Weekly's Etymological Dictionary of Modern

English are extremely useful works of reference, while for those who wish to acquire some sort of feeling for the relationship between apparently dissimilar Aryan words, such as wheel and 'kuklos', brother and ' frater', Skeat's Primer of Classical and English Philology (Clarendon Press) is inexpensive, brief, and to the point.

In conclusion, out of the very large number of books which I have looked into, I append a list of a few which, either in whole or in part, seem to have proved especially useful for my particular purpose. But before laying down my pencil I must say a word on the somewhat sweeping title given to the second part of this book. The choice lay between an accurate and unwieldy title and a brief but inaccurate one. I chose the latter evil, and the result, I believe, is at any rate less misleading than a limiting phrase such as The English Outlook would have been.

It remains to add that such efficiency and precision as this little volume may possess have been increased by the kindness of my wife, who assisted me in the irksome task of indexing it, and of my father, who undertook the equally exacting business of reading the sheets.

The list follows:

O. SCHRADER (translated by Jevons): The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples.

A. CARNOY: Les Indo-Européens.

WEISE: The Language and Character of the Roman People.

I. TAYLOR: Words and Places.

SKEAT: Place-names of Hertfordshire.

G. H. MCKNIGHT: English Words and their Background. M. MÜLLER: Biographies of Words; On Comparative Mythology; Theosophy.

L. NOIRÉ: The Origin and Philosophy of Language. L. GEIGER (translated): Language and its Importance in the History of the Development of the Human Race. O. JESPERSEN: The Philosophy of Grammar; Language, its Nature, Development, and Origin.

BRÉAL (translated): Semantics.

R. R. MARETT: Anthropology (Home University Library). (The chapter on Language.)

LEWIS AND SHORT: A Latin Dictionary.

Liddell and SCOTT: Greek-English Lexicon.

E. WALLACE: An Outline of the Philosophy of Aristotle (Cambridge University Press).

R. STEINER (translated): Christianity as Mystical Fact. J. S. REID: The Academica of Cicero. (The excellent notes and indexes with which this book is provided make it a work of reference concerning the terms in use in Greek philosophy and their Latin translations.)

`R. EUCKEN: Geschichte der Philosophischen Terminologie.

R. EUCKEN (translated): Fundamental Concepts of Modern Philosophic Thought.

A. S. PRINGLE-PATTISON: Article on "Scholasticism" in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

S. T. COLERIDGE: Biographia Literaria.

M. W. Steinke: Edward Young's Conjectures on Original Composition in England and Germany. (F. C. Stechert Co., Inc., New York.) The appendices, consisting of long quotations from English and German writers, together with a few from Longinus, are excellent.