THE SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATE.

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frames is call-ed a gla-zier. The man who paints the house is call-ed a pain-ter.

2. The car-pen-ter's tools are-1. The long saw, to cut large planks out of large trees. 2. The small saw, to cut the wood in-to small-er pieces. 3. The plane, to make it smooth. 4. The pin-cers or nip-pers, to draw out nails. 5. The au-ger, to bore holes with. 6. The ham-mer, to drive nails in-to the wood. 7. The adze, to cut off knots and bark from large pie-ces of rough wood. 8. The chi-sel, to cut out large square holes. He u-ses al-so ma-ny oth-er tools.

3. In BUILD-ING A HOUSE, a plan is drawn on pa-per. From this plan, which is hand-ed to the build-er, a spe-ci-fi-ca-tion is drawn up, which is sup-po-sed to con-tain the thick-ness of the walls, the size of the va-ri-ous beams, rafters, and planks, with the kinds of wood to be u-sed, the qua-li-ty of the bricks and mor-tar, the ex-tent of the drain-age, the num-ber of lay-ers of brick in the foun-da-tion, and ev-e-ry oth-er par-ti-cu-lar.

4. An es-ti-mate is then made from this spe-ci-fica-tion, and the build-er a-grees to do the work in such a style, in such a man-ner, in such a time, and for such a sum. Should the build-ing price be accept-ed, he com-men-ces the e-rec-tion of the house. 5. The foun-da-tion of the walls is first laid, and the drain-age mark-ed out. The foun-da-tion is made of bricks, laid, per-haps, se-ven bricks for the first lay-er, six for the se-cond, five for the third, four for the fourth, de-creas-ing to the size of the wall; which is then car-ri-ed up from the foot, as it is term-ed, to the plate, that is, to the beam that is to sup-port the roof,

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BUILDING MATERIALS.

6. The roof is fra-med on the ground, ev-e-ry beam is cut and fit-ted to-geth-er pro-per-ly; the pie-ces are then ta-ken a-part a-gain; and, last-ly, re-fit-ted and se-cure-ly fas-ten-ed on the top of the house, where they are to re-main.

7. he slates, or tiles, are now laid on, one o-ver the oth-er, like the scales of a fish; the slates are fas-ten-ed by ce-ment, the tiles by hav-ing wood-en pegs. After this, the win-dows are fit-ted in, the floors are laid, the stair-ca-ses made, and the house is fin-ish-ed, by the u-ni-ted aid of the Gla-zier, the Join-er, the House-pa-per-er, and the Smith.

LESSON V.

OF BUILDING MATERIALS.

8. THE ma-te-ri-als for house build-ing are stone, brick, wood, mor-tar, tile, slate, iron, lead, zinc, and glass.

9. Stone is found in large moun-tain mass-es, and is dug out from pits or holes, made by the work-men, call-ed quar-ries. Some of the most fa-mous of these quar-ries are at the Isle of Portland and at Bath, from which the Port-land and Bath stone is pro-cu-red.

10. Bricks are made of clay. The clay is first dug from the earth, then ground in a mill, then mould-ed in-to square shapes, then burnt in a brickkiln, to make it dry and hard. Some bricks are burnt in clamps.

11. In burn-ing bricks they are ar-ran-ged in a kind of o-ven, o-pen at the top, call-ed the kiln, and a fire is light-ed un-der-neath. When bricks

BRICKS, MORTAR, SLATE, AND WOOD.

81

are burn-ed in clamps, they are ar-ran-ged in long mass-es, of a-bout a hun-dred thou-sand to-geth-er, with pas-sa-ges be-tween them, in which ash-es, small coal, and brush-wood are pla-ced. The burning, in this man-ner, ge-ne-ral-ly takes se-ve-ral weeks,

12. Mortar is made of lime, and lime is made of lime-stone, bro-ken and burnt in a kiln; af-ter which pro-cess it is then call-ed lime. This lime is then mix-ed with wa-ter and sand. The wa-ter caus-es the lime to fall to pie-ces, and mix-ing with the sand, it thus forms a kind of paste, which is spread be-tween each lay-er of bricks.

13. Slate is dug out of quar-ries in the same man-ner that stone is; it is split in-to thin pie-ces ve-ry ea-si-ly by the slate-ma-ker's tool. The slates ge-ne-ral-ly seen on the top of a house are made by hew-ing out a block of slate, a-bout a foot in di-ame-ter, by se-ve-ral feet long, and cut-ting them off one by one, by the sla-ter's axe, or knife.

14. Deal, oak, and ma-ho-ga-ny.-Deal is the wood of the Nor-way fir, and be-ing cut in that coun-try, is float-ed down the riv-ers, and then brought o-ver in ships. Oak is the pro-duce of the a-corn, and is well known. Ma-ho-ga-ny is a ve-ry large tall tree, which grows plen-ti-ful-ly in the West In-dies and South A-me-ri-ca, near the Bay of Hon-du-ras, and oth-er pla-ces.

15. I-ron and lead are u-sed in va-ri-ous ways in and a-bout a house ;-both come from mines. The i-ron is u-sed for nails, cramps, ties, and bolts; the lead for co-ver-ing the edg-es of the roofs, for making pipes and gut-ters, sinks, and cis-terns. Zinc is now fre-quent-ly u-sed in-stead of lead.

1. There are se-ve-ral kinds of smiths. The black-smith, the lock-smith, and the cop-per-smith. The black-smith does the hea-vi-er kind of work, and makes horse-shoes, chains, iron rail-ings, tires for wheels, hoops for casks, plough- shares, i-ron teeth for har-rows, and such things.

2. The locksmith makes locks and bolts, hangs bells in hous-es, and works light-er ar-ti-cles in brass or tin, as well as in i-ron. He makes i-ron and tin sauce-pans, fry-ing-pans, can-dle-sticks, ket-tles, pots, and dish-es. He is of-ten u-ni-ted with the tin-man.

HOW THE SMITH WORKS.

83

3. The cop-per-smith makes cop-pers, cop-per boil-ers, sauce-pans, skil-lets, ket-tles, brass can-dlesticks, cop-per sheath-ing for ships, cop-per fas-tenings for boats, cop-per plates, up-on which pic-tures are en-gra-ved. He is of-ten u-ni-ted with the bra-zier.

LESSON VII.

TOOLS OF THE SMITH.

4. The tools of the smith are a forge, large bel-lows, an an-vil, a bee-tle or sledge hammer, small ham-mers, gou-ges, punch-es, dies, chis-els, nip-pers, pin-cers, and ply-ers. He has a trough full of wa-ter close by the forge to cool the hot i-ron with.

5. When the black-smith goes to work, he pulls off his coat, puts on a large lea-ther a-pron, and tucks up his shirt sleeves to the arm pits. He then takes hold of a piece of i-ron with his nip-pers and puts it in the fire. A boy be-hind the forge then blows the bel-lows with all his might. The fire burns fierce-ly, and the i-ron gets red hot.

6. When the i-ron is quite red and spark-ling, or some-times at a white heat, the black-smith takes it out and holds it on the an-vil. If it be a large piece of i-ron, two oth-er smiths come, and with large ham-mers beat it as hard as they can in-to the pro-per shape. The rea-son why the i-ron is made so hot, is be-cause when hot it is ve-ry soft, and can ea-si-ly be work-ed.

7. When the i-ron has been beat-en in-to the shape re-quired, the smith dips it in-to the trough to cool it; then he looks at it and mea-sures it by