nounced by Villalva, now become the favourite preacher of Philip the Second. The emperor's remains, agreeably to his desire, were laid as nearly as possible beneath the altar, somewhat in front of it, by the side of his beloved Isabella. Above, in a shrine of jasper, the statues of the illustrious pair, executed in copper by Leoni, might be seen, in their finely wrought mantles, kneeling side by side, with hands clasped, in an attitude of devotion. Behind were the effigies of Charles's two sisters, the queens of France and Hungary, kneeling also, with hands outstretched, and their faces turned towards the altar. The bodies of the two royal matrons were deposited in the vault below, near that of their imperial brother; and the friends who had loved one another in life were not divided by death.
Yuste, which had been so long honoured as the residence of royalty, was permitted to assume the title of royal. The palace became, in a particular manner, the care of the government, and in 1638, Philip the Fourth appropriated six thousand ducats for placing it in complete repair. Little was heard of it during the remainder of that century, or the following; and the sorrowful prediction of the Jeronymite orator, that the day would come when Charles's residence in the convent would pass from the memory of men, seemed almost to be verified.
The obscurity of Yuste proved its best protection. The time was to come, however, when this would cease to be so. During the Peninsular War, in 1810, a party of French dragoons, foraging in the neighbourhood, found the murdered body of one of their comrades not far from the gates of Yuste. Not doubting that he had been made away with by the monks, the infuriated soldiery broke into the convent, scattered its terrified inmates, and set fire to the buildings in various places. For eight days the vast pile continued to burn, with no attempt to check the conflagration. On the ninth it was left a heap of smouldering ruins, a small remnant of the western cloister alone surviving of the main body of the building. The church, from the strength of its
walls, was happily able to defy the flames, and served, in its turn, to protect the palace, which, in the rear, had always leaned against it for support.
In 1820, an irruption of the patriots from the neighbouring villages completed the work of destruction. They defaced the interior of the buildings that yet remained, despoiling them of every portable article of value, and turning the church itself into a stable. The fine copy of Titian's Last Judgment, which had hung above the high altar ever since the time of Philip the Second, was appropriated by the liberals of Tejuela, and reserved to adorn the walls of their parish-church.
Still the monks, though scared from their abodes, continued to linger in the neighbourhood, as loth to resign their early home, endeared to them by many glorious recollections. With the first glimpse of better times, a small number of them returned to their ancient quarters, where they contrived for themselves such accommodations as they could amidst the ruins of the cloisters. Here they were visited by more than one traveller, who bears testimony that the brethren still retained their ancient virtue of hospitality, though they had but scanty means for the exercise of it. Their monastic life was destined, however, to be of no long duration. In 1837 came the fatal decree for the suppression of the convents; and the poor Jeronymites, many of them broken by age and infirmities, were once more turned adrift upon the pitiless world, without even a grave to lie in.
Thus tenantless and neglected, Yuste has gone rapidly to decay. The traveller who visits it now, as he works his way with difficulty through the tangled wilderness of shrubs in what was once the garden, finds little to remind him that the hand of cultivation was ever there. Yet just without the walls he may still see the great walnut-tree of Yuste spreading its broad arms over the spot where once the multitude was gathered to celebrate the birthday of
Charles, and where, as it is said, the monarch himself would often sit and muse,-it may be on the faded glories of the past, or on the darker future.
The stranger may now enter the palace without the need of the royal permit which Charles the Fifth, as we have seen, thought of sufficient importance, to make it the subject of a special injunction to his son Philip on his death-bed. But as he wanders through the dreary and desolate chambers, now turned into a magazine for grain and olives, the visitor will find it no easy matter to repeople them with the images of former days, when Charles gave audience to foreign envoys in these very apartments, and when priests and nobles stood around his bed, hanging with awful reverence on the last accents of their dying master.
Without, the touch of decay is upon everything. The church still stands; but the delicately carved wood-work of the choir, and the beautiful tiles that adorned the walls, have fallen from their places, or been torn away by the hand of violence. All around, the ground is covered with the wreck of former splendours, with fallen columns and shattered arches; while the black and scathed walls of the older cloister still tower in gloomy grandeur above the scene of desolation. Yet even here kind Nature has been busy, as usual, in covering up the ravages of time and violence, spreading over them her rich embroidery of wildflowers, and clothing the ghastly skeleton in a robe of beauty.*
Yuste lives only in the memory of the past. Already her name begins to disappear from the map. ever hold her place in history; and travellers from many a distant clime shall long repair to the memorable spot where, withdrawn from the turmoil of the world, lived and died the greatest monarch of the sixteenth century.
4 The most copious, as well as interesting, account of Yuste in its present dilapidated state, is to be found in Ford's "Handbook of Spain," vol. i. pp. 552, 553 (ed. 1845), and in the
closing pages of Stirling's "Cloister Life of Charles the Fifth." The rich and eloquent description of both these writers show that they were inspired in full measure by the genus loci.
ACHMET, the Turkish Vizier, strangled, ii. 352.
Adorni, the faction of, assists Colonna in the
reduction of Genoa, i. 306.
Adrian of Utrecht (afterwards Pope Adrian
VI.), appointed preceptor to Charles V. i.
188; his character and learning, ibid.; his
works, 188, 189; allowed to assume the
authority of regent of Castile, 193; possesses
neither genius nor spirit to oppose Cardinal
Ximenes, 200; appointed regent of Castile,
229; chosen pope after Leo's death, 303; his
plans as regent of Spain, for suppressing the
insurrections, 313; his incapacity as
gent, 315; Padilla, having seized the seals
and archives, leaves him without power,
319; two noblemen appointed by Charles as
his associates in the regency, 320; the junta
demand of Charles that his regency be de-
clared void, 321; sets out for Italy to take
possession of his new dignity as Pope, 341;
his reception at Rome, ibid.; assumes the
pontificate, ibid.; ill feeling of the Italians,
ibid.; his justice and moderation, 342; his
endeavours for peace, ibid.; death of, 349; joy
of the Roman people, ibid.; his endeavours
to suppress Luther's opinions, and his strong
feeling against the Reformation, 357; he de-
nounced the corruptions of the Church, 358;
his character, 361, 362.
Africa, territories of, added to the Castilian
dominions, i. 185; defeats sustained by the
Spaniards in, 201, 202; piratical states of,
496.
Agriculture, i. 35; condition of those employed
in, 547 et seq. note.
Alarçon, General Don Ferdinand, i. 377; en-
trusted with the custody of Francis, after the
battle of Pavia, 378; escorts Francis to his
own country, 399; appointed special am-
bassador to Francis, 412; entrusted with the
custody of Pope Clement, 429.
Albert, elector of Metz, and Archbishop of
Magdeburg, sale of indulgences granted to,
i. 243, 246.
Albert, prince of Brandenburg, grand master
of the Teutonic knights, i. 408; receives the
investiture of the province of Prussia as an
hereditary duchy, ibid.
Albert, marquis of Brandenburg-Anspach,
defeated and taken prisoner, ii. 187; set at
liberty, 220; publishes a manifesto against
Charles, 300; his military operations and
ravages in the ecclesiastical territories, 312;
joins Maurice against the emperor with his
mercenary troops, 313; continues in arms
against the emperor, 324; joins the emperor,
and defeats the Duke of Aumale, 330; his
turbulent ambition, 337, 338; confederacy
against him, 338; his army defeated, 340.
Alcantara, Spanish order of, 139.
Alençon, duke d', i. 294.
Alençon, duchess of, sister of Francis, i. 395.
Alexander VI., Pope, i. 112; his odious vices,
263; a disgrace to religion and to human
nature, ii. 487.
Alexandria surrenders to Lautrec, i. 437.
Alfred the Great, i. 17.
Algiers, kingdom of, i. 496; its king murdered,
and the government seized by Horuc Bar-
barossa, 498; governed by Hayradin, his
brother, 499; is taken under the protection
of the Sultan, ibid.; account of, ii. 83;
Charles's abortive expedition against, 83-88;
the fatal disasters which befell his army and
fleet, 86, 87.
Alphonso of Naples, i. 119.
Alsace invaded by Henry II. of France, ii. 310.
Alva, duke of, his suspicions of Prince
Maurice, ii. 298; takes the command of the
emperor's forces against Metz, 329; ap-
pointed commander in the Piedmont, 371;
his military operations, 372; his operations
against the Pope, 414; humbles himself
before Paul IV. 436; his victorious pro-
gress towards Rome, 578, 579; is compelled
by Philip's treaty to ask the Pope's pardon,
579, 580.
America, ancient tribes of, i. 518, 519 note.
Amerstorf, a nobleman of Holland, added to
the regency of Castile, i. 200.
Amruth, the third Turkish sultan, i. 164;
establishes the Janizaries, ibid.
Anabaptists, insurrection of the, in West-
phalia, i. 484; their mad excesses in Mun-
ster, 485, 491; their leader captured and
executed, and their kingdom annihilated,
492; still exist in the Low Countries under
the name of Mennonites, ibid.
Angevin kings, race of, i. 121.
Angleria, Peter Martyr, i. 209.
Angulo, Fray Martin de, prior of Yuste, ii.
Anjou, count of, succeeds to the throne of
Naples, i. 120.
Anjou, House of, its contentions for the crown
of Naples, i. 121.
Anne of Bretagne, i. 115 note; queen of Louis
XII. 344.
Annebaut, Admiral, ii. 96.
Antonio de Leyva. See Leyva.
Apocryphal books determined by the council
of Trent to be of equal authority with the
Sacred Canon, ii. 151.
Appeal, custom of, i. 42; privilege of, 49.
Aquaviva, the successor of Loyola as general
of the Jesuits, ii. 61.
Aquinas, Thos. i. 284.
ARAGON, House of, its contentions for the
crown of Naples, i. 121; kingdom of, 128; its
political struggles, 129; the political consti-
tution of, 130, 131; justiza of, 133; 583-588
note; Charles V.'s visit to, 210; opposed by
the Cortes of, 210, 211; Don John de Lanuza
appointed viceroy of, 229; revolutionary
commotions in, 338; the insurgents subdued
by the royalists, ibid.
Arcemboldo, his connexion with the sale of
indulgences, i. 248 note.
Armies, standing, growth of, i. 81, 82; result
of, 83.
Arms, possession of, honourable among un-
civilized nations, i. 58.
Army, booty belonged to the, i. 11, 519 note.
Artois, Charles V. deprived of, by the parlia-
ment of Paris, ii. 27.
Arts, effects of the feudal system on, i. 16, 17.
Asturias, Charles V. declared Prince of, i. 181.
Attila, Roman embassy to, i. 3, 512 note; his
extensive conquests, 514, 515 note.
Augsburg, fine imposed upon, by the emperor,
ii. 185; who abolishes its corporate rights, and
establishes a despotism, 250; the ministers
of, banished, 279; captured by Maurice, 301.
Augsburg, Diet of, i. 466; Confession of, ibid.;
issues a decree against the Protestants, 467;
held by the emperor, ii. 233, 234, 261;
request made by the, 239, 240; Charles's
protest against the Council of the, 241;
adherents to the Confession of, protected by
the treaty of Passau, 320; diet opened by
Ferdinand, 377; recess of, nothing more than
a scheme of pacification, 386.
Augustine friars, pleased with Luther's invec-
tives against the Dominicans, i. 247.
Aulic Chamber, of Germany, remodelled by
Maximilian, i. 155.
Aumale, duke of, defeated and taken prisoner,
ii. 330.
Austria, house of, its vast accessions of ter-
ritory, during the reign of Charles V. i. 431;
progress of, during his reign, ii. 472 et seq.
Avila, the painter and chronicler of Charles V.
ii. 575, 576.
"Balance of power," the great object of policy
in Europe, i. 97.
Barbarians, Northern, irruptions of the, i. 3;
their settlement in the countries they had
conquered, 4, 5; their martial spirit, 7;
the desolation and changes occasioned by
them, 8, 9; the principles on which they made
their settlements in Europe, 10; the feudal
system originated from, 11 (see Feudal);
not only illiterate but regard literature with
contempt, 511 note; general notices of, 511,
512; their horrible cruelties, 512-516.
Barbarossa, Horuc, the celebrated corsair, i.
201; becomes king of Algiers and Tunis,
ibid.; his birth, and career as a corsair, 497;
becomes king of Algiers, 498; acquires
Tremecen, ibid.; is slain in Tremecen, 499.
Barbarossa, Hayradin, succeeds his brother
Horuc as king of Algiers, i. 499; comes
under the protection of the Sultan, ibid.;
appointed to the command of the Turkish
fleet, ibid.; determines to conquer Tunis,
500; his plan successful, 501; he is attacked
by a large European force under Charles V.
503; and is defeated, 506; his depredations
on the coast of Naples, ii. 30; his descent on
Italy and siege of Nice, 106.
Barbary coast, territory of the, added to the
crown of Castile, i. 185.
Barbary States, historical notices of the, i. 496
et seq.; divided into several kingdoms, 496;
usurpation of Horuc and Hayradin Barba-
rossa, 497; their piratical depredations, 497
et seq.; expedition of Charles V. against the,
502, 503; Barbarossa defeated, and Tunis
restored to the king, 507; their piracies sup-
pressed, and the Christian slaves set at
liberty, 507, 508.
Barbesieux, admiral of the Levant, i. 447.
Barcelona, Charles V.'s arrival at, i. 212.
Barons, their feudal privileges, i. 31; their
combative spirit, 38, 39; their courts of
justice, 49; origin of their supreme jurisdic-
tion, and attempts to limit it, 50-53; often
dispute the Papal authority, 110.
Bayard, Chevalier, the commander at Mezières,
i. 293; his high character, ibid.; his death,
355.
Beatrix, of Portugal, wife of Charles duke of
Savoy, ii. 6.
Belgrade, captured by the Turks, i. 309.
Bellay, William de, the French negotiator, i.
471; envoy of Francis I. ii. 3, 5, 12.
Bellay, Martin, ii. 24.
Benefices, papal right of conferring, i. 272;
reserved benefices, ibid.
Bible, translated by Luther, i. 356; translated
in various countries, 357.
Bicocca, the French defeated at, i. 305.
Boccold, John, of Leyden, the Anabaptist pro-
phet, i. 485; rules Munster in place of Mat-
thias. 487; is crowned king, 488; marries
fourteen wives, 489; is besieged in Munster
by the German princes, 490; Munster cap-
tured, and the fanatic put to death, 492.
Bohemia, Ferdinand's rigorous treatment of
his subjects in, ii. 231; their liberties over-
thrown, 232, 233.
Boleyn, Anne, married to Henry VIII., i. 481.
Bologna, peace of, i. 461.
Bonnivet, Admiral, the French courtier, i. 236;
appointed to the command of the French
troops in the Milanese, 348; his character,
thid.; his ineffective operations, 348, 349;
driven out of the Milanese territory, 353,
354; invades Italy, 369; his fatal counsels,
374, 375; his death, 376.
Borja, Francisco, account of, ii. 523; visits the
emperor, 524; sent on a mission to Portugal
by Charles V., 584, 585.
Boulogne, besieged by Henry VIII., ii. 120;
surrender of, 128.
Bourbon, Charles, duke of, high constable of
France, i. 294; his birth and character, 344;
the treatment he received from Louise, the
queen's mother, 344, 345; her amorous
passion for him, 345; her revenge on ac-
count of his indifference, ibid.; his treachery,
316, 347; he eludes the king, 347; com.
mander at Milan against the French, 353,
354; invades France, 366; pawns his jewels
to raise money, 370; his great efforts at
Pavia, 373; hastens to Madrid to protect
his interests, 388; arrives at Toledo, 393;
warmly received by the emperor, ibid. ;
honours and rewards conferred upon him,
394; raises money by the liberation of
Morone, 419; whom he takes into his confi-
dence, ibid.; invades the Pope's territories,
421 et seq.; enters into a treaty with Lannoy,
422; which he disregards, 423; his assault
and capture of Rome, 426, 427; is slain
during the assault, ibid.; succeeded in com-
mand by Philibert, Prince of Orange, 428.
Bouvines, taken by assault, ii. 361.
Brandenburg, margraves of, assume the title
of kings of Prussia, i. 409.
Brandenburg-Anspach, John, marquis of, re-
fuses to adopt the "interim" prepared by
the emperor, ii. 247.
Bravo, Don John, commander of the insurgent
forces of Segovia, i. 332; taken prisoner and
executed, ibid.
Brissac, Maréchal, the French general, ii. 371.
Britons, i. 3, 511 note.
Brunswick, Henry, duke of, endeavours to re-
gain his position by force, ii. 138; is defeated
and taken prisoner, ibid.
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