the two sisters, the greater part are understood to be from the pen of Jane. Besides these, she wrote Display, a Tale; and Essays in Rhyme on Morals and Manners; and, after her death, appeared The Contributions of Q. Q. to a Periodical, and her Memoirs and Correspondence. Nothing that she wrote, however, prose or verse, has half the excellence of the Hymns for Infant Minds.

REV. WILLIAM JAY, 1769–1854, an eminent Dissenting minister, was a native of Tisbury, Wiltshire. He began preaching when only fifteen years old, and had preached nearly one thousand sermons before he was twenty-one. He became the minister of Argyle Chapel at the age of twenty-one, and remained in that position for sixty-two years, from 1791 to 1853. He had great celebrity as a pulpit orator. His works have been published in 12 vols., 8vo. The best known are Morning and Evening Exercises, 4 vols. These have been extremely popular as a manual of private devotion. The others are The Christian Contemplated; Short Discourses; Mornings with Jesus; Evenings with Jesus, etc.

Mrs. Sherwood.

MRS. MARY M. SHERWOOD, 1775-1851, was one of the first to employ fiction as a means of religious instruction to the young. She was to some extent the founder of this important school of writers.

Mrs. Sherwood was the daughter of George Butt, D. D., Chaplain to George III. She was married to her cousin, Captain Henry Sherwood, and went with him in 1803 to India, where she zealously aided Henry Martyn and Bishop Corrie in their missionary enterprises. The latter years of her life were spent at Twickenham, England.

Mrs. Sherwood's Complete Works have been published in 16 volumes, 12mo. She was not only a voluminous writer, but to some extent was the founder of a school of writers. The great popularity of some of her religious fictions for the young has contributed largely to the demand for books of this kind which is one of the most noticeable features in the religious literature of the day. The present enormous growth of Sunday-school story-books sprang from the taste created by the works of Mrs. Sherwood, and of a few other writers of the same kind.

The two stories of Mrs. Sherwood's which are best known are: Little Henry and His Bearer; and Little Lucy and Her Dhaye. Probably not one child in ten, in England or America, has passed through the Sunday-school without reading these two stories, which are indeed classics of their kind.

The Lady of the Manor, a collection of stories in 7 vols., was another exceedingly popular work. Some of Mrs. Sherwood's other works are: History of the Fairchild Family, 3 vols.; History of Henry Milner, 3 vols.; Roxobel, 3 vols., etc.

Charlotte Elizabeth.

MRS. CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH TONNA, 1792-1846, under the name of Charlotte Elizabeth, published a large number of religious books and tracts, which have enjoyed a high degree of popularity.

Mrs. Tonna was the only daughter of Rev. Michael Browne of Norwich, and was married first to Capt. George Phelan, R. A., and after his death to Mr. L. H. J. Tonna. A collected edition of her works has been published in 12 vols., 16mo. Those best known are: Helen Fleetwood, Judah's Lion, The Siege of Derry, Letters from Ireland, Floral Biography, etc.

GRACE AGUILAR, 1816-1847, a Jewess, of Spanish descent, but English by birth, wrote several interesting works which have had an extensive and merited popularity. Her chief published works are: Home Influence; Mother's Recompense; Women of Israel; Records of Israel; Jewish Faith; Vale of Cedars; Days of Bruce; Woman's Friendship; Home Scenes; and the Magic Wreath, the last a poetical work. The two works first named are the ones best known. "All of these works are highly creditable to the literary taste and talents of the writer; and they have a value beyond what the highest genius could give the stamp of truth, piety, and love, and an earnest desire to do good to her fellow-beings."- Mrs. Hale's Woman's Record.

CAROLINE FRY, afterwards Mrs. Wilson, 1787-1846, was born at Tunbridge Wells. Her works are on moral and religious subjects, and are held in high estimation. The one most known is The Listener. The others are Christ our Example; Christ our Law; The Gospel of the Old Testament; The Table of the Lord; Sabbath Musings; Scripture Principles of Education; A Word to Women; An Autobiography and Remains, etc.

V. HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, ANTIQUITIES, ETC.

Lingard.

John Lingard, D. D., LL. D., 1771-1851, gained for himself lasting fame by his History of England.

Career. Lingard was a native of Winchester. He was educated at the Catholic College at Douay, in France. He took orders in the Church of Rome, and for the last forty years of his life held a small preferment at Hormby, in Lancashire, "where he grew old in the midst of a community who honored him for his worth." During the latter years of his life he received an annual pension of £300 from the Queen. It has been reported that the Pope offered to make Lingard a Cardinal, and that he declined the honor, lest the duties of the position should interfere with the completion of the great historical work upon which he was engaged. The report, however, seems to be without adequate foundation.

The work referred to was A History of England, from the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary, in 1668. The work was completed in 1830, in 8 vols., 4to.

Lingard's History has been subjected to severe and searching criticism, and has been denounced by some as a partisan work. The most deliberate assault was that made by the Edinburgh Review, in which the reviewer charged the author, not only with partisanship, but with falsifying the facts of history. The charges were so gross, and were put forth with so much boldness, that Dr. Lingard replied in a pamphlet Vindication, of great ability: "His pamphlet is a model of controversial style: the scholar, the gentleman, and the divine appear in their best character; the calm dignity and the spirited firmness with which the historian repels the coarse language and virulent accusations of his antagonist are strong assurances of the rectitude of his intentions and the truth of his cause."- Westminster Review,

Dr. Lingard's work, being a history of English affairs as seen by members of the Church of Rome, and being the fruit of original and careful study, with all the advantages of modern criticism and research, led many Englishmen doubtless to see,

for the first time, that there were two sides to many parts of the story. The earnest discussions, however, which ensued, have not shaken the author's credit for honesty. The utmost that is now alleged is, that in telling the story he has had a leaning for his own side of the question, and that his judgment of men and of affairs is to be received with some degree of caution.

Of the literary merits of his work, there has been but one opinion. All his critics, the Edinburgh Reviewer included, award him the highest praise for beauty of style. Lingard wrote several other important works. The following are the chief: Catholic Loyalty Vindicated; The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church; English Version of the Four Gospels; Civil and Religious Principles of the Catholics, etc.

"Dr. Lingard's book is the fruit of great industry, learning, and acuteness, directed by no ordinary talents. It is written in a clear and agreeable manner. His periods are poised, and musical in their cadence, with a variety in their structure that pleases without palling on the ear. His style is nervous and concise, and never enfeebled by useless epithets, or encumbered with redundant, unmeaning phrases. If it be deficient in that happy negligence and apparent ease of expression, if it want those careless inimitable beauties,' which in Hume excited the despair and admiration of Gibbon, there is no other modern history with which it may not challenge a comparison. The narrative of Dr. Lingard has the perspicuity of Robertson, with more freedom and fancy. His diction has the ornament of Gibbon, without his affectation and obscurity."-Edinburgh Review.

Alison.

SIR ARCHIBALD ALISON, 1792-1867, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, is highly distinguished as an historian, and as a writer on political economy and on politics. He is favorably known also as a writer on law.

Alison's earliest publication was a volume of Travels, 1816. His next works were Principles of the Criminal Law (1832), and Practice of the Criminal Law, both of which are standard authorities in the Scottish courts. His work on The Principles of Population, 2 vols., appeared in 1840, and that on Free-Trade and Fettered Currency, in 1847. His Essays, on various historical and political subjects, published originally in Blackwood's Magazine, have been republished in 3 volumes.

The most important by far of all his works, however, are his histories. These are the History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons (1789-1815), in 14 volumes, 8vo, and the History of Europe from 1815 to 1852, in 6 vols. To these should be added his Life of the Duke of Marlborough, intended to be read as an introduction to the two preceding. The first named of these histories, which came out in 1839-42, gave the writer immediate and well-nigh universal celebrity. It went through numerous large editions in England, was reprinted in the United States, and was translated into French, German, Arabic, and Hindostanee.

Mr. Alison is a high tory in politics, and this has tinctured to some extent his views of public affairs. Yet he has never been accused, even by his political opponents, of perverting the facts of history. The Edinburgh Review says: "Mr. Alison's general style is not attractive. It is not, however, at least in the narrative part of it, either feeble or displeasing. Its principal defect is the cumbrous and unwieldy construction of its sentences, which frequently causes them to appear slovenly and obscure, and sometimes renders their precise meaning doubtful."

MICHAEL RUSSELL, LL. D., 1781–1848, a learned Scotch Bishop, was born in Edin burgh, and graduated in 1806 at the University of Glasgow. He wrote A Connection of Sacred and Profane History from the Death of Joshua to the Decline of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, intended as a complement to the works of Shuckford and Prideaux; A View of Education in Scotland; Discourse on the Millennium. He wrote also the following Histories for the Edinburgh Cabinet Library: Egypt, Palestine, Barbary States; Nubia and Abyssinia; Polynesia; Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands; History of the Church in Scotland. Bishop Russell was connected with the British Critic for twenty years, and with the Encyclopædia Metropolitana twenty-five years.

Allan Cunningham.

ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, 1785-1842, made many and valuable contributions to biography.

Career. -Cunningham was a Scotchman, of humble birth, and was apprenticed to a mason. Not satisfied with this position, he went to London, and became connected with the newspaper press. In 1814, he obtained the situation of clerk in the establishment of Sir Francis Chantrey the sculptor. This gave him regular occupation and support, and at the same time leisure to attend to the literary pursuits for which he had so strong an inclination. The relation continued until the death of Sir Francis, which was only a year before the death of Cunningham.

Cunningham's works are partly original, poetry and fiction, and partly those of an editorial and antiquarian character. He excelled also in biography and in literary history. The following are his principal publications: Sir Michael Scott, a Romance; Paul Jones, a Romance; Lord Roldan, a Romance; The Maid of Elwar, a Romance; Traditionary Tales of the Peasantry; Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern; Sir Marmaduke Maxwell, a Dramatic Poem; Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, 6 vols.; Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Sir David Wilkie, 3 vols.; Biographical and Critical History of the Last Fifty Years (1833); The Works of Robert Burns, with Life and Notes; Poems and Songs.

Sir Walter Scott was a great admirer of Allan Cunningham. "We breakfasted at honest Allan Cunningham's-honest Allan, a leal and true Scotchman of the old cast. A man of genius besides, who only requires the tact of knowing when and where to stop, to obtain the universal praise which ought to follow it. I look upon

'It's hame and it's hame,' and 'A wet sheet and a flowing sea,' as among the best songs going. His prose is often admirable; but he is obscure, and overlays his meaning, which will not do now-a-days, when he who runs must read."-Sir Walter Scott's Diary.

PETER CUNNINGHAM, 1816-1869, son of Allan Cunningham, had a clerkship in a Government office, which gave him occupation and support, and yet allowed him leisure for literature. His works are: The Life of Drummond of Hawthornden; The Life of Inigo Jones; The Story of Nell Gwynne; Handbook for Visitors to Westminster Abbey; Handbook of London; Modern London, etc. Mr. C. edited also in a most scholarly way Goldsmith's Works, Pope's Works, Horace Walpole's Letters, and Johnson's Lives of the Poets.

ALEXANDER FRAZER TYTLER, 1747-1813, is important as a writer of history.

He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he afterwards became Professor of History and of Greek and Roman Antiquities. In 1802 he was made Justice

of the Court of Sessions, under the title of Lord Woodhouselee. His works are not numerous, and do not possess an equal value with those of his son. They are well known, however, and well received. The most widely circulated is the Elements of General History, published first in 1801. It has since run through numerous editions and received continuations from various hands. His Memoir of the Life of Henry Home of Kames is a valuable contribution to Scottish biography. His pamphlet on the Union with Scotland met with a large sale at the time of its appearance.

Besides these more general works he published also a supplement to Lord Kames's Dictionary of Decisions, and a treatise on Military Law and Courts-Martial.

PATRICK FRAZER TYTLER, 1791-1849, a son of Alexander Frazer Tytler, attained to still greater eminence as an historian than that gained by his father.

He studied at the University of Edinburgh, and was admitted to the bar (Faculty of Advocates), but seems to have relinquished the profession for that of letters.

He is the author of a number of biographical and historical works of importance. Among them are Lives of the Admirable Crichton, of John Wyckliffe, a History of Scotland 1149-1603, Lives of Scottish Worthies, of Sir Walter Raleigh, and of Henry VIII, and England under Edward VI. and Mary.

The younger Tytler was an historian of great independence of view and perseverance in research. His works all bear testimony to the care with which he consulted contemporary documents, although it may be regretted at times that he has not worked up his materials more carefully. Both Tytlers, father and son, were as popular for their amiable qualities as for their writings, and enjoyed the esteem of large circles of friends.

Sharon Turner.

SHARON TURNER, 1768-1847, made several important contributions to history.

He was born in London, and bred as an attorney. After a few years of successful practice, he retired from the profession, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. His works are chiefly historical, and are valuable for the research exhibited, although the author did not reach the rank of a classical historian. His position is rather that of a useful and entertaining antiquarian.

His publications are: A History of the Anglo-Saxons, comprising the history of England from the earliest period to the Norman Conquest, 4 vols., 8vo; A History of England from the Norman Conquest to the year 1509, the accession of Henry VIII., 5 vols., 8vo; History of the Reign of Henry VIII., 2 vols., 8vo; History of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 2 vols., 8vo; The Sacred History of the World, in Letters to a Son, 3 vols., 8vo; An Inquiry respecting the Early Use of Rime, etc.

Turner's best work was his first, that on the Anglo-Saxon period. By it he has connected himself permanently with the literature of that subject.

WILLIAM SMYTH, 1766-1849, is favorably known by his Lectures on Modern History.

He studied at Cambridge, where in 1801 he was appointed Professor of Modern History. His principal works are Lectures on Modern History, and Lectures on the French Revolution. Besides these he published a volume of occasional poems and a treatise on the Evidences of Christianity.