Adam Clarke.

ADAM CLARKE, LL. D., 1762–1832, a Wesleyan minister, obtained great celebrity as a commentator on the Bible.

Dr. Clarke was a man of great learning and industry, and was particularly noted as an orientalist. His Commentary, on which he spent a large part of his life, is usually published in 6 vols., 8vo. It is in high repute among all denominations, though a special favorite of course with the Methodists. He wrote also: A Bibliographical Dictionary, 6 vols.; Bibliographical Miscellany, 2 vols.; The Succession of Sacred Literature, 2 vols., and some other works.

HENRY MARTYN, 1781-1812, shed great lustre upon the missionary enterprise, both by the brilliancy of his talents and his devoted piety.

He was educated at Cambridge, and gave such evidences of scholarship and genius that official dignities of the highest kind would have been within his reach, had he remained at home. He embarked as a missionary to India in 1805, and labored chiefly in India and Persia. His learning and his dialectic skill served him in good stead in arguing with the Moolahs of Persia, while his example has not been lost upon the young men of high promise in England and America. His chief publications are Journals and Letters; Sermons preached in Calcutta and elsewhere; Controversial Tracts on Christianity and Mohammedanism, etc.

WILLIAM WARD, 1769-1822, was one of the noble band of early Baptist missionaries in India.

He was born at Derby, in England, and went upon his mission in 1799. After an absence of twenty years, he revisited England and various parts of Europe and America, and returned to his work in 1821. He died of cholera at Serampore, in 1822. Mr. Ward wrote An Account of the Writings, Religion, and Manners of the Hindoos, 4 vols., 4to; Farewell Lecture to Friends in Britain and America, on returning to Bengal in 1821.

JOHN WILLIAMS, 1796-1839, is known as "the Apostle of Polynesia," and "the Martyr of Erromango."

He was born near London, and embarked as a missionary to Polynesia in 1816. After many years of service as a missionary, he was killed by the natives at Erromango in 1839. He visited England in 1834-38. Besides books in the Raratongan language, he wrote a work of great interest and value, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, with remarks upon the natural history of the islands, the origin, languages, traditions, and usages of the inhabitants.

RAMMOHUN Roy, 1776–1833, was a learned Brahmin, who was converted to Christianity, and embraced Unitarian or Arian views. He died in England, while ambassador of the King of Delhi. He was master of English, Sanscrit, and Bengalee, be sides several other oriental languages, edited the Bengal Herald, and published numerous works, some of a literary, the most of a theological character. The best known of them is perhaps The Precepts of Jesus, published in English, Sanscrit, and Bengalee.

Legh Richmond.

LEGH RICHMOND, 1772-1827, is known as the author of the Dairyman's Daughter.

Richmond was a native of Liverpool, and a graduate of Cambridge, 1794. He was a clergyman of the Church of England, of the evangelical school, and acquired great celebrity by the publication of three narrative tracts, The Dairyman's Daughter, The Negro Servant, and The Young Cottager, which have had an immense circulation. Of The Dairyman's Daughter alone, four million copies, in nineteen languages, had been sold as long ago as 1849. Richmond wrote some other works, but the foregoing are the chief.

WILLIAM MAGEE, 1765-1831, a native of Ireland, was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was afterwards a Professor and a Senior Fellow. He rose by degrees to be Archbishop of Dublin. He was a man of great learning and ability, and wrote several works. The one by which he is chiefly known is that on The Atonement, which is generally accepted as a masterly statement of the doctrine of the English Church on that subject.

Bishop Jebb.

JOHN JEBB, D. D., 1775–1833, was a learned and scholarly prelate, and contributed largely to theological literature.

Bishop Jebb was a native of Ireland, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and Bishop of Limerick. His principal works are the following: Sacred Literature, comprising a review of the principles of composition laid down by Bishop Lowth; Practical Theology, 2 vols., 8vo; Poetical Instructions relating to the Church of England; Thirty Years' Correspondence between Bishop Jebb and Alexander Knox; Piety without Asceticism, and several volumes of sermons.

WILLIAM HALES, D. D., 1778-1819, published a number of works on mathematics and theology; principally known by his New Analysis of Chronology, of which a second edition, revised, appeared in 1830. Said to be the most valuable work on chronology ever published. His other works are: Prophecies respecting our Lord; The Holy Trinity; Primitive British Church.

GEORGE HILL, D. D., 1750-1819, a divine of the Kirk of Scotland, was a native of St. Andrew's, and Principal of St. Mary's College in that city. He published Theological Institutes; Lectures in Divinity, and several other theological works of a high character. His Lectures in Divinity are the best known, and are often quoted.

JOHN EVANS, LL. D., 1767-1827, a Baptist clergyman of London, published many sermons and other theological works. Among these were An Attempt to Account for the Infidelity of the late Mr. Gibbon; also, A Brief Sketch of the Different Denominations into which the World is divided. Of this last named work, fifteen editions, comprising 100,000 copies, were published during the author's life.

REV. JOSEPH BENSON, 1748–1821, was a Methodist preacher and writer of considerable note. His chief works are the following: A Commentary on the Scriptures, embodying the views of Wesley and others, 5 vols., 4to; A Defence of the Methodists; A Vindication of the Methodists; An Apology for the Methodists; A Vindication of Christ's

Divinity; and several volumes of Sermons and Plans of Sermons. "A sound scholar, a powerful and able preacher, and a profound theologian.” — Adam Clarke.

REV. GEORGE BURDER, 1752-1832, an Independent preacher, was noted for his religious writings of a popular character, and especially for his Village Sermons. No less than eight volumes of these are published, and they enjoyed a high degree of popularity. He wrote also quite a large number of Hymns, as a supplement to Watts.

JOSEPH GURNEY BEVAN, 1753-1814, a member of the Society of Friends, a druggist by profession, wrote a Life of the Apostle Paul, a Life of Robert Barclay, and a Refutation of Misrepresentations of the Society of Friends. "Mr. Bevan is the ablest of the Quaker apologists. He writes with good sense, good temper, and good feeling, and has, for the most part, divested himself of that vague and unsatisfactory mysticism in which the Quaker advocates have embedded themselves."- Lowndes.

Belsham.

REV. THOMAS BELSHAM, 1750-1829, was an English Dissenter, who embraced Unitarian opinions under the influence of Dr. Priestley, and was for a long time one of the leading supporters of Unitarianism in England.

Belsham's publications were numerous, and nearly all referred to this subject. Discourses, Doctrinal and Practical, 2 vols.; Discourse on the Person of Christ; Review of American Unitarianism; Review of Wilberforce's Treatise; Letters in Vindication of Unitarians, etc. Mr. Belsham took a leading part also in the Improved Version of the Scriptures, undertaken by the English Unitarians about the beginning of the present century.

WILLIAM BELSHAM, 1753-1827, brother of Thomas Belsham, was the author of several treatises on philosophical and moral subjects, and a voluminous writer of historical memoirs.

His works are: Essays, Philosophical, Historical, and Literary; Observations on the Test Laws; Historic Memoirs on the French Revolution; History of Great Britain from the Revolution in 1688 to the Treaty of Amiens, 1802, 12 vols., 8vo. As an historian, Belsham has a respectable standing, though in the portion of history connected with his own times he is charged with partisanship.

JOHN MILNER, D. D., 1752–1826, was an ecclesiastic of the Church of Rome, of high standing for learning and scholarship.

Milner's writings were numerous. The chief were the following: The History, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and A Survey of the Antiquities, of Winchester, 2 vols., 4to; and a polemical work, The End of Controversy, which has passed through many editions, English and American, and is very celebrated in theological literature.

CHARLES BUTLER, 1750-1832, was one of the principal Catholic writers of his day.

Mr. Butler was a lawyer by profession, and a nephew of Alban Butler. In addition to his labors and writings of a legal character, he wrote a good deal on religious subjects, and though, like his uncle, of a courteous and charitable disposition, yet, from the nature of some of his topics, he became involved in a good deal of controversy.

Among his works are: A Succinct History of the Geographical and Political Revolutions of the German Empire: A Continuation of Rev. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints; Historical Memoirs of the English, Irish, and Scottish Catholics since the Reformation; Life of Erasmus; Life and Writings of Bishop Bossuet; The Book of the Roman Catholic Church, etc.

WILLIAM MCGAVIN, 1773-1832, was a native of Ayrshire, Scotland, and was engaged in commercial business. He engaged actively in the controversy against the Catholics. His chief work was a series of papers, called The Protestant, and extending to four large volumes. The work is marked by vigor, and has had a large sale; but it is partisan in character, and is strongly objected to by Catholics for its alleged unfairness and inaccuracy in regard to facts.

VI. MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS,

Mrs. Barbauld.

Mrs. Anna Letitia Barbauld, 1743-1825, though not gifted with genius of so high an order as Joanna Baillie, was yet a woman of noble mould, who deserves well of her kind both for what she did and for what she was. Her writings, which are numerous, are partly educational and partly belong to what is called polite literature.

Mrs. Barbauld was the daughter of the Rev. John Aikin and the sister of Dr. John Aikin. Her father, who was a Dissenting minister and who kept a seminary for the education of boys, gave her the same lessons with his other pupils, and thus she was thoroughly instructed in Greek and Latin classics. At the age of thirty she published a volume of poems, of which four editions were sold in one year. In the same year, she and her brother published jointly a volume of Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose.

She was married at the age of thirty-one to the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, a Dissenting minister of French descent. She and her husband opened a boarding-school for boys, the success of which was due mainly to her exertions. Several young boys were taken under her entire charge. Among these lads were two who afterwards became distinguished, Sir William Gell and Lord Chief-Justice Denman.

Works. It was for these young pupils that Mrs. Barbauld composed her two best works, Early Lessons for Children, and Hymns in Prose. Somewhat late in life she

wrote several political pamphlets, exposing the course of the Whigs. She assisted her brother, Dr. Aikin, in the composition of Evenings at Home, though the part which she contributed to the work was but small. Among her other works, she edited the British Novelists, in 50 vols., and Selections from the Spectator, Tatler, Guardian, and Freeholder. She wrote a Life of Richardson; a poem of a political character, Eighteen Hundred and Eleven; A Poetical Epitaph to Mr. Wilberforce; and a great variety of critical and educational Essays.

Mrs. Barbauld lived to the age of eighty-two, and her closing years, like those of many other women eminent in literature, were peaceful and serene. "Her works show great power of mind, an ardent love of civil and religious liberty, and that genuine and practical piety which ever distinguished her character."- Mrs. Hale, in Woman's Record.

The lines given below were written by Mrs. Barbauld in her extreme old age. They have a curious history. Crabb Robinson says that on one occasion he repeated the lines to Wordsworth, while on a visit to the poet. Wordsworth, who was walking up and down in his sitting-room, asked to have them repeated again and again, until he had learned them by heart. Then, pausing in his walk, and muttering to himself, he said, "I am not in the habit of grudging people their good things, but I wish I had written those lines."

JOHN AIKIN, M. D., 1747–1822, an industrious and useful writer, was for fifty years prominently before the public as an author and a compiler, but without achieving any lasting renown.

Dr. Aikin's earliest publications were in the line of his profession, and he prepared a volume of Medical Biography, which was favorably received. In conjunction with his sister, Mrs. Barbauld, he wrote Evenings at Home, a series of essays and tales for children. These were completed in 1795, in 6 vols., and were very popular. They were translated into almost every language of Europe, and led the way to numerous works of a similar nature by other hands. Other early works by Dr. Aikin are Essays on Song-Writing and Letters from a Father to a Son. He edited the Monthly Magazine for ten years (1796-1807), the Athenæum for two years (1808, 9), Dodsley's Annual Register five years (1811-1815). He was engaged for twenty years (1796-1815)