Dr. Paley wrote some other things, and published many sermons, but the four works named are all that are worth remembering. Of all who have written on these subjects, he stands unequalled for the clearness with which he expresses his ideas, and it is to his unrivalled power in this respect, rather than to any originality or depth as a thinker, that he owes Lis great and long-continued popularity.

Reid.

Thomas Reid, D. D., 1710–1796, was an eminent Scotch metaphysician.

Reid was born at Strachan, and educated at Marischal College. He was elected, in 1763, Professor of Moral Philosophy in King's College, Aberdeen, and then Professor in the University of Glasgow. The latter position he held until his resignation, in 1781.

His System.-Dr. Reid founded a new school of metaphysics. Its object was to combat the errors of Hume and Berkeley and other advocates of the Ideal Theory. The corner-stone of his philosophy was his doctrine of Immediate Perception. Previous philosophers had said that the senses give us ideas, and the mind perceives these ideas. Reid contended that the mind perceives the objects themselves directly. Another prominent point in his system was his doctrine of Common Sense. Previous philosophers had maintained that all knowledge is built up from experience originating in sensation. Reid asserted that certain elementary truths or principles are perceived by the mind intuitively, without reference to sensation or to the external world; that these truths, both intellectual and moral, are perceived alike by all men, and show thereby the existence in all of a faculty which he calls the Common Sense. Reid's immediate disciple and the chief advocate of his philosophy was Dugald Stewart. The system, as a whole, has not held its ground. Irt some of his leading ideas, particularly those in regard to Immediate Perception and Common Sense or direct intuitions of intellectual and moral truths, are a part of the commonly received doctrines of the present day.

Works.-Reid's chief works are An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense; and Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. Besides these, he published An Examination of Dr. Priestley's Opinion Concerning Matter and Mind; Physiological Reflections on Muscular Motion; Observations on the Utopia of Sir Thomas More, etc.

JAMES BALFOUR, 1703–1795, a jurist and a philosophical writer, and Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, in 1754, was the author of Delineations of Morality; Philosophical Essays; and Philosophical Dissertations. The last named were directed against IIume, but were written with so much candor that Hume wrote to the author a letter expressive of his esteem and requesting his friendship.

Adam Ferguson.

ADAM FERGUSON, LL. D., 1724-1816, is favorably known both as a philosophical writer and an historian.

Ferguson was a Scotchman, and a graduate of the University of St. Andrew's. He served for a time as chaplain in the army. He was chosen Professor of Natural Phi

losophy in the University of Edinburgh in 1759, and Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1764. A few years later, he travelled on the continent with the Earl of Chesterfield, and in 1778 he was Secretary to the Commissioners appointed to treat with the American Congress. He resigned his professorship in 1785. The closing years of his life were spent in retirement at St. Andrew's. He died in his 93d year. His works are in high estimation: Institutes of Moral Philosophy; An Essay on the History of Civil Society; A Reply to Dr. Price on Civil and Religious Liberty; The History of the Roman Republic, 5 vols., 8vo. The work last named should be read as an introduction to Gibbon's Decline and Fall. Gibbon takes up the story where Ferguson leaves off.

Blair.

HUGH BLAIR, D. D., 1718-1800, had a high reputation in his day as a writer of Sermons, and as the author of a course of Lectures on Rhetoric.

Blair was one of the school of writers that prevailed in Edinburgh near the close of the last century, who were remarkable for correctness rather than for force and originality. His Sermons, the publication of which began in 1777, had a greater popularity than any ever before known for works of that description. Dr. Johnson was unbounded in his admiration of them. "Johnson: I love Blair's Sermons. Though the dog is a Scotchman, and a Presbyterian, and everything that he should not be, I was the first to praise him. Such was my candor (smiling). Mrs. Boscawen: Such his great merit, to get the better of all your prejudices. Johnson: Why, madam, let us compound the matter: let us ascribe it to my candor and his merit." The Sermons circulated rapidly and widely, wherever the English language was spoken, and they were translated into almost all the languages of Europe. The King granted to him an annual pension of £200 for life, After a time, however, a reaction took place; the Sermons began to be criticized as wanting in spiritual unction, and as artificial and stiff in composition. They wanted, it was said, that directness of purpose and expression, the earnestness and reality, which are essential to such writings. They have now fallen almost into oblivion; and when mentioned at all, receive an estimate as much below, as the estimate of seventy years ago was above, their real worth.

Besides the Sermons, Blair published Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres. This work also was popular from the first, but its immediate popularity was not so great as that of the Sermons; the Rhetoric, however, has survived the Sermons; it has been more used as a text-book on that subject, both in England and the United States, than any other book, and it is still widely used in both countries. Dr. Blair took an active part also in the controversy in regard to the Poems of Ossian.

GEORGE CAMPBELL, D. D., 1719–1796, Principal of Marischal College, was the author of a valuable work, The Philosophy of Rhetoric.

Campbell wrote several other important works: A Dissertation on Miracles, in reply to Hume; The Four Gospels, translated from the Greek, with Notes; Lectures on Systematic Theology and Pulpit Eloquence; Lectures on Ecclesiastical History; Lectures on the Pastoral Character. His collected Works have been published in 6 vols., Svo. They are all valuable, but those on Miracles and on Rhetoric are the best, and are still in demand.

ALEXANDER GERARD, D. D., 1728-1795, was a divine of the Scottish Church, a Pro fessor of Philosophy in Marischal College, and of Divinity in King's College, Aberdeen. His works are: Essay on Taste; Essay on Genius; Pastoral Care; Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion; Sermons and Dissertations.

JAMES BURNET, Lord Monboddo, 1714-1799, a learned Scotchman, wrote an elaborate work on The Origin and Progress of Language.

Monboddo's work, which was in 6 vols., 8vo, displayed a vast amount of learning, but subjected the author to ridicule, on account partly of his undue exaltation of the ancients, particularly of the Greeks, and partly because in it he advocated the superiority of the savage state over the civilized, and maintained the opinion that man was descended from the monkey. He published also another work, Ancient Metaphysics or the Science of Universals, 6 vols., 4to, evincing a like extravagant admiration for everything Grecian, and a scorn for all that was modern.

Horne Tooke.

JOHN HORNE TOOKE, 1736-1812, wrote a work, The Diversions of Purley, which has exerted an extensive and lasting influence on English philology.

Career.-Tooke was the son of John Horne, a poulterer. He adopted the name of Tooke out of compliment to his benefactor, William Tooke of Purley. He was born at Westminster, and educated at Westminster, Eton, and Cambridge. He took orders in the church, but afterwards abandoned clerical life and studied law. He became a radical politician of the Wilkes's school, and having charged the King's troops with murdering the Americans at Lexington, he was prosecuted by the Government for libel, and condemned to fine and imprisonment. He was subsequently, for other practices, arraigned for high treason, but was acquitted. The closing years of his life were spent in retirement.

Works. Tooke's political writings, which were numerous, were mostly in the form of pamphlets. Besides these, he published a work on philology, of great and lasting importance, not so much for what it contains, as for the new method which it inaugurated for treating such subjects. It was called The Diversions of Purley, and was published in 2 vols., 4to. In it he undertakes to give a critical analysis of language, and particularly of words as the elements of language, and to establish the principles of lexicography and of verbal criticism. Tooke's learning was not sufficient for such an undertaking. But he had great acuteness; he made some most happy guesses as to the origin and force of particular words; and he effectually demolished most of the traditional rubbish which had gathered around the subject. His work, though now in the main obsolete, did a great and timely service to English philology.

WILLIAM TOOKE, 1744-1820, was a printer by trade originally, but studied and took orders in the Church of England, and became chaplain in Russia. He continued to reside in that country for a number of years, where he collected the materials for his subsequent historical and biographical works. His principal writings are: A Life of Catharine II., A View of the Russian Empire under Catharine II., and A History of Russia from 862 to 1762. These works are more valuable for the information which they contain than for the graces of style, or for any evidences of a philosophic spirit.

THOMAS WARTON, 1728-1790, is chiefly known by his History of English Poetry.

Warton was born at Basingstoke, and educated at Oxford, where he was successively Fellow, Professor of Poetry, and Professor of Ancient History. He was also PoetLaureate from 1785 to 1790. He is mainly known by the work already named, A History of English Poetry, 3 vols., 4to. The history is brought down only to the beginning of the eighteenth century. It is not very attractive in style, and not altogether accurate; yet it contains much valuable matter not easily found elsewhere, and it did important service in calling attention to several neglected authors, whose works have since, in consequence of Warton's remarks, and still more in consequence of his quotatious from them, been thoroughly explored. Warton's other works are: Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser; numerous Poems and several Biographies.

"Tom Warton was one of the finest fellows that ever breathed, and the gods had made him poetical, but not a poet."-Professor Wilson.

JOSEPH WARTON, 1722-1800, was brother of Thomas Warton the celebrated literary historian. Joseph Warton was educated at Oxford, and took orders in the Church of Engiand. He published several poems, and translated the Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil. This translation appeared in conjunction with Pitt's translation of the Æneid in 1753. It is a very correct and smooth rendering, but does not equal Dryden's version in idiomatic strength. Warton also published an Essay on the Genius of Pope. His unfinished edition of Dryden's works was completed and published, after his death, by his son John Warton and others.

Sir William Jones.

Sir William Jones, 1746-1794, is the most distinguished name in the history of English philology.

He was born in London; studied at Harrow and Oxford; was private tutor in the family of Earl Spencer; was admitted to the bar in 1774; and in 1783 was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court at Fort William (India).

Other distinguished British philologists, such for instance as Bentley, Porson, and Wilson, have surpassed him in accuracy of research in special fields, but none have equalled him in breadth of vision. At a time when the science of language had not yet been born, he was a proficient in many widely different languages. But the service by which his name will ever be remembered is the presentation of the claims of the Sanscrit to the notice of European scholars. He was the first to announce the great fact that Sanscrit, Latin, and Greek are kindred tongues. This principle, afterwards developed so successfully by Bopp in his Comparative Grammar, has gained for Sir William Jones the title of Father of Comparative Philology. For, although the science has advanced wonderfully since then, and is now made to embrace all languages and dialects, there is no doubt but that the recognition of the great IndoEuropean family was the germ from which the whole has sprung.

Works.-Sir William Jones's principal works are his Grammar of the Persian Language, 1771; Dissertation sur la Litterature Orientale, same year; a Translation of Sakuntala, a Drama by Kalidasa, made in 1789, but not published until later; the first

volume of Asiatic Researches, 1789; a Translation of the Laws of Manu, 1794. Sir William Jones also established, 1784, the Asiatic Society, which has since contributed so largely to the advancement of the study of oriental languages. A collected edition of his works was published in 1799, by Lord Teignmouth. In addition to his philological attainments, Sir William Jones was profoundly versed in the law, as is shown by his Essay on the Law of Bailments, published in 1781.

JOSEPH RITSON, 1752–1803, did important service to literature by his antiquarian researches.

Ritson was Deputy High Bailiff of Lancaster. This lucrative sinecure gave him the means and the leisure for publishing a great number of works of antiquarian research. Unfortunately, his irritable temper kept him in constant feud with his contemporaries, The list of his works is almost interminable. The most prominent are: Observations on Warton's History of English Poetry; Criticism on Malone's Shakespeare; Robin Hood, a Collection of Poems, Ballads, etc., relating to that outlaw; and Bibliographia Poetica, or catalogue of English poets of the 12th-16th centuries. Ritson's Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food as a Moral Duty was attacked unmercifully in the Edinburgh Review by Brougham and Sydney Smith.

"A man of acute observations, profound research, and great labor. These valuable attributes were unhappily combined with an eager irritability of temper which induced him to treat antiquarian trifles with the same seriousness which men of the world reserve for matters of importance, and disposed him to drive controversies into personal quarrels, by neglecting, in literary debates, the courtesies of ordinary society. It ought to be said, however, by one who knew him well, that this irritability of disposition was a constitutional and physical infirmity, and that Ritson's extreme attachment to the severity of truth corresponded to the vigor of his criticisms upon the labors of others." -Sir Walter Scott.

Bishop Percy.

THOMAS PERCY, 1728-1811, gained for himself a permanent place in English literature by his publication of The Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.

Percy studied at Oxford, took orders in the Church of England, and was finally made Bishop in the Irish Church. He published several books of a miscellaneous nature, but the work with which his name is indissolubly connected is the one already named, The Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, published in 1765. This collection of old English ballads, it is not going too far to say, marked a new era in literature. It introduced a taste for the pure and healthy ballad of the folk, which had been lost during and since the age of the Restoration. The greatest minds in England and on the continent derived new delight and inspiration from the study of these Reliques of a half-forgotten age. We have only to turn to the biographies of men like Goethe, Bürger, Schiller, Scott, Byron, and Wordsworth, to learn of their effect. Since Percy's day the good work begun by him has gone on unceasingly. Other and larger stores of folk-song have been discovered, more accurate scholarship and sounder criticism have developed themselves, but still the labors of Bishop Percy are not forgotten, and will not be so long as a genuine love of naïve poetry remains.

"A collection singularly heterogeneous, and very unequal in merit, but from the