duties of religion. He was exceedingly zealous in his work as a Christian minister, and has received the title of "the great reviver and restorer of primitive piety." The most esteemed of his devotional treatises is his Private Thoughts upon Religion. His English works have been printed in 9 vols., 8vo.

Bishop Ken.

Thomas Ken, D. D., 1637-1710, a learned and amiable. Bishop of the Church of England, is especially noted for his devotional works.

The familiar long-metre doxology, "Praise God from whom all blessings flow," is the composition of this good prelate, being the concluding verse of his three hymns for Morning, Evening, and Midnight. It is, of itself, sufficient to give him a lasting place in the memory of all God's people.

The following are Bishop Ken's principal works: Poems, Devotional and Didactic; Manual of Prayers; Prayers for the Use of all Persons who come to the Baths of Bath for Cure; Practice of Divine Love; Approach to the Holy Altar, etc. Some of Bishop Ken's Hymns are exceedingly beautiful, and are so catholic in character, that they have been included in the hymnals of nearly all churches.

THEOPHILUS GALE, 1628-1678, a learned Non-conformist divine, educated at Oxford, wrote several works, showing great erudition and industry. The most important was The Court of the Gentiles, 5 vols., 4to.

"This learned and elaborate work, after falling for a time into obscurity, is now in great repute. The leading object of it is to turn all human learning, philosophy, and religion, to the ancient Scriptures and the Jewish Church."— Orme.

JOHN FLAVEL, 1627-1691, an eminent Calvinistic divine, ejected for Non-conformity, was a man of very fervent piety and zeal. After being ejected from his church. he preached in private houses. His works are on topics of practical religion, and have been much in demand. They have been published in 6 vols., 8vo. Among those which have been published as separate treatises are the following: H isbandry Spiritualized; A Saint Indeed; The Touchstone of Sincerity; Personal Reformation; The Method of Grace; The Divine Conduct, etc.

SYMON PATRICK, 1626-1707, was a learned Bishop of the English Church, educated at Cambridge. His main work was a Commentary on the Old Testament, from Genesis to the Song of Solomon, inclusive, in 10 vols., 4to. This Commentary is usually supplemented by Lowth, Arnold, Whitby, and others, who have written upon the later portions of the sacred volume. Bishop Patrick wrote a large number of other works, mostly on practical religion.

HUMPHREY PRIDEAUX, D. D., 1648-1724, a celebrated theological historian, is known chiefly by his Connection of the Old and New Testaments. This is a voluminous work

published originally in 2 vols., folio, taking up the Jewish history where the Old Testament ceases, and continuing the story from other sources down to the point where the Evangelists take it up in the New Testament. It is a work of great learning, and is considered a standard authority on that subject. Some of the other works of Dean Prideaux are A Life of Mahomet; Validity of the Orders of the Church of England, etc.

SAMUEL SHUCKFORD, - 1754, a learned scholar, and a clergyman of the English Church, is chiefly known by his Sacred and Profane History of the World Connected, 4 vols., 8vo. The work begins with the Creation, and comes down to the dissolution of the Assyrian empire and the declension of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, that is, to the point where the work of Prideaux begins. It has been received as a standard work of its class, though not equal in merit to Prideaux, to which it is intended to be a complement.

DANIEL WHITBY, D. D., 1638-1726, a learned commentator and theologian of the English Church, was born in Northamptonshire, and educated at Oxford. He was bred a Calvinist, but at the age of sixty four was converted to Arminianism by reading a work of Dr. Clarke's, and thenceforward wrote zealously on that side of the controversy. He lived to be nearly ninety. The works in the earlier part of his life are mainly against the Catholics. His most elaborate work is a Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testament, 2 vols. folio.

GILBERT BURNET, 1643-1709, was a Bishop of the English Church in the reign of William and Mary. Bishop Burnet entered actively into affairs of State, and he bore a prominent part in bringing about the Revolution, in 1688. He took the Whig side in politics and religion, and was much opposed and criticised by the clergy and writers of the Tory and Anglican party. He wrote very voluminously, and his works are in high repute among historians and theologians. The following are his principal publications: The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 7 vols., 8vo; History of His Own Time, 6 vols., 8vo; An Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles; Lives of James and William, Dukes of Hamilton, of Sir Matthew Hale, the Earl of Rochester, and Queen Mary; and a great variety of other works, both of a practical and a controversial character.

GEORGE BULL, D. D., 1634–1710, was a learned Bishop of the English Church. His most important works are in Latin, and are such as to give him rank among the great theologians of all time. In addition to these learned works, he wrote many things which give him a place in English literature, though not commensurate with that which he holds as a theologian and a general scholar. His works, Latin and English, have been printed in 7 vols., 8vo.

Matthew Henry.

Matthew Henry, 1662-1714, one of the leading Non-conformist divines of the seventeenth century, is chiefly known as a commentator on the Scriptures.

Henry showed quickness of intellect from his earliest childhood, and was equally remarkable for a devout spirit and for the purity of his life. He wrote many works, chiefly in the form of Sermons; but that by

which he is most known is his Commentary. This was first published in 5 vols., folio.

Henry's Commentary has passed through almost innumerable editions, both in England and America. The London Religious Tract Society, 1831-1835, published a Commentary made up of selections from Henry and Scott, which had a prodigious sale. As a work replete with devout thoughts, often expressed with a peculiar verbal antithesis which adds to their piquancy and force, Henry's Commentary is unrivalled. But the lack of that philological and linguistic knowledge which must be the basis of all true biblical comment, and the rise since his time of a different and better style of exegesis, have caused his work, with all its merits, to be gradually superseded.

THOMAS COMBER, D. D., 1644–1699, was a learned divine. Besides numerous controversial works, he wrote one of a devotional character, A Companion of the Temple and the Closet, which has been a general favorite. He held various ecclesiastical positions, and is generally known as Dean Comber, from his having been Dean of Durham.

HERBERT CROFT, D.D., 1603–1691, was educated abroad, at St. Omer's, his father being a Catholic. Herbert renounced Catholicism, and took orders in the English Church, and finally became Bishop. He published a work which led to considerable controversy: The Naked Truth, or The True State of the Primitive Church.

JOHN EDWARDS, D. D., 1637-1716, was a Calvinistic theologian of the English Church. His works were numerous, and were mostly controversial: Theologia Reformata, or The Substance and Body of the Christian Religion, 2 vols., fol.; Authority, Style, and Perfection of the Books of the Old and New Testaments, 3 vols., 8vo; The Preacher, 8vo; Evangelical Truths Restored, 8vo.

"Edwards was a voluminous writer, of a controversial spirit, who pointed out and endeavored to check the departure from reformation principles in his time, but not in the spirit that would commend his sentiments."— Bickersteth.

EZEKIEL HOPKINS, 1633-1690, was a learned dignitary of the English Church in Ireland, being Bishop of Londonderry. He published a large number of religious and theological treatises, which are in high repute: Treatise of the Vanity of the World; Exposition on the Lord's Prayer; Exposition on the Ten Commandments; Doctrine of the Two Covenants; Doctrine of the Two Sacraments, etc., etc. - CHARLES HOPKINS, 1664-1699, a son of Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins, wrote several works of a literary character: Epistolary Poems and Translations; Pyrrhus, King of Egypt, a Tragedy; Boadicea, Queen of Britain, a Tragedy; Friendship Improved, a Tragedy; The Art of Love, etc.-JOHN HOPKINS, b. 1675, another son of Bishop Ezekiel Hopkins, also gave evidence of literary tastes and abilities. The Triumphs of Peace, a Pindaric poem; The Victory of Death, a Pindaric poem; Amasia, or The Works of the Muses, etc.

SAMUEL CRADOCK, 1620-1706, was one of the ejected Non-conformist divines. His works are in good repute: Knowledge and Practice; Harmony of the Four Gospels; The Apostolical History; The Old Testament History Methodized; Exposition of the Revelation; Gospel Liberty.

WILLIAM ASSHETON, 1641-1711, was the author of several works, mostly of a theological character. The following are the principal: Toleration Disapproved; A Seasonable Vindication of the Blessed Trinity; The Cases of Scandal and Persecution; The Country Parson's Admonition to his Parishioners against Popery; Directions for the Conversation of the Clergy; The Royal Apology.

JOSHUA BARNES, 1654-1712, was Greek Professor at Cambridge, and a theological writer of considerable note. He wrote a History of Edward III., and published editions of Anacreon, Homer, and Thucydides. He wrote also a Poetical Paraphrase of the Book of Esther, and numerous other works, prose and poetical. His facility in Greek was remarkable. "He could off-hand turn a paragraph in a newspaper, or a hawker's bill, into any kind of Greek metre, and has often been known to do so among his Cambridge friends."- Allibone.

THOMAS DOOLITTLE, 1630-1707, a Non-conformist divine, published A Complete Body of Practical Divinity, besides other theological works.

JOHN GOTHER, 1704, originally a member of the Church of England, became a Catholic priest, and wrote many works, partly controversial and partly practical. His style is very highly commended by Dryden. His principal works are the following: A Papist Misrepresented and Represented, 4to; Nubes Testium, or The Cloud of Witnesses, 4to; Sincere Christian's Guide on the Choice of Religion; Lessons on the Feasts; Sinner's Complaint to God. A collective edition of his Moral and Devotional Writings was published in 16 vols., 12mo. "The reader of Gother's works will perhaps think, with the present writer, that no composition in the English language approaches nearer to the nervous simplicity of the best writings of the Dean of St. Patrick's."— Charies Butler.

BENJAMIN KEACH, 1640–1704, a native of Buckinghamshire, was pastor of a Calvinistic Baptist Church in Southwark, London. He was persecuted for the bold advocacy of his religious opinions. He was the author of a great number of controversial writings and tracts. The principal are Travels of True Godliness; Travels of Ungodliness; Gospel Mysteries Opened; A Golden Mine Opened. Keach was a person of great integrity of soul, but his style is spoiled by an excessive use of metaphor and allegory.

THOMAS WARD, 1652-1708, was born at Danby Castle, Yorkshire. Becoming a Catholic, he went to Rome, and remained there some years. In the reign of James II., he returned to England; after the Revolution, he returned to Flanders, and died at St. Germains. His publications were The Errata of the English Bible; Monomachia, a Duel between Dr. Tenison and a Catholic Soldier; Queries to Protestants concerning the English Reformation; England's Reformation, a Poem. This was in the Hudibrastic metre. The following lines are a sample:

"I sing the deeds of great King Harry,

Of Ned his son, and daughter Mary,

Whence England's Common Prayer-Book sprung,

What canticles in kirk are sung."

Ward wrote several other works.

WILLIAM WALL, D. D, 1646–1728, is noted for his various works in defence of infant baptism; History of Infant Baptism, 2 vols., 8vo; Infant Baptism Asserted and Vindicated; Conference between two men who had Doubts about Infant Baptism, etc.

IV. THE EARLY FRIENDS.

George Fox.

George Fox, 1624-1690, the founder of the Society of Friends, was chiefly distinguished by his apostolic zeal and labors as a preacher. He has also claims to consideration as a writer, both for the amount and character of his writings, and for the relation which they bear to a large and influential society of Christians.

Fox was the son of a weaver, and was in his youth occupied in the service of a grazier; while thus engaged, watching the sheep, he had opportunities for meditation, which, to a mind constituted as his was, produced a powerful impression. Becoming the subject of deep religious convictions, he believed himself specially called by the Holy Spirit to make known to his fellow-men the truths which had been impressed upon his own mind and conscience. He addressed himself accordingly to this work, and went about preaching to people, wherever he could find an audience. It is as a persuasive preacher, and as the founder of a religious Society which has exerted great influence upon the world, that Fox is chiefly known. Yet he wrote a good deal, and his writings are held in high esteem.

The following are Fox's principal works: Journal of his Life and Travels; Collection of Christian Epistles, Letters, and Testimonies; Gospel Truth Demonstrated in a Collection of Doctrinal Books, etc. Fox's Journal particularly is worthy of commendation.

"It is one of the most extraordinary and instructive narratives in the world; which no reader of competent judgment can peruse without revering the virtue of the writer."— Sir James Mackintosh.

"I have read through the ponderous folio of George Fox. The kind-hearted owner trusted it to me for six months. I think I was about as many days in getting through it, and I do not think that I skipped a word of it."— Charles Lamb.

Barclay.

Robert Barclay, 1648-1690, was an early member and the most renowned apologist of the Society of Friends.

Career. Barclay was of noble family, and received a thorough education. He attended the Scots College in Paris, of which his uncle was Principal, and while there became thoroughly adept in the French and Latin tongues, speaking and writing them with facility. Subse