cerning the Judgment of Common Sense in the Choice of Religion; Contemplation of Heaven; The Grounds of Obedience and Government; Religion and Reason Mutually Corresponding and Assisting Each Other; The Middle State of Souls, from the Hour of Death to the Day of Judgment, etc.

ABRAHAM WOODHEAD, 1608-1678, a Catholic writer of considerable note, was a native of Yorkshire. He was educated at Oxford, became distinguished for his learning, and was made Fellow. Becoming converted to the Catholics, he was deprived of his Fellowship. He spent the latter part of his life in retirement, teaching a few pupils in Catholic families, and writing books in advocacy of his adopted faith. The following are some of his works: Concerning Images and Idolatry; Catholic Theses; Motives to Holy Living; Compendious Discourse on the Eucharist; Faith Necessary to Salvation; The Adoration of Our Blessed Saviour in the Eucharist; The Necessity of Church Guides; Brief Account of Ancient Church Government, etc.

CHARLES I., KING OF ENGLAND, 1600-1649, appears in the roll of authors, although it is difficult to determine how far the papers attributed to him were written by him.

Soon after his death his Works appeared in several editions. He was a man of ability, and he may have written these papers which were thus issued in his name. One of these particularly, whether written by him, or by one of his partisans, for the purpose of awaking sympathy in his favor, is worthy of notice. It is called The Eikon Basilike, or Portraiture of his Sacred Majesty in his Solitude and Sufferings. This book forms a part of the literary and political history of the times. No less than fortyseven editions of it were circulated, and the pictures it gives of the meekness and patience of the saintly sufferer, so wrought upon the popular mind as to be one of the chief means of bringing about the restoration of the royal family.

"It would be absurd to deny that he [Charles I.] was a scholar and a gentleman, a man of exquisite taste in the fine arts, a man of strict morals in private life. He was as good a writer and speaker as any modern sovereign has been.” — Macaulay.

Vane.

Sir Harry Vane, 1612-1662, was one of the most conspicuous men of the troublous seventeenth century.

Career. Vane studied at Oxford, and travelled extensively on the continent, where he became confirmed in republican and anti-episcopal views. In 1635, he emigrated to New England, and was there elected governor for one year. The next year, however, he returned to England. Through family influence he was made Treasurer of the Navy, but voluntarily resigned this lucrative and honorable position, and joined the Pym party. During the civil war Vane became a leader of the Independents, as they were called, and, after the defeat of Charles, was a bitter and persistent opponent of Cromwell's military dictatorship. He was even imprisoned for a few months in consequence of his work, A Healing Question Propounded and Resolved. At the Restoration

Vane was one of the twenty exempted from the general amnesty, and was tried and executed for high treason.

Character. Like so many others among the Independents, Vane was ahead of his times. He was among the very first to assert direct liberty of conscience. He hated Presbytery and the Presbyterians of that time almost as much as he hated Bishops and Episcopacy. He was restive under every system of ecclesiastic or other domineering. Moreover he was a visionary and a fanatic, "a thorn in the flesh of Cromwell," a vigorous but eccentric intellect. His works, which are exclusively theological, contain much profound thought marred by extravagance and mysticism. Altogether he is one of the characteristic phenomena of the age.

Andrew Marvell, 1620-1678, was a writer and a political leader of some celebrity; but he is chiefly known by his connection with Milton and his early championship of the merits of Paradise Lost.

Marvell was educated at Cambridge, took an active part in political affairs, and from 1660 to the time of his death, was a member of Parliament. He was an intimate friend of Milton, and in 1657 was appointed Milton's assistant in the Latin Secretaryship. His poems were chiefly satirical. The one best known is The Rehearsal Transposed, directed against Bishop Parker, and so effective in its wit that Parker was silenced by it. There is much discrepancy of opinion among the critics as to Marvell's merits.

"There are unquestionably many of his genuine poems which indicate a rich though ill-cultivated fancy, and in some few stanzas there is no little grace of expression. The little piece on the Pilgrim Fathers entitled the Emigrants,' the fanciful Dialogue between Body and Soul,' and the 'Coronet,' all contain lines of much elegance and sweetness. It is in his satirical poems that, as might be expected from the character of his mind, his fancy appears most vigorous; though these are largely disfigured by the characteristic defects of the age, and many, it must be confessed, are entirely without merit. His Latin poems are amongst his best. The composition often shows no contemptible skill in that language; and here and there the diction and versification are such as would not have absolutely disgraced his great coadjutor, Milton. In all the higher poetical qualities there can of course be no comparison between them." - Henry Rogers in the Edinburgh Review.

Izaak Walton.

Izaak Walton, 1593-1683, a quaint writer of this period, is held in great repute, especially for his Complete Angler.

Career. Walton appears to have been of humble birth. Of his early life nothing is known except that he had a linen-draper's shop

in London. In 1643 he retired from business, and lived thenceforth in leisure, devoting himself to angling and reading. Congeniality of sports, aided by his sweetness of temper, brought him in contact with many of the famous men of his times. His second wife being a halfsister of Bishop Ken, he had an additional opportunity of enjoying the society of men of letters.

Works. Walton's earliest publication was an elegy on Donne, which was soon followed by an account of the Doctor's life. In 1653 appeared The Complete Angler, or The Contemplative Man's Recreation, an unpretending volume which at once took and has ever since held a place among English classics. The book has so much of the author and his quaint, genial spirit, that it may almost be called an autobiography. Besides the Angler, and the Life of Donne, Walton wrote Lives of Wotton, Hooker, Herbert and Sanderson. These biographies vie in excellence with the Angler. They have ever been regarded as models of pure, easy composition. Walton's life must be regarded, in its tranquillity and simplicity, as a striking phenomenon, a perfect idyl, amidst the turmoil and passion of the Rebellion and the Restoration.

"Walton's Complete Angler seems by the title a strange choice out of all the books of half a century; yet its simplicity, its sweetness, its natural grace, and happy intermixture of graver strains with the precepts of angling, have rendered this book deservedly popular, and a model which one of the most famous among our late philosophers, and a successful disciple of Izaak Walton in his favorite art, (Sir Humphrey Davy,) has condescended (in his Salmonia) to imitate."— Hallam.

JAMES HOWELL, 1594–1666, a native of Wales, was educated at Oxford. He travelled extensively on the continent, and was imprisoned by Parliament. Howell was the author of over forty original treatises and some translations. The only one of his works generally known and read is his Epistolæ Io Elianæ, or Familiar Letters, written in part during his imprisonment. It is the second published correspondence of the kind, and is rich in curious facts and incidents of English history.

THOMAS STANLEY, 1625–1678, was the son of Sir Thomas Stanley, Knight, of Camberlowe Green, Hertfordshire. He was educated at Oxford, and spent part of his youth in travel.

Stanley is noted in classical literature as the author of a learned edition of Eschylus, He wrote also The History of Philosophy, in 4 vols. fol., containing the lives, opinions, actions, and discourses of the philosophers of every sect. It is a bulky and erudite work, but so uncouth and obscure in style, that though valuable for its stores of information, it has been almost entirely superseded. The following sentence will serve as a specimen of its style: "Scepticism is a faculty opposing phenomena and intelligibles all manner of ways, whereby we proceed through the equivalence of contrary things and speeches, first to suspension, and then to indisturbance." Stanley published also a Volume of Poems, partly original, and partly translations from Anacreon, Bion, and Moschus. These differ vastly from the History in style, and are clear and direct in expression, though affected by the conceits of the age.

Edward and John Phillips, nephews and pupils of Milton, were both men of letters,

EDWARD PHILLIPS, 1630-1680, is especially noted for his connection with the English Dictionary, being one of the earliest authors who undertook the task of collecting English words in the form of a Dictionary.

Phillips's work, A New World of Words, or A General English Dictionary, appeared in 1657. It contained many mistakes and omissions, and was severely criticized by Thomas Blount in his World of Errors Discovered in the New World of Words: yet after all, it was an important and valuable work. The English Dictionary, as we now have it, is not the creation of any one man, but is a growth, continued through many generations. It is an accumulation of national wealth from many successive sources, and Edward Phillips was one of the many contributors to the noble storehouse.

Other Works. Besides his New World of Words, Phillips published Theatrum Poetarum, or A Complete Collection of the Poets. This work includes a large number of names, and in its judgments upon different authors is supposed to give frequent evidences of Milton's helping hand. Phillips published also The Mysteries of Love and Eloquence; an edition of the Poems of Drummond of Hawthornden; A Life of Milton; and several other works.

JOHN PHILLIPS, wrote a defence of Milton, in Latin; but subsequently changed his politics, and wrote A Satire against Hypocrites, being an attack on the character of Cromwell.

Phillips wrote also An Introduction to Astrology, in ridicule of Lily's Christian Astrology; The Present State of Europe; The Present Court of Spain; The General History of Europe; The English Fortune-Tellers. He translated Don Quixote (“a very vulgar, unfaithful, and coarse translation."— Ticknor); Tavernier's Voyage in Turkey, 2 vols., fol.; Gulot's Voyage to Constantinople, etc., etc.

SIR HENRY BLOUNT, 1602–1682, was a gentleman of ancient family, one of whose ancestors was the founder of Trinity College, Oxford. Sir Henry, who was an alumnus of that institution, distinguished himself by the publication of a volume of Travels to the Levant, which passed through many editions. He wrote also An Epistle in Praise of Tobacco.

THOMAS BLOUNT, 1618-1679, a Catholic writer and jurist, sprang from a branch of the same family to which Charles, Sir Henry, and Sir Thomas Pope Blount belonged. The publications of Thomas Blount were numerous: Glossographia, a Dictionary of Obscure Legal Terms; The Art of Making Devises; The Lamps of the Law and the Lights of the Gospel; The Academy of Eloquence, or Complete English Rhetoric; A Criticism on Phillips's New World of Words; A Catholic Almanac, etc.

HENRY CAREY, Earl of Monmouth, 1596-1661, a nobleman of leisure and of cultivated tastes, translated into English several historical works: History of the Late Wars of Christendom; Historical Relations of the United Provinces; Politic Discourses, from the Italian, etc.

JOHN OGILBY, 1600-1676, a native of Scotland, was celebrated as a publisher in London. The works of Virgil and Homer he himself translated-the former alone, the latter in company with Shirley. Among the many curious books which he printed was one called America and the Remarkable Voyages thither, in a large folio with many maps and illustrations,

LADY DOROTHY PAKINGTON, 1679, daughter of Lord Coventry and wife of Sir John Pakington, was eminent for her piety and intelligence, and wrote several essays which were held in high estimation: The Gentleman's Calling, The Lady's Calling, The Government of the Tongue, The Christian's Birthright, The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety, The Art of Contentment. The authorship of The Whole Duty of Man has been ascribed to her by Sir James Mackintosh, Sir John Pakington, and

others.

SIR WILLIAM DUGDALE, 1605-1686, was one of the great English antiquaries. In consequence of his extraordinary proficiency and labor in this department of letters, he was knighted by Charles I., and made Garter King-at-Arms.

Dugdale's greatest work, Monasticon Anglicanum, 3 vols., fol, is next to Doomsday Book in value as a register of aucient titles, civil and ecclesiastical. A new edition of it was published in 1817-30, containing two hundred and forty-one views of Monasteries, Abbeys, Priories, and other ecclesiastical edifices. The cost of the engravings alone was six thousand guineas. "The annals of the press, in no country in Europe, can boast of a nobler performance; whether on the score of accuracy and fulness of intelligence, or of splendor of paper, type, and graphic embellishments.” — Dibdin. Some of Dugdale's other great works are: The Baronage of England, 2 vols., fol.; The Antiquities of Warwickshire, fol.; The History of St. Paul's Cathedral, fol.; The History of Embanking and Draining of Divers Fens and Marshes, fol., etc., etc.

RICHARD ATKYNS, 1615-1677, published, in 1664, a work on The Original and Growth of Printing in England, which is of some value, as it was made from original materials gathered from the public records of the kingdom. But the attempt therein made to rob Caxton of the glory of being the first English printer was not successful. The question has been forever settled in Caxton's favor.

III. WRITERS OF THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH.

Bishop Hall.

Joseph Hall, D. D., 1574–1656, an eminent scholar and divine, was educated at Cambridge, and rose through various ecclesiastical preferments to be Bishop of Norwich.

On the establishment of the Commonwealth, Hall lost his preferments, and was reduced to straitened circumstances. His writings are very numerous, chiefly religious and theological, and are held in high estimation. They have been published in 12 vols., 8vo.

Works.-The following are the chief: Satires, written in his youth; Epistles; Contemplations upon the Principal Passages in the New Testament; Explications of all the Hard Texts of the Whole Divine Scriptures; Christian Meditations; Episcopacy by Divine Right: The Old Religion and the New, or The Difference between the Reformed and the Romish Church; Mundus Alter et Idem, a satirical work, written in Latin.