splendour in their domestic establishment; and in cases where homeliness is the prevailing feature, while affluence is enjoyed, we may predicate a very moderate Ideality in the one or other of the heads of the family. I have frequently observed, in persons who, from a humble origin, have become rich by commerce, an intense passion for this species of domestic splendour, and, without a single exception, I have remarked Love of Approbation and Ideality largely developed in their heads.

The Plate represents the organ large in CHAUCER, SHAKSPEARE, ROUSSEAU, and deficient in LOCKE and WILLIAM COBBETT.

The relish for poetry or the fine arts is generally in proportion to the development of Ideality. It is necessary to a player of tragedy. The tone or note of voice suitable to Ideality is elevated and majestic, and hence it is essential to enable the actor to feel and express the greatness of the personages whom he represents.

In some individuals the front part of this organ is most developed, in others the back part; and from a few cases which I have observed, there is reason to believe that the latter is a separate organ. The back part is left without a number on the bust, and a point of interrogation is inscribed on it, to denote that the function is a subject of inquiry. The back part touches Cautiousness; and I suspect an excitement of this organ, in a moderate degree, is an ingredient in the emotion of the sublime. The roar of thunder, or of a cataract; the beetling cliff suspended half way betwixt the earth and heaven, and threatening to spread ruin by its fall,-impress the mind with feelings of terror; and it is only such objects that produce the sentiment of sublimity. It would be interesting to take two individuals with equal Ideality, but the one possessed of much, and the other of little, Cautiousness, to the Vale of Glencoe, the Pass of Borrowdale, the Cave of Staffa, or some other scene in which the elements of the sublime predominate, and to mark their different emotions. I suspect

the large Cautiousness would give the most profound and intense emotions of sublimity.

This faculty, like all others, may be abused. When permitted to take the ascendancy of the other powers, and to seek its own gratification, to the neglect of the serious duties of life, and when cultivated to so great an excess as to produce a finical and sickly refinement, it then becomes a source of great evils. It appears in ROUSSEAU to have reached this state of diseased excitement. "The impossibility of finding actual beings (worthy of himself), threw me," says he," into the regions of fancy; and seeing that no existing object was worthy of my delirium, I nourished it in an ideal world, which my creative imagination soon peopled to my heart's desire. In my continual ecstasies, I drank in torrents of the most delicious sentiments which ever entered the heart of man. Forgetting altogether the human race, I made society for myself of perfect creatures, as celestial by their virtues as their beauties, and of sure, tender, and faithful friends, such as I have never seen here below. I took such delight in gliding along the air with the charming objects with which I surrounded myself, that I passed hours and days without noting them; and losing the recollection of every thing, scarcely had I eaten a morsel, but I burned to escape," and return to this enchanted world. The theory of this condition of mind appears to be this: ROUSSEAU elevated every faculty in his imaginary personages, till it reached the standard of excellence fitted to please his large Ideality, and then luxuriated in contemplation of the perfection which he had created.

In common life, the passion for dress, ornament, and finery, which in some individuals goes beyond all reasonable bounds, and usurps the place of the serious and respectable virtues, results from an abuse of Ideality, Wonder, and Love of Approbation, and is generally combined with a deficient development of Conscientiousness and Reflection.

In an hospital, Dr GALL found this organ considerably

developed in a man who was insane; and remarked to the physicians who accompanied him, that he observed the exterior sign which indicated a talent for poetry. The patient, in point of fact, possessed this talent; for in his state of alienation, he continually composed verses, which sometimes were not deficient in point and vigour. He belonged to the lowest class, and had received no education. In the collection of M. ESQUIROL, Dr GALL saw a mask of an insane person, who also was habitually occupied in versifying; and in it the organ in question is considerably larger than any of the others.

This faculty corresponds in some degree to that of "Taste," admitted by Mr STEWART; only he regards taste as one of the powers acquired by habits of study or of business.

Dr THOMAS BROWN* treats of beauty as an original emotion of the mind, and his doctrine might, with the change of names, be almost adopted by the phrenologist in speaking of Ideality. According to our doctrine, the knowing and reflecting faculties perceive objects, as they exist in nature, say a landscape, or a Grecian temple; and the faculty of Ideality, excited into activity by their features, glows with a delightful and elevated emotion; and to the qualities in the external objects which kindle this lively sentiment of pleasure, we ascribe the attribute of beauty. Beauty, therefore, as a strong emotion, is enjoyed only when the knowing and reflecting faculties act in conjunction with Ideality. If the intellect acts alone, Ideality remaining quiescent, no vivid feeling of beauty will be experienced ; -or, if a person is extremely deficient in Ideality, then the most lovely objects in external nature will appear to him invested in all their attributes of form, colour, size, and relative position; but he will never thrill with that sublime emotion, or that ecstatic delight, which draws forth the exclamation that the object contemplated is exquisitely beau

tiful.

Dr THOMAS BROWN, in perfect conformity with

*Vol. iii. p. 134-5.