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soldiers, who then were disbanded. The triumphal procession sometimes took up more than one day; that of Paulus Æmilius, three. When the victory was gained by sea, it was called a naval triumph; which honor was first granted to Duilius, who defeated the Carthaginian fleet near Liparæ, in the first Punic war, A. U. 493, and a pillar erected to him in the forum, called columna rostrata, with an inscription, part of which still remains.

When a victory had been gained without difficulty, or the like, an inferior kind of triumph was granted, called ovatio, in which the general entered the city on foot or on horseback, crowned with myrtle, not with laurel, and instead of bullocks, sacrificed a sheep; whence its name.

19 ALCIDES. A name of Hercules, from his strength.

20 NESTOR. A son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, with his father, by Hercules. His tender age detained him at home, and was the cause of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice, the daughter of Clymenes, or, according to others, Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody battle was fought between the Lapitha and Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia, he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself among the rest of the Grecian chiefs, by eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer displays his character as the most perfect of all his heroes; and Agamemnon exclaims, that if he had ten generals like Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and tranquillity which were due to his wisdom and to his old age. The manner and the time of his death are unknown; the ancients are all agreed that he lived three

generations of men, which length of time some suppose to be three hundred years, though more probably only ninety, allowing thirty years for each generation. From that circumstance, therefore, it was usual among the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a long and happy life to their friends, to wish them to see the years of Nestor.

21 ANTILOCHUS. A king of Messenia, the eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed by Memnon, the son of Aurora.

22 APOLLO. Son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, there were four persons of this name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and intrusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which he was

deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods whose oracles were in general repute over the world. He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was refused the promised reward from Laomedon, the king of the country, he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards vindicated the honor of his mother by putting to death the children of the proud Niobe. He was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He received the surnames of Phoebus, Delius, Cynthius, Pæan, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c. Apollo is generally represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating his figure; and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for their fine head of hair, which they cut short at the age of seventeen or eighteen; he is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium, addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm-tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural enemies of the flocks over which he presided.

23 DIANA was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero

there were three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mother suffer, during her labor, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants sixty of the Oceanides, and twenty other nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand, and a panther in the other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colors. She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs; her face has something manly; her legs are bare, well shaped, and strong; and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the ancients. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known, in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world.

24 SATURNUS. A son of Coelus, or Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. Janus, who was king of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention: he made him his partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous,

that mankind have called it the golden age, to intimate the happiness and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. The worship of Saturn was not so solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer human victims on his altars; but this barba-. rous custom was abolished by Hercules, who substituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the priest always performed the ceremony with his head uncovered, which was unusual at other solemnities. The god is generally represented as an old man bent through age and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites its own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius, king of the Sabines, first built a temple to Saturn on the Capitoline hill; a second was afterwards added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the first consuls. On his statues were generally hung fetters, in commemoration of the chains he had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance all slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters to him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the statues, to intimate the freedom and the independence which mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome was appropriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled.

25 GARGAPHIA. A valley near Platea, with a fountain of the same name, where Acteon was torn to pieces by his dogs.

26 VESTALES. Priestesses among the Romans, consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their name indicates. This office was very ancient, as the mother of Romulus was one of the vestals. Eneas is supposed to have first chosen the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to which Tarquin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs; but after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was intrusted with the care of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young, from the age of six

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