"(b) Significations of Niphal. (1) It is passive of Kal, when Kal is transitive. (2) Passive of Piel, or of Hiphil, when they are transitive and Kal is intransitive." &c.

By the last remark, the author, we presume, alludes to

(Gen. xxxiii. 7.)

(Exod. xxii. 7.) which seems to be the

although they are in Niphal ,מקריב מגיש passives of Hiphil

form; as well as to

(Exod. xxii. 11.) which is the same as

(Exod. xxii. 6.) the passive of Piel, or to (Levit. iv. 12.) which appear to be the same as (Levit. x. 16.) the passive of Piel. Almost all the Lexicographers consider

(Gen. xxxiii. 7.) as the Niphal form. We think, it is a real Piel, the Daghesh does not supply the wanting Nun, but is the mark of the conjugation; so we find in the same phrase

used in Kal.

belongs to those verbs where Niphal sub

0. As for and we find them both in Kal and Piel, and consequently there ought to be a distinction between their passives.

as

"§ 183 (a) Piel is characterised by its doubling the middle radical;

66

.c& ”,קטל

"Note (b) Significations of Piel. (1) It is causative of Kal; e. g. N to perish, to cause to perish. This is the predominant meaning. (2) To let any thing or person be or do thus so; to regard or exhibit it or him, as being or doing thus and so; e. g. to let one live; PTY, to shew or pronounce one to be just; NED, to pronounce one unclean. (3) It is intensive of Kal; e. g. to ask, to beg :

to dash in pieces. (4) It has a privative sense; e. g.

to break,

to know,

to root שֶׁרֶשׁ to take root, Piel הִשְׁרִיש .to misapprehend; Hipbi נִכֵר

out. (5) It often agrees, in signification, with Kal transitive; seldom has it an intransitive meaning."

Piel is also very often used intransitive where Kal is intransitive as (Ps. lxxxv. 11.) and

(Num. xiv. 30.); n

(Deut. xxix. 4.)

(Levit, vi. 5.) and (2 Sam. xxi. 17.); 1
and ♬ (Lam. iii. 4.); 'n (Job. iii. 13.); and 1

xvii. 19.) and m. v. ing than Kal, as

(Jud.

Piel has also sometimes a different mean

TT

(Exod. xxii. 15.) to marry, and

(Gen. xviii. 6.) to hasten;

and win

(Ps. cix. 24.) to become lean,

(Levit. v. 21.) to deny; ) (I King, vii. 51.) to

finish, and D (Ps. Ixii. 13.) to reward.

"§ 185 (a) Hiphil prefixes He, and inserts Yodh, before the two last radicals; e. g., Hiph. OPT.

"(b) Significations of Hiphil. to be holy, to make holy. "(2) Not unfrequently is Hiphil and intransitive) as Kal; e. g.

.to be inhite הִלְבִּין

(1) It is causative of Kal; as P This is the usual meaning.

used in the same sense (transitive to corrupt, to be quiet,

"(Note.) Seldom are Piel and Hiphil of the some verb, both used in a causative sense. When both are employed, it is generally with

some shade of difference in their signification; e. g. to honour, to render powerful."

יָצָא עָמַד Kal is often intransitive and Hiphil transitive as

Hiph. Ty, in this case the Piel is wanting, but we find it, with not a shade of difference, but entirely in a different meaning, e. g. (2 Chron. vi. 13.) to kneel as intransitive Kal, (Gen. xxiv. 11.) and he made to kneel as transitive Hiphil, and from the same root in another meaning xxix. 10.) to bless as transitive Piel; P

nigh as intransitive Kal,

sitive Hiphil, and

'T:

(1Cro.

(Prov. v. 8.) to come

(Levit. iii. 14.) to offer as tran

(Ps. lxv. 4.) to cause to approach, as transitive Piel. Some verbs only are found in Hiph. as D (Gen. xix. 27.)

(Num. xxxv. 22) and m. v.

Hiphil is sometimes as intransitive as Kal, but signifies a comparative degree, or more than usually, and then we find Piel transitive, e. g. 17 (Gen. xxv. 27.) to grow, as intransitive Kal, (Zephan. ii. 10.) to magnify (more than befitting) as intransitive Hiphil, and (Hose. ix. 12.) to bring up as transitive Piel; 7 (Deut. xiv. 24.) to be long, as intransitive Kal, (Deut. xvii. 17.) to multiply (too many) as intransitive Hiphil, and '' (Lam. ii, 22.) to bring up, as transitive Piel.

"§ 187 (c) Significations of Hithpael. (1) It is reflexive of Piel; asp to sanctify, he sanctified himself. (2) It signifies to

make one's self as being or doing, that which the verb in its groundform signifies; e. g. Do to show one's self cunning, from to to be great,

be wise; to behave one's self proudly, from

הו

to represent one's self as sick, from

T T

to be sick. Also with some slight modifications, as to think one's self wise, from to make one's self to be sought, i. e. to conceal one's to ask a favour of one's self, pro

to be wise;

self, from

to seek;

perly to make one gracious, from to be gracious. These are the leading significations. (3) It is sometimes the passive of Piel ; as

to number, to be numbered.

(4) It is also intransitive; as

to be angry. (5) It is not unfrequently active and transitive;

as to keep or observe, viz. laws, statutes, &c."

Hithpael has also the signification of a repeated use, habit and

custom of an action, as (Gen. vi. 9.) he used to walk,

from

from

66

to walk;
to praise;

§ 195. The Infi. construct (the ground-form of the Fut. and Imp. mood), has like the Praeter Kal (§ 181. b), three forms, viz. as, . the inf. in the derived conjugations, takes the vowels pecu

liar to such conjugations respectively." &c.

66

"§ 196. The Infin. absolute takes Qamets in the first syllable, and Hholem impure in the last, e. g.

.פְעוֹל

The infin. in Kal of the regular verbs has two forms i and y. Some grammarians are mistaken in maintaining that the construct is derived and formed of the absolute iy, for in the construct (Nu.xxx.15.) Ŋ (1 K.xiii.23.) and (2 Kings, xxv. 27.) □y (Jer. ix, 12.) the qamets of the first radical can be, neither a long vowel, on account of the wanting Metheg below as a moveable Sheva succeeds it-that the Sheva is a moveable one is plain of the Rophe in after

it-nor a short vowel on account of the moveable succeeding Sheva; it is consequently in the place of a Sheva (a half or medial-vowel,) in order that two Shevas shall not stand together at the beginning of a word-the Sheva in the second radical, is in the place of Hholem on account of the shifted accent-and the word belongs of course to the form which shows that this

form is a ground one and no derivation.

66

"§ 200. The final vowel of the Fut. may be, (like that of the Praeter and Inf.), either Hholem, Pattahh, or Tseri. E. g. With Hholem, (which is by far the most usual form); as. With Pattahh, (which is common in intransitive verbs, having a Praeter with Tseri, and also in verbs with a Guttural in the final syllable, and some others); as T, YOU", NYD=Nyp, b=boy, &c. With Tseri; as

If we should establish forms for the future, according to its structures in the irregular verbs-as the author exhibits for the

form with final Tseri, from the irregular verbs No, and — we ought then, also, to establish forms with final Shureq as found in verbs W, as well with final Seghol, as found in verbs!. In regular verbs two forms only exist for the Future, 1st with final Hholem, and 2d, with final Pattahh; all the other various shapes of the future in irregular verbs, are only to be considered as changes from these two forms according to the position of their silent and wanting letters, which shall be strictly shown in its proper place.

"§ 207. The Imperative, like the Future, has both paragogic and apocopate forms, which give intensity to the meaning. E. g. Parago

The imperative of Kal has two forms analogically to those

y;

and רָדוֹף זָכוֹר שָׁמוֹר as ;פְעל and פְעוֹל .of the Future, viz ,If He be suffixed to the form with final Hholem .קְרַב רְבָב שְׁכַב

then the first radical takes a short Qamets; as

T

(Ps. xxv. 20), (Nehem. xiii. 31.) To this rule there is only one exception found, viz. (Gen. xxv. 31.) When He is suffixed to the form with final Pattahh, then has the first radical a Hhireq; as (Gen. xxxix. 12), (Gen. xliii. 8.)—it has also only one exception, viz. (Nehem. xiii. 31.) The

VOL. V.-NO. 9.

T&T

2

Plural of both forms, has the first radical with Hhireq, and the

second with Sheva; as

iii. 22), 1

(Isa. v. 3). Imper. with suffixed pronouns, have their first radical in both forms, with short Qamets, as

21 ), '77 (Num. xi. 15.) When the last syllable has a Guttural letter, then the first radical of the Imperative, with suffixed Pronoun, has a Sheva, and the second radical a Qamets, as (1 Sam. xvi. 13), (Isa. Iv. 6), ND (Jer. xvii. 14), ' (Ps. cxix. 117.)

T:

"§ 208. Vav with Pattahh prefixed to the Fut. tense, and followed by a Daghesh forte, is called Vav conversive; because its usual effect is to convert such Future into a Praeter, in respect to meaning."

In verbs, Fut. Kal with Vav conversive, drops the third radical; and the Seghol of the second radical removes to the first one; the same also with the form Hiphil; the only difference between them exists in the punctuation of the praeformative letters which are in Kal with Hhireq, as " (Gen. xxvi. 25), P1 (Gen. xxxiii. 19), 7 (Exod. i. 20), " (Exod. ii. 12), but in Hiphil with Seghol, as 19" (Jud. xv. 4), ♫ (2 Kings, xxiv. 15)," (Ps. cv. 24.) When the first radical is a Guttural one, then are the praeformative letters in Kal with Hhireq. as (Gen. xxvi. 17), (Gen. xxxiv. 7.) and in Hiphil with Pattahh, as (Job. xix. 11.) by!1 (Num. xxiii. 2.)

.and with many others וַיַּעַשׂ וַיַּעַן

"Note (2) Vav conversive commonly (not always) makes the Future Milel, and consequently shortens the final vowel if be long, § 101. b."

"

This rule refers to verbs D,,, and yy.

The Future Kal in verbs, has its praeformative with Tseri and the second radical with Seghol, as 7" (Gen. xii. 10), bai (Gen. xxi. 2), (Lam. i. 9.) The Future Hiphil of the same class of verbs, has also the second radical with Seghol, but the praeformative with Hholem, as in (Gen. v. 3), T♫) (1 Sam. xix. 12.)