Papers on Chinese History, Volume 5

accusations action activities addition administrative allowed American appeal argues Army authority bandit became Beijing Board brought bureaucratic Cabecillas campaign capital Censorate central century changes Chen Chen Qianshan China Chinese collection complaint concerned consulate continued court critical discussion Dynasty early edict effect elite emperor established examination example exception false filed force governor History Huang Imperial important included initiative institutions intellectual interest Japanese jingkong late later lineages Ma Zhanshan Ma's Manila memorials merchants Ming Minister moral nationalist noted November official organization original period philanthropy Philippine-Chinese Philippines political position present problems proposals protect provincial Punishments Qing Red Cross Society reform reign relief resistance response result scholars selected served Shanghai social Song sources Spanish status Study suggests tradition troops Wang Yamen Yang Yongle Yuan yuesu Zhang zouyi