4. Dom (O.E. dôm-doom), power, office, from deman, to judge, as in Dukedom. Christendom. Kingdom. Halidom (=holiness). (i) In O.E. we had bisceopdóm (= bishopdom); and Carlyle has accustomed us to rascaldom and scoundreldom. 5. En (a diminutive), as in Chicken (cock). Kitten (cat). Maiden. (i) The addition of a syllable has a tendency to modify the preceding vowel--as in kitchen (from cook), vixen (from fox), and national (from nātion). 6. Er, which has three functions, to denote Finger (from O.E. fangan, to take). Stair (from stigan, to mount). (iii) A male agent, as in Fuller (from fullian, to cleanse). Player. Sower. The ending er has become disguised in beggar and sailor (not sailer, which is a ship). Under the influence of Norman-French, an i or y creeps in before the r, as in collier (from coal), lawyer, glazier (from glass), etc. Farthing (fourth). Riding (trithing=thirding). Tithing (tenth). (i) This suffix is found as a patronymic in many proper names, such as Browning, Harding; and in Kensington, Whittington, etc. (ii) Lording (=the son of a lord) and whiting (from white) are also diminutives. (iii) This ing is to be carefully distinguished from the ing (=ung) which was the old suffix for verbal nouns, as clothing, learning, etc. 9. Kin (a diminutive), as in Bodkin. Firkin (from four). Lambkin. Mannikin. (i) It is also found in proper names, as in Dawkins (= little David), Jenkins (=son of little John), Hawkins (son of little Hal), Perkins (=son of little Peter). 10. Ling=1+ing (both diminutives), as in— Darling (from dear). Firstling. Duckling. Gosling (goose). (i) Every diminutive has a tendency to run into depreciation, as in groundling, underling, worldling, etc. (ii) In some words, ing has been weakened into y or ie, as in Johnnie, Billy, Betty, etc. H 12. Lock (O.E. lâc, gift, sport), which also becomes ledge, as in Knowledge. Wedlock. Feohtlác (battle). (i) This is not to be confused with the lock and lick in the names of plants, which in O.E. was leac, and which we find in hemlock, charlock; garlick (= spear plant) and barley (=berelic). 13. Ness forms abstract nouns from adjectives, as in Darkness. Holiness. Weakness. Weariness. (i) Witness differs from the above in two respects: (a) it comes from a verbwitan, to know; and (b) is not always an abstract noun. (ii) This English suffix combines very easily with foreign roots, as in acuteness, commodiousness, gracefulness, remoteness, and many others. 14. Nd (which is the ending of the present participle in O.E.), found in (i) In hawk (=the seizer, from have) this suffix is disguised. (ii) It is also found in proper names, as in Pollock (from Paul). Maddox (from Matthew). 16. M or om, which forms nouns from verbs, as in— Bloom (from blow). Gloom (from glow). Wilcox (from William). Qualm (from quell). Seam (from sew). Team (from tow). Gleam (from glow). (i) This suffix unites with the Norman-French word réal (royal) to form the hybrid realm. 17. Red (mode, fash on-and also counsel), as in Hatred. Kindred. Sibrede (relationship). (i) This ending is also found in proper nouns. Thus we have Mildred-mild in counsel; Ethelred=noble in counsel, called also Unrede, which does not mean unready, but without counsel. 18. Ric (O.E. ríce, power, dominion)—as in bishopric. (i) In O.E. we had abbotric, hevenricke, and kingric. 19. Ship (O.E. scipe, shape or form), which is also spelled scape and skip, makes abstract nouns, as in— 20. Stead (O.E. stéde, place), as in— Bedstead. Homestead. Hampstead. Berkhamstead. 21. Ster was originally the form of er, the suffix for a male agent: it has now two functions : (iii) We had, in Old English, baxter (fem. of baker), webster (weaver), brewster, fithelstre (fiddler), seamestre (sewer), and even belleringestre (for female bellringer). Most of these are now used as proper names. (iv) Spinster is the feminine of spinner, one form of which was spinder, which then became spider. 22. Ther, der, or ter denotes the agent-with the notion of duality— as in Father. Bladder (blow). Mother. Sister. 23. Wright (from work, by metathesis of the r), as in— Shipwright. Wainwright (=waggonwright). 24. Ward, a keeper, as in Brother. Winter (wind). Wheelwright. Woodward. (ii) In steward, the word stige or sty meant stall for horses, cows, etc. 20. The following are the most important English Suffixes to Adjectives :— 1. Ed or d, the ending for the passive participle, as in— Cold (chilled). Long-eared. 2. En, denoting material, as in Lauded. Talented. 3. En, the old ending for the passive participle, as in— (i) Simple, from Lat. simplex, has usurped the place of anfeald 8. Ish (O.E. isc) has three functions; it denotes : (i) Partaking in the nature of, as in (ii) A milder or sub-form of the quality, as in— Wilful. Waspish. 9. Le, with a diminutive tendency, as in— Little (lyt). Brittle (from break). 10. Less (O.E. leâs), loose from, as in— Fearless. Helpless. Sinless. 11. Like (O.E. lîc), softened in ly, as inChildlike. Dovelike. Wifelike. Godly. Manly. 12. Ow (O.E. u and wa), as in— Toothless. Womanly. Warlike. (i) Fallow is connected with the adjective pale, and yellow with the yol in yolk. 13. Right, with the sense of direction, as in— 14. Some (O.E. sum, a form of same, like), as in— (i) In thirteen three+ten, the r has changed its place by metathesis. 16. Ty (O.E. tig) = tens by multiplication, as in— (i) This ending, ward, has no connection with ward, a keeper. It is connected with the verb worth in the line, "Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day!" 18. Wise (O.E. wîs, mode, manner), as in— Righteous (properly rightwise). Boisterous (O.E. bostwys). (i) The English or Teutonic ending wise has got confused with the Lat. ending ous (from osus = full of). 19. Y (O.E. ig, the guttural of which has vanished) forms adjectives from nouns and verbs, as in 2. Es or s (the old genitive or possessive), which becomes se and ce, (i) Grovelling is not really a present participle; it is an adverb, and was in O.E. gruflynges. (ii) We once had also the adverbs flatlings and noselings. 5. Meal (O.E. maelum = at times), as in— Piecemeal. (i) Shakespeare, in "Cymbeline," has the line Limbmeal. "O that I had her here, to tear her limbmeal." (ii) Chaucer has stound-meal = hour by hour; King Alfred has stykkemaelum =stick-meal, or here and there. 8. Ward or wards, which denotes direction, as in— |