(ii) Old Datives. The old English way of forming an adverb was simply to use the dative case of the adjective-which ended in ë. Thus we had deepề, brightë, for deeply and brightly. Then the ë dropped away. Hence it is that there are in English several adverbs exactly like adjectives. These are: fast, hard, right (in "Right Reverend "), far, ill, late, early, loud, high.

(iii) Compounds of an Adjective and a Preposition: on high, in vain, in short, at large, of late, etc.

c. Adverbs derived from Pronouns come from the pronominal stems who, the (or this), and he. The following is a table, and it is important to note the beautiful correspondences :

(i) How and why are two forms of the same word-the instrumental case of who. How in what way? Why = with what reason?

(ii) The, in the last column, is the adverbial the (A.S. thý) before a comparative. It is the instrumental or ablative case of that or thaet. "The more, the merrier "by that more, by that merrier. That is, the measure of the increase in the number is the measure of the increase in the merriment.

(iii) Thus is the instrumental case of this, and is in this manner.

d. Compound Adverbs are formed by adding together— (i) Noun and Noun, as lengthways, endways.

(iii) Preposition and Noun, as Aboveboard, outside.

(iv) Adverb and Preposition, as—

Otherwise.

Sometimes.

Hereafter.

Therein.

Whereupon.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

12. The Prefixes used in our language are of English, French, Latin, and Greek origin.

(i) French is only a modified Latin. Hence French prefixes fall naturally under Latin prefixes, as the one is only a form of the other.

13. English Prefixes are divided into Inseparable and Separable. Inseparable Prefixes are those that have no meaning by themselves and cannot be used apart from another word. Separable Prefixes may be used and are used as independent words.

14. The following are the most important

English Inseparable Prefixes :

1. A (a broken-down form of O.E. an=on), as—
Abed. Aloft (in the lift or sky).
Aboard.

Away.

A-building.

Athwart (on the cross).

2. Be (an O.E. form of by), which has several functions :—

(i) To add an intensive force to transitive verbs, as—

(ii) To turn intransitive verbs into transitive, as—

Bemoan.

Bespeak.

Bethink.

(iii) To make verbs out of nouns or adjectives, as—

Befriend.

Beguile.

Benumb.

Betroth.

Besiege (to take a siege or seat beside a town till it surrenders).

(v) To form part of prepositions and adverbs, as before, besides, etc.

3. For (O.E. for = Lat. per) means thoroughly, and has two functions :

:

Forswear means to swear out and out, to swear to anything, hence falsely. Compare the Latin perjurare; hence our perjure.

(ii) To give a negative meaning, as in forgo (wrongly spelled forego), to go without.

4. Fore before; as forebode, forecast.

5. Gain (O.E. gaegn, back, again), found in gainsay (to speak against); gainstand.

6. Mis (O.E. mis, wrong; and connected with the verb to miss), as in

Misdeed.

Mislead.

Mistrust.

Mistake.

Caution.—When mis occurs in French words, it is a shortened form of minus, less; as in mischief, mischance, miscount, miscreant ( = nonbeliever).

7. Th, the prefix of the third personal pronoun and its cognates, and indicating something spoken of, as in

9. Wan (O.E. wan, wanting; and connected with wane), which is found in

Wanton ( = wantowen,

lacking education).

Wanhope ( = despair).
Wantrust.

10. With (a shortened form of O.E. wither back or against) is o found in

Withstand.

Withdraw.

Withhold.

A It exists also in a latent form in the word drawing-room withdrawing

room.

=

15. The following are the most important

English Separable Prefixes :—

3. Forth, found in forthcoming, forward, etc.

4. Fro (a shortened form of from), in froward.

5. In appears in modern English in two forms, as :—

6. Of or off (which are two spellings of the same word), as—

9. Over (the comparative of the ove in above), which combines :

10. Thorough or through, two forms of the same word, as inThroughout. Through-train. Thorough-bred. Thoroughfare.

Shakespeare has "thorough bush, thorough brier, thorough flood, thorough fire.'

16. There are in use in our language many Latin Prefixes; and many of them are of great service. Some of them, as circum (about), come to us direct from Latin; others, like counter (against), have come to us through the medium of French. The following are the most important

Latin Prefixes:

1. A, ab, abs (Fr. a, av), away from, as in

Avert.
Avaunt.

Advantage (which ought to be avantage).

2. Ad (Fr. a), to, which in composition becomes ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, to assimilate with the first consonant of the root.

lowing are examples of each :

The fol

All these words come straight to us from Latin, except agree, arrive, and attain. The following are also French: Achieve (to bring to a chef or head), amount, acquaint.

3. Amb, am (ambi, about), as in—

7. Cum, with, in French com, which becomes col, con, cor, coun, and co before a vowel, as in

Compound.

Counsel.

Collect.
Countenance.

Content.
Coeval.

Correct.
Coöperate.

(i) In cost (from constare, to "stand"); couch (from colloco, I place); cull (from collego, I collect); and cousin (from consobrīnus, the child of a mother's sister), the prefix has undergone great changes

(ii) Co, though of Latin origin, can go with purely English words, as in coworker, co-understanding. These are not desirable compounds.

8. Contra (Fr. contre), against, which also becomes contro and counter, as in

Contradict.

Controvert.

Counterbalance.

(i) In counterweigh and counterwork we find it in union with English roots. (ii) In encounter we find it converted into a root.