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to "The Edinburgh Review." It was in the same periodical that Lord Macaulay (1800-1859) published in 1825 his essay on "Milton," followed by that long series of essays that have given to him his brilliant reputation in this department of letters.

11 John Foster (1770-1843), a writer of great ingenuity and power, published essays "On Decision of Character," "On the Evils of Popular Ignorance," and many other subjects.

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12. Thomas Hood (1798-1845) wrote "Whims and Oddities," the " Comic Annual, "Whimsicalities," and so forth, besides some small poems now everywhere famous either for pathos or for humor.

13. Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857) wrote many brilliant plays and novels, and was specially renowned for his wit. He began his career as a compositor in a London printing-office, and ended it as an editor of "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper."

14. A name of supreme authority and attraction, as essayist, satirist, biographer, and historian, is that of Thomas Carlyle (1795), who for fifty years has been a diligent writer, and, since the publication of his Sartor Resartus," a most influential Besides that book, his most memorable writings are "The French Revolution,' "Past and Present," "The Life of John Sterling," and "History of Friedrich the Second, called Frederick the Great."

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15. The greatest historians in England during the first half of the nineteenth century were Henry Hart Milman (17911868), who wrote "The History of the Jews," "The History of Christianity," and "History of Latin Christianity;" James Mill (1773-1836), who wrote "The History of British India;" William Mitford (1744-1827), and Connop Thirlwall (1797-1875), each of whom wrote a "History of Greece;" John Lingard (1771-1851), who wrote "A History of England;" Patrick Fraser Tytler (1791-1849), who wrote "The History of Scotland;" Henry Hallam (1777-1859), who wrote "View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages," "The Constitutional History of England," and "Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries;" George Grote (1794-1871),

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who wrote "History of Greece; Thomas Arnold (17951842), who wrote "The History of Rome;" Earl Stanhope (1805-1875), who wrote a History of the War of Succession in Spain," and a "History of England;" Sir William Napier (1785-1860), who wrote a "History of the War in the Peninsula; "Sharon Turner (1768-1847), who wrote "The History of England;" and finally, highest in artistic skill and in popular renown, Lord Macaulay, who wrote "The History of England."

16. Among English biographers for this period, probably the greatest is John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854), who wrote "Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart." Another very eminent biographer is William Roscoe (1753-1831), who wrote Lives of " Lorenzo de' Medici," and "Leo the Tenth." A noble specimen of biography is "Shakespeare and His Times," by Nathan Drake (1766-1836).

CHAPTER XX.

FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: SCHOLARS, PHILOSOPHERS, THEOLOGIANS, AND MEN OF SCIENCE.

1. Scholars: Richard Porson; Isaac Disraeli; Thomas F. Dibdin; George L. Craik : John Payne Collier.-2. Philosophers: Dugald Stewart; Thomas Brown; Sir James Mackintosh; Sir William Hamilton; Richard Whately.-3. Theologians: Robert Hall; Thomas Chalmers; Augustus William Hare; Julius Charles Hare: Edward B. Pusey; John Keble; John Henry Newman; Thomas Arnold; Frederick D. Maurice; Frederick W. Robertson.-4. Men of Political Science: Jeremy Bentham; T. R. Malthus; David Ricardo; Nassau W. Senior. - 5. Men of Physical Science: Sir William Herschel; Sir Humphry Davy; Michael Fara day; Mary Somerville; Sir Charles Lyell; Hugh Miller.

1. Richard Porson (1759-1808) was an eminent Greek scholar, and edited Euripides and Eschylus. After his death were published his writings under the titles of "Porsoni Adversaria," and, "Tracts and Miscellaneous Criticisms.” Isaac Disraeli (1766-1848) was remarkable for a minute and extensive knowledge of literature and literary men. His principal works are "Curiosities of Literature," "Calamities of Authors," "Quarrels of Authors," and "Amenities of Literature." Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776-1847) was a champion and example of bibliomania. His most noted works are "Bibliomania; or, Book-Madness;" "A Bibliographical, Antiquarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany," "The Library Companion," and “An Introduction to the Knowledge of rare and valuable editions of the Greek and Latin Classics." George Lillie Craik (1799-1866) wrote “The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties," History of Literature and Learning in England," "Romance of the Peerage," and "The English of Shakespeare." John Payne Collier (1789) is most noted for his writings upon topics connected with Shakespeare. He has published "History of English Dramatic Poetry," Memoirs of the Principal Actors in Shakespeare's Plays," New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare," an edition of "Shakespeare's Works," and "A Bibliographical Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language."

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2. Dugald Stewart (1753-1828) published "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind," Philosophical Essays," "Outlines of Moral Philosophy," and "The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man." Thomas Brown (1778-1820) published the "Phi

losophy of Kant," "An Enquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect," and "Lectures on the Philosophy of the Mind." Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832) published, besides works in history, biography, and politics, a "Dissertation on Ethical Philosophy," and "A Discourse on the Study of the Law of Nature and Nations." Sir William Hamilton (1788-1856) wrote "Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education, and University Reform," "Lectures on Logic," and "Lectures on Metaphysics."

Richard Whately (1787-1863) published a multitude

of works, of which the following may be noted here: "The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Matters of Religion," "Elements of Logic," "Elements of Rhetoric," "Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon," and "Introductory Lectures on Political Economy."

3. Robert Hall (1764–1831) was remarkable for his eloquence in the pulpit, and for the wonderful powers of reasoning which his sermons displayed. His discourses were published in six volumes, in 1831-33. Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) was the other great pulpit-orator and profound theologian of that period. His works, which are very numerous, deal with physical science, political economy, mental philosophy, as well as with Biblical learning, and divinity. His most popular work is "Astronomical Discourses." The brothers Augustus William Hare (1792-1834) and Julius Charles Hare (1796-1855), both clergymen, published "Guesses at Truth," besides many other works. A great movement in English thought, in the direction of Catholicity in the Anglican Church, was effected by the writings of Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800), of John Keble (1792-1866), and of John Henry Newman (1801). A movement in the direction of theological liberalism in the Anglican Church was promoted by the writings of Thomas Arnold of Rugby, of Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–72), and of Frederick William Robertson (1816-53).

4. The departments of political economy, jurisprudence, and social science, are represented by many great writers. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) published "A Fragment on Government," "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation," "The Rationale of Judicial Evidence," and many other works. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) published "An Essay on the Principle of Population," and other writings on political economy. David Ricardo (1772-1823) published works on the Currency, on Rent, and on "The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation." Nassau William Senior (17901864) published "Introductory Lectures on Political Economy," "On Foreign Poor-Laws and Laborers," and "Treatise on Political Economy."

5. In physical science, the great writers were Sir William Herschel (1738-1822); Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829); Michael Faraday (1794-1867); Mary Somerville (1780-1872); Sir Charles Lyell (17971875); and Hugh Miller (1802–1856).

CHAPTER XXI.

SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: CONCLUSION.

1. OUR studies upon English literature, beginning with Cadmon in the seventh century, have now come to their necessary end in that portion of the nineteenth century in which we live, and in which the actors and the writers are very near to us, and are covered by the dust of contemporary conflicts and by the mist of contemporary opinions. We are upon the battle-field itself; the battle is still going on around us; we see here and there noble soldiers fighting bravely, and doing grand deeds; but in the trampling of so many feet, in the shouts of so many voices, in the hurrying this way and that of armed and of disarmed hosts, we cannot tell either just what all these movements mean, or just how this particular battle will end, or just what is the measure of praise or of blame that should be given to each one who is having a hand in it.

2. Some indication of the substance of English literature since the middle of this century may be gathered from the following record in the form of Annals:

1850. Alfred Tennyson becomes Laureate, In Memoriam. Robert Browning, Christmas-eve and Easter-day. Dickens, David Copperfield; Household Words established. Thackeray, The Kickleburys on the Rhine, Rebecca and Rowena. Leigh Hunt, Autobiography. Douglas Jerrold, The Catspaw. Harriet Martineau, History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace. Thomas Carlyle, Latter-Day Pamphlets. Elizabeth C. Gaskell, Moorland Cottage. E. B. Lytton, Harold. Thomas Lovell Beddoes, Death's Jest-Book. Alexander Dyce, Edition of Marlowe. Wilkie Collins, Antonina. Sydney Dobell, The Roman. Francis W. Newman, Phases of Faith. F. D. Maurice, Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, Part i. Charles Merivale, History of the Romans under the Empire, 7 vols. (1850-61).

1851. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Casa Guidi Windows. John

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