in which the institution was called a college. This new organization led to opposition from the trustees of the school fund; but it was found that the existence of the two could be kept distinct, though they are now established under the direction of the same board of trustees. Lord Dartmouth gave name to the college to which, from his interest in the school, he was opposed. Governor Wentworth was the warm friend of the new college, which received grants of land, and was located at Hanover near the Connecticut river. Eleazer Wheelock. In 1770, Dr. Wheelock, approaching the age of sixty, left Lebanon, and commenced his new work in the wilderness. His family and the students at first lived in log huts on the clearing. The Memoirs of Dr. Wheelock give an interesting sketch of the novelties of the college life. Upon a circular area of six acres the pines were felled, and in all directions covered the ground to the height of about five feet. One of these was two hundred and seventy feet in height. Paths of communication were cut through them. The lofty tops of the surrounding forests were often seen bending before the northern tempest, while the air below was still and piercing. The snow lay four feet in depth between four and five months. The sun was invisible by reason of the trees, until risen many degrees above the horizon. In this secluded retreat and in these humble dwellings, this enterprising colony passed a long and dreary winter. The students pursued their studies with diligence; contentment and peace were not interrupted, even by murmurers.* A two-story college was erected, and in 1771 four students graduated, one of whom was John Wheelock, son of the first, and the future President of the College. Another was Levi Frisbie, father of the poet, and himself a writer of verses, in some of which he has celebrated the peculiar circumstances in which his Alma Mater was founded. "Forlorn thus youthful Dartmouth trembling stood, Memoirs of the Rev. Eleazer Wheelock, Founder of Dartmouth, by M'Clure and Elijah Parish, 1:11. Then humbly rais'd them to the pitying skies. Joy lights all faces with a cheerful air; After ten years' government of the college the first president, Wheelock, died in 1779, aged sixty-eight. He was succeeded in the college government by his son John Wheelock, who was educated at Hanover, one of the first fruits of the college, and had been a tutor till the breaking out of the Revolution, when he led an active military life with Stark and Gates till his father's death recalled him from the army. In 1782 he was sent by the trustees to Europe for the collection of funds and the promotion of the college interests, which had not escaped the depression of the war. He carried with him letters from Washington, who had known and esteemed him as a Revolutionary officer, from the French Minister Luzerne to the Count de Vergennes. Arriving in France, Dr. Franklin and John Adams gave him introductions to the Netherlands, where a considerable sum of money was given by the Prince of Orange and others. In England he arranged the interrupted funds of the school-foundation, procured philosophical instruments and other valuable donations, and on his return to America, after suffering in a severe storm on the banks of Newfoundland, was wrecked on Cape Cod, barely escaping with life to the shore. The college property coming afterwards was saved. Dr. Wheelock's exertions were next directed to the erection of a college edifice by the further collection of funds and other co-operation, for which the institution was greatly indebted to him. He also discharged the duties of professor of history. After thirty-six years' occupancy of his position his connexion with the institution was violently closed. The college was managed by a body of trustees, created by the charter, who filled vacancies in their number. In 1815 they drew attention upon themselves by an act memorable not only in its immediate but in its ultimate consequences, as affecting the position of the college and determining a great question of legal and constitutional right. Differences in the college with the trustees, and questions of religious opinion, led them in that year to remove Dr. Wheelock from the presidency. A large portion of the public affected to be outraged at the proceeding. Governor William Plummer invited the attention of the state legislature to the subject, who, asserting their claim to alter or amend a charter of which they were the guardians, in From a poem "On the Rise and Progress of Moor's Indian Charity School (now incorporated with Dartmouth College) its removal and settlement in Hanover, and the founding a Church in the same, by one of Dr. Wheelock's pupils, educated in said school, and now a member of said college, preparing for a mission among the Indians." It is printed in the notes to M'Clure and Parish's Memoirs of Wheelock. Dartmouth College. 1816 passed acts creating a new corporation. Nine trustees to be appointed by the governor and council, were added to the old body, the corporate title changed to Dartmouth University, and the property vested in the new board. The old tru tees set all this legislation at naught, and keeping up their organization commenced an action for the recovery of the college property. It was decided against them by Chief-Justice Richardson in the Superior Court of the state, and thence carried to the Supreme Court of the United States before Chief-Justice Marshall, where in 1819 the judgment was reversed, and the great principle of the inviolability of chartered corporate property fully established. It was in this cause that Daniel Webster, at the age of thirtyfive, made the commencement of his great reputation as a constitutional lawyer.* He had become a graduate of the college seventeen years before, in 1801, and had argued the cause for the plaintiffs in the highest state court. Mr. Ticknor has described the effect of his argument for the rights of the trustees and the college in the Supreme Court:-" He opened his cause with perfect simplicity in the general statement of its facts, and then went on to unfold the topics of his argument in a lucid order, which made every position sustain every other. The logic and the law were rendered irresistible. As he advanced, his heart warmed to the subject and the occasion. Thoughts and feelings that had grown old with his best affections rose unbidden to his lips. He remembered that the institution he was defending was the one where his own youth had been nurtured; and the moral tenderness and beauty this gave to the grandeur of his thoughts, the sort of religious sensibility it imparted to his ur-, gent appeals and demands for the stern fulfilment of what law and justice required, wrought up the whole audience to an extraordinary state of excitement." Joseph Hopkinson of Philadelphia, who was engaged on the same side with him, wrote to President Brown on the decision-"I would advise you to inscribe over the door of your institution, founded by Eleazer Wheelock: Edward Everett's Biog. Memoir. Webster's Works, 1. xlviii. + An article by George Ticknor, in the American Quarterly Review for June, 1531. refounded by DANIEL WEBSTER."* In this case Webster was the associate of Jeremiah Smith and Jeremiah Mason; opposed to John Holmes of Maine, William Pinckney and William Wirt of Maryland. The local agitation which this interference with the college excited was prodigious. Rival newspapers waged furious war, the Dartmouth Gazette and the Portsmouth Oracle in behalf of the college, and the New Hampshire Patriot for the popular opposition.t Religious and political antipathies lent their aid to the controversy. In the midst of the difficulties President Wheelock, who had been restored by the new board of the university, died within two months after that event, in April, 1817, at the age of sixty-three. In 1816, an important pamphlet, of which Dr. Wheelock furnished the material, appeared, which was an entrenched garrison of facts and statements for the support of his friends and attacks of his enemies. It was entitled, "Sketches of the History of Dartmouth College and Moor's Charity School, with a particular account of some late remarkable proceedings of the Board of Trustees, from the year 1779 to the year 1815." It is given by Allen, who married his daughter, as the composition of Wheelock. It is well written. He also published a eulogy on Dr. Smith, the classical professor of the College, and Allen tells us that he prepared further a large historical work, still remaining in manuscript. He was a laborious student, rising early, and abstemious. Francis Brown was the regular successor appointed by the Trustees on the removal of Wheelock in 1815. He was a native of New Hamp shire, born in 1784, a graduate of the College, and subsequently pastor of the church in North Yarmouth, Maine. Succeeding Wheelock in the presidency of Dartmouth, he carried the College by his exertions successfully through its difficult period of conflict. His serious illness followed close upon the decision of the important college question. He travelled for his health, but shortly returned to die at Hanover, July 27, 1820. He left a few published discourses, among which were a defence of Calvin and an Address on Music, delivered before the Handel Society of Dartmouth College in 1809. Dr. Brown was succeeded by the Rev. Daniel Dana, who retained the office but one year, when the Rev. Bennet Tyler succeeded, and, upon his resignation in 1828, the present incumbent, the Rev. Nathan Lord, received the appointment. The Triennial Catalogue of 1852, and the Catalogue of Officers and Students for the Academical year 1854-5, exhibit the Institution in s flourishing condition as to the extent of studies pursued, and the number of students availing themselves of the .iberal advantages presented. The College comprises a faculty of Arts and Medicine, a separate course of Scientific Instruc Life of President Brown, by the Rev. Henry Wood. Am. Quar. Reg. vii. 188. + History of New Hampshire, from its discovery in 1614 to the passage of the Toleration Act in 1819, by George Barstow, 2d ed. 1853. Biog. Dict., article John Wheelock. Any one who wishes to pursue this angry discussion may find abundant materials in a "Candid Analytical Review of the Sketches," an answer, by Josiah Dunham, to the "Vindication" of the Trustees, among the pamphlets of the times. SAMUEL LOW. tion, while Moor's school still remains a distinct and independent corporation, furnishing an Academical department. The Professorships of the Greek and Latin Languages and Literature are respectively held by the Rev. John N. Putnam and E. D. Sanborn. Lectures are delivered to the Senior Class by the President, on the studies of the year; by Professor Ira Young on Natural Philosophy and Astronomy to the Juniors, by Professor Oliver Payson Hubbard, M.D., on Chemistry and Geology to the Seniors, and on Mineralogy to the Juniors; by Professor Clement Long, D.D., on Intellectual Philosophy to the Seniors, by Professor Samuel Gilman Brown, D.D., on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres to the Seniors and Juniors, by Professor Edwin David Sanborn on History to the Sophomores, by Professor Daniel James Noyes, D.D., on Theology and Moral Philosophy to the Seniors and Juniors; by Professor E. D. Peaslee, M.D., on Anatomy and Physiology to the Seniors. The Hon. Joel Parker holds the chair of Medical Jurisprudence to the Faculty. The Rev. Dr. Roswell Shurtleff, who was Professor of Moral Philosophy from 1827 to 1838, has since that time reached Emeritus. The Rev. Charles B. Haddock was Professor of Rhetoric from 1819 to 1838, and afterwards of Intellectual Philosophy and Political Economy. He has since held a foreign appointment from 1851 to 1853, as Chargé d'Affaires at Lisbon. In 1846 he published a Collection of Addresses and Miscellaneous Writings. Dr. Oliver Wendall Holmes was Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1840. The Chandler Scientific School was founded by a bequest of Abiel Chandler, late of Walpole, N. H., and formerly of Boston, Mass., who gave fifty thousand dollars to be invested, and the income applied to "the establishment and support of a permanent department or school of instruction in the College, in the practical and useful arts of life, comprised chiefly in the branches of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, the Invention and Manufacture of Machinery, Carpentry, Masonry, Architecture and Drawing, the Investigation of the Properties and Uses of the Materials employed in the Arts, the Modern Languages and English Literature, together with Book-keeping, and such other branches of knowledge as may best qualify young persons for the duties and employments of active life." These studies are embraced in a regular course of three years, and the scholars pursuing them are entitled to a degree of Bachelor in Science. The various libraries connected with the College have an aggregate of more than thirty thousand volumes. By the enumeration of the Catalogue, it appears that the whole number of the alumni in 1852 was 2,719, of whom 1,697 were then living. Six hundred and eighty-four of these had become Ministers of the Gospel. SAMUEL LOW. FROM the concluding couplet of one of the author's poems, dated December 11, 1785"Yes, twice ten years ago to-morrow night, Began to breathe the rhyming, moon-struck wight"— we may place the date of his birth December 12, 1765. collection opens with an ode on the death of General Washington, which was recited by Hodgkinson in the New York Theatre, January 8, 1800. It contains a number of other poems addressed to Washington, and several patriotic effusions on the fourth of July and the adoption of the constitution. Themes of a private and familiar, as well as a public nature, attracted his ready muse. "A Glass of Wine,” and “ A Cigar," are honored like Anna, Portia, Fraternus, and others, with a sonnet a-piece; while the births, marriages, and deaths of his family and friends are commemorated more at length. A few humorous trifles towards the close of the second volume bear the title of "Juvenile Levities." The most elaborate effort of the collection is a descriptive poem of some length on Winter. The picture of the cottage fireside is pleasing. THE WINTER FIRESIDE. While uproar now incessant reigns without, Or if some wit or humorist be there, By aught of taste that guides the cultured mind, Itself to all things, with resemblance apt; Thus Winter glides, and thus their lives are spent. ON A SPRING OF WATER IN KINGS COUNTY, LONG ISLAND. When parch'd by thirst, and faint with heat, Each shrub that here luxuriant grows, My ears are charm'd, regal'd mine eyes; Like Kais* were you doom'd to roam And found nor shade nor fountain there; See D'Israeli's romance of Mejnoun and Leila. Your wasting frame with fever fir'd, Your arid tongue consum'd by thirst, Beneath this lovely willow's shade, A scene delectable like this Beneath a scorching vertie sun, A fearful distance still to run, Oft does the famish'd suff'rer dream Of this translucent Spring beware; JOHN S. J. GARDINER. JOHN SYLVESTER JOHN GARDINER, the Rector of Trinity Church in Boston, the author of nume rous published discourses, and the imputed writer of the political-poetical tract of the Jacobiniad, was born of American parentage in South Wales, at Haverford West, in 1765. His father, John Gardiner, the son of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, was a native of Boston, who was sent to be educated in England, and who studied law at the Temple. In London he became the intimate of Churchill the satirist, and the acquaintance of Lord Mansfield. His participation in the liberal measures of the day as junior counsel in the Wilkes case, marked his future political principles. Having married in Wales, he left Great Britain in 1766, with the appointment of attorney-general to the island of St. Christopher, remaining in the West Indies till after the Revolution, when, in 1783, he removed to Boston. He delivered a Fourth of July Oration in 1785 for the town authorities of Boston. next settled at Pownalboro, in Maine, whence he was sent to the Legislature of Massachusetts. He In 1792, he delivered a speech in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, on the subject of the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the Expediency of repealing the law against Theatrical Exhibitions within this Commonwealth, in which he maintained with spirit, good humor, and a considerable array of learning, the rights of the stage. He was assisted in his reading on the subject by Thaddeus Mason Harris and others, and his numerous quotations extend over Greek and Roman literature as well as the recent English poetry. A passage will show the ardor with which he entered upon the matter. "The illiberal, unmanly, and despotic act, which now prohibits theatrical exhibitions among us, to me, sir, appears to be the brutal, monstrous spawn of a sour, morose, malignant, and truly benighted superstition, which, with her impenetrable fogs, hath but too long begloomed and disgraced this rising country!- country by nature,intended for the production and cultivation of sound reason, and of an enlightened, manly freedom! From the same detestable, canting, hypocritic spirit was generated that abominable Hutchinsonian WARDEN ACT, which hath twice, in my time, been reprobated by the House of Representatives, who passed two several bills for its repeal; although, it seems. it could not be given up by certain Simon Pures, the sanctified zealots of former senates. It is to be lamented that this hypocritic, unconstitutional act is still permitted to disgrace our statute book; while every man who has duly investigated the sacred principles of civil liberty contemns, and, with the enlightened town of Boston, abhors, and pays not the smallest respect, the least attention, to this abominable impotent act. Notwithstanding Boston annually refuses to choose the tyrannical wardens, I would ask, where, under the sun, are there on the Sabbath day, a more decent, orderly people than the inhabitants of this great commercial sea-faring town, who thus continue to treat with due contempt that hypocritic nefarious act."* The law dated from the year 1750. Gardiner, assisted by Dr. Jarvis, to whom he gave the epithet of "the towering Bald Eagle of the Boston seat," was unsuccessful in his advocacy of the petition. The law remained in force. Samuel Adams and Benjamin Austin opposed the repeal. The latter, says Dunlap. quoting Dramatic Reminiscences in the New England Magazine, wrote a series of essays to prove that Shakespeare had no genius. William Tudor and Charles Jarvis supported stage exhibitions. In 1792, the matter was circumvented by an exhibition room which introduced the lower rak of theatrical performances. The next year the law was repealed.-Dunlap's Am. Theatre, ch. xi. To this speech was appended "A Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of the Romans; with Incidental Observations on certain Superstitions," &c. Gardiner was drowned off Cape Ann, in a storm, Oct. 1793, when he was on his way to the General Court of Massachusetts, leaving the reputation of a man of energy as a politician and speaker. His son had been taken in his childhood to Boston for education. On the breaking out of the Revolution he returned to his father in the West Indies, and was sent at the age of eleven to England, where he passed six years under the instruction of Dr. Parr. Ile rejoined his father, and shortly proceeded with him to Boston. At first he directed his attention to the law, but soon attached himself to divinity, receiving his ordination in 1787 from Bishop Provoost at New York. He began preaching at Beaufort, S. C. In 1792 he was appointed assistant minister of Trinity Church on the Greene foundation, and in 1805, on the death of Bishop Parker, became Rector,relinquishing at this time the charge of a grammar-school which he had conducted on an exact and critical model in the studies of Latin and Greek, in which he was a proficient. His religious tenets thus differed from those of his father, who had been instrumental in effecting the change of the English liturgy in the Book of Common Prayer in King's Chapel, by omitting the allusions to the Trinity. Dr. Gardiner, the divine was a staunch advocate of Episcopacy, and a zealous Federalist, warm in his attachment to England. His numerous published Discourses always furnish indications of his acumen, extensive reading, and independent judgment. He was a good hater of the French school of politicians of his day, of which proof may be found in his discourses as well as in the satire of the Jacobiniad. The latter was communicated in a series of numbers to the Federal Orrery. Under cover of a review of a pretended poem, "The Jacobiniad," of which extracts were furnished, the liberal clubs of Boston, with their members, were sharply satirized. The papers were afterwards collected together and published with several vigorous etchings of spirit-probably the best things of the kind which had then appeared in the country. In a Fast Day Sermon at Trinity Church, in 1808, Gardiner thus expressed his view of the relations of the country towards France and England. Though submissive and even servile to France, to Great Britain we are eager to display our hatred and hurl our defiance. The American eagle, though meek as a dove before the Gallic cock, yet to the British lion will present the "terrors of his beak, the lightnings of his eye," and the strength of his *Remarks on the Jacobiniad: revised and corrected by the author; and embellished with caricatures. Part First. Well may they dread the Muse's fatal skill:Well may they tremble, when she draws her quill; Her magic quill, that, like Ithuriel's spear, Reveals the cloven hoof, or lengthened ear; Gives fools and demagogues their natural shapes; Makes Austins crocodiles-and Vinals, pes; Drags the vile Clubbist from his dark abode, Till all the demon starts up from the toad. Printed at Boston, by E. W. Weld and W. Greenough, 1795, 8vo. pp. 54 |