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accordingly acoustic adjective alphabet ancient appears borrowing bound form century class-meaning consists consonant constituents construction CRUZ define derived dialects diphthongs distinctive Dutch example exocentric factors finite verb finite verb expression foreign form-class French Germanic languages Gothic grammatical Grammatik Greek guages habit hearer Indo-European languages inflectional instance irregular isoglosses Italian Latin lexical linguistic linguistic change linguistic form meaning Menomini Middle English modern morpheme morphologic native neo-grammarian non-distinctive non-syllabic noun occur Old English Old High German Old Norse older persons phonemes phonetic change phrase plural position Primitive Germanic Primitive Indo-European pronoun pronunciation replaced resemblance Romance languages Russian sandhi Sanskrit secondary phonemes semantic singular Slavic sound sound-change speak speaker speech speech-community speech-forms speech-sounds spirants spoken standard language stops stress structure substantive substitutes suffix syllable symbols syntactic Tagalog tagmemes taxemes tion underlying form unstressed unvoiced utterance variants voiced vowel writing written records