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minimum disturbance to the environment. Such experts will be utilized in the areas of marine biology, plant botany, noise and pollution abatement, archeology and other disciplines as may be needed. These consultants would also be used to provide advice relative to the ecological environment in the period before, during, and after construction of the facilities to assure complete consideration of pertinent, appropriate factors.

One example would be the use of consultants to make an ecological survey and profile of the area, including the waters of the bay, before operations were begun, to establish a base for environmental monitoring.

Specific Environmental Design Concepts

The following design concepts will be employed to assure that all the facilities to be constructed afford maximum pollution and environmental protection.

1. Dock Facilities

a.

The projected design of three berths and the adequate sizing of
offshore pipe lines will enable a ship's pumps to discharge at high
rates without requiring high pump head pressures. Discharge at
the dock will be through large diameter hydraulically operated
unloading arms. Each arm will be equipped with quick disconnect
couplings, enabling a vessel to be moved quickly away from the

dock area in event of an emergency.

b. Adequate ballast handling and treating facilities will be provided.

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c.

d.

e.

f.

Bunkering and ship's boiler/drinking water will be provided.

The petroleum unloading, ballasting and bunkering facilities
will be designed as independent self-contained systems.

The ship's sea valves will be closed and lashed to insure that

no discharges can be made into the bay during unloading,
ballasting, or bunkering operations.

A tug will be standing by during unloading operation to deploy
oil spill containment booms and provide fire fighting equipment,
if either should be required. A supply of approved dispersants

and absorbents will also be available on the dock.

g.

h.

Dock lighting will meet or exceed U. S. Coast Guard requirements.
Traffic control systems and the latest radar and radio equipment
will be installed; a Doppler System will be incorporated to provide
as fine a control as is possible during berthing operation of a
vessel. Infra-red sensors will also be used to assist in detecting
any spills during night operations.

The International Oil Tanker and Terminal Safety Guide (I.O.T.T.S.G.)

recommendations will be applied at the terminal as the minimum

operating standards.

2. Offshore and Onshore Pipe Lines

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a.

b.

C.

d.

e.

Existing industry specifications and codes will be used for the design, construction and operation of these pipe lines. These specifications and codes have complete industry and government acceptance and would include those of the American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and the pipe line design codes of the U. S. Department of Trans portation (DOT).

The onshore pipe line will be constructed along existing right-of-
ways where feasible, avoiding the coastal marshlands wherever

possible.

The onshore and offshore lines will be buried at depths sufficient to provide ample protective cover. Before being laid, the line pipe will be pressure tested and X-rayed to detect and correct any flaws. After installation, the lines will be hydrostatically tested at pressures above operating pressures.

The pipe will be externally coated to prevent corrosion. Additionally, cathodic protective devices will be installed to prevent corrosion during operation.

Automatic shut-off valves at appropriate intervals will be installed

and the line continuously monitored for quick shut down of the

facilities in event of emergencies.

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3. Onshore Storage Facilities

a.

b.

The onshore storage tanks will be welded steel with floating roofs to minimize emission of hydrocarbon vapors.

The tanks will be enclosed with dikes to contain any possible

oil spill. Storm waters entrained in the dike area will be filtered through a separating facility before release to remove

any oil contamination.

c.

A foam system will be provided to blanket the tanks with foam in case of fire. Appropriate fire codes and regulations will be followed in locating tanks and designing dikes and fire foam

facilities.

d. Ballast treating facilities will consist of gravity settling, followed by chemical and air flocculation. The treated ballast water will meet Federal and State of Delaware water quality standards before any release of treated ballast is made.

e.

Fresh water usage at the terminal will be minimal.

f.

Proper and adequate sanitary facilities will be provided

including facilities necessary to receive ship generated sewage

and waste.

4. Environmental Aspects of Marine Traffic

15

We believe the use of VLCC's will actually lessen the risks of spills

and marine emergencies throughout the length of the Delaware River. Two

of the major reasons for this are:

a.

b.

The use of larger vessels significantly lessens the danger
of accidental collisions inherent in the use of far greater
number of smaller vessels to carry the same equivalent
cargo. The implementation of this project will result in
a substantial reduction of smaller sized tanker traffic

along the Delaware River as shown in Figure III, Page 16.

Large tankers mean fewer tankers with less possibility of
collisions and groundings. Fewer tankers mean fewer cargo
transfers. The project would confine the VLCC's to a specific
part of the lower Delaware Bay rather than requiring these
tankers to traverse the entire area. This single location can

be most effectively managed and supervised.

Economic Benefits from the Project

The Delaware Bay Project is designed to realize the economies of large scale long distance transportation of crude oil in VLCC's. As such, the primary economic benefit of this project to both the oil industry and the East Coast consumer is the potential for minimizing the transportation cost of foreign oil to East Coast refineries. These potential savings in transportation are particularly significant considering the recent and projected increases in the cost of foreign oil.