Subvocals, represented by consonants, are sounds that have tone, but are inferior to vocals in fullness. A consonant can not be named without the aid of a vowel, as b is named in the alphabet, be. Hence the term consonant, sounded with.

Aspirates, represented by consonants, are sounds with

out tone.

Letters are characters to represent articulate sounds.

III. DIACRITICAL MARKS OF CONSONANTS..

[As given in Webster's Dictionary.]

In concert drill-exercises on the following table, observe the following directions:

1. Pronounce each word distinctly, and then give, forcibly, the phonic spelling.

2. Repeat, forcibly, each subvocal and aspirate three times, thus-b, b, b; d, d, d, etc.

3. After concert drill, require each pupil, in turn, to give the sounds.

b.-bib, babe, bee, ĕbb, mob, rob, sob, eŏb.
d.—dĭd, dŭg, děad, ŏdd, dread, dīed, said, běd.

g.-gag, gig, grog, get, girl, gills, giggle.

j.—joy, just, jõğ, gill, ġěm, ġin, gin'ġer.
1.—lŭll, lõll, mill, bell, sāle, boil, toil, soil.
m.—măn, mãim, măm, dăm, răm, some.
n.—nŭn, none, noun, nāme, run, ğăn.
r (rough).-rude, rule, room, rōod, rōll, rōar.
r (smooth).—ôr, ōre, mōre, ōar, yēar, deer.
v.—vălve, vāle, vīne, live, of, veer, võte.
w.-will, wōe, wē, wine, wět, wind, wood.
y.—yes, yet, you, yăm, yärn, yōke, yacht.
z.-zōne, ooze, lose, nose, blaze, craze.
zh.-āzure, measure, pleasure, treasure.
th.-thy, thīne, this, with, blithe, bathe.
ng—kăng, răng, răng, răng, săng, săng, sùng.
n.—ink, link, think, wink, blink.
X=gz.-exist, example, exhôrt, exhaust.

II. ASPIRATES.

f-fife, If, fill, beef, buff, off, läugh.
h.-how, home, hill, had, here, hair, hail.
k, e, eh.-kill, kick, eake, eome, ehyle, ehyme.
p.-pīpe, rīpe, pup, pop, pip, peep.

s.—sauce, çêase, çīte, çell, sense, çents.
t.-too, dot, tilt, trot, trust, twit, wit.
sh, çh.—shåll, shăm, răsh, dăsh, çhāise, çhūte.
ch.—chăn, chóp, rich, ditch, church, birch.
th.—thin, thick, pĭth, teeth, truth, youth.

x = ks.―box, fox, locks, věx, něcks, tăx, lăx, wăx.

V. MISCELLANEOUS HINTS.

1. Do not be over-particular about a heavy articula tion of the d in and. The d should be sounded, but not so painfully emphasized as to become an elocutionary affectation.

2. Th is vocal, as in thine, in the following plurals: baths, laths, paths, moths, cloths, oaths, mouths, swaths, wreaths, booths; and in blithe, lithe, with, and beneath.

II. VOCALS AND EQUIVALENTS.

[Arranged according to the natural order of their formation by the organs of speech.]

III. SUBVOCALS AND ASPIRATES.

[Arranged according to the natural order of their formation by the organs of speech.]

II. SUBTONICS WITHOUT COGNATES.

m.-m-ai-m, ǎ-m.

n.-n-u-n, n-i-ne. 1.-1-ŭ-ll, oi-1.

r (rough).—r-ule, r-oom.
r (smooth).-ō-re, mō-re.
ng.-si-ng, ri-ng.

IV. TABLE OF CONSONANT SOUNDS.

[Classified according to their formation by the organs of speech.]

In order to secure correct and forcible articulation, it may be desirable to call the attention of pupils to the position of the organs of speech in making the consonant sounds. Teachers can do this without any detailed instructions in print.