material point, of inserting a clause [that she was not a principal, but an accessary before the fact, by the instigation of base persons.] Her friends think long to have it despatched, which I marvel not at, for that in matter of life moments are numbered. I do more and more take contentment in his majesty's choice of Sir Oliver St. John, for his deputy of Ireland, finding, upon divers conferences with him, his great sufficiency; and I hope the good intelligence, which he purposeth to hold with me by advertisements from time to time, shall work a good effect for his majesty's service. PAPERS RELATING TO THE EARL OF ESSEX. THE APOLOGY OF SIR FRANCIS BACON, IN CERTAIN IMPUTATIONS CONCERNING THE LATE EARL OF ESSEX. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HIS VERY GOOD LORD, THE EARL OF DEVONSHIRE, LORD LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND. Ir may please your good lordship, I cannot be ignorant, and ought to be sensible of the wrong which I sustain in common speech, as if I had been false or unthankful to that noble, but unfortunate earl, the Earl of Essex: and for satisfying the vulgar sort, I do not so much regard it; though I love a good name, but yet as a handmaid and attendant of honesty and virtue. For I am of his opinion that said pleasantly, "That it was a shame to him that was a suitor to the mistress, to make love to the waiting-woman;" and, therefore, to woo or court common fame, otherwise than it followeth on honest courses, I, for my part, find not myself fit or disposed. But, on the other side, there is no worldly thing that concerneth myself, which I hold more dear, than the good opinion of certain persons; among which, there is none I would more willingly give satisfaction unto, than to your lordship. First, because you loved my Lord of Essex, and, therefore, will not be partial towards me, which is part of that I desire: next, because it hath ever pleased you to show yourself to me an honourable friend, and so no baseness in me to seek to satisfy you: and, lastly, because I know your lordship is excellently grounded in the true rules and habits of duties and moralities, which must be they which shall decide this matter; wherein, my lord, my defence needeth to be but simple and brief; namely, that whatsoever I did concerning that action and pro ceeding, was done in my duty and service to the queen and the state; in which I would not show myself false-hearted, nor faint-hearted, for any man's sake living. For every honest man that hath his heart well planted, will forsake his king, rather than forsake God, and forsake his friend, rather than forsake his king; and, yet, will forsake any earthly commodity, yea, and his own life, in some cases, rather than forsake his friend. I hope the world hath not forgotten these degrees, else the heathen saying, “ Amicus usque ad aras,” shall judge them. 66 And if any man shall say, I did officiously intrude myself into that business, because I had no ordinary place; the like may be said of all the business, in effect, that passed the hands of the learned counsel, either of state or revenues, these many years, wherein I was continually used. For, as your lordship may remember, the queen knew her strength so well, as she looked her word should be a warrant; and, after the manner of the choicest princes before her, did not always tie her trust to place, but did sometime divide private favour from office. And I, for my part, though I was not so unseen in the world, but I knew the condition was subject to envy and peril; yet, because I knew again she was constant in her favours, and made an end where she began; and, especially, because she upheld me with extraordinary access, and other demonstrations of confidence and grace, I resolved to endure it in expectation of better. But my scope and desire is, that your lordship would be pleased to have the honourable patience to know the truth, in some particularity, of all that passed in this cause, wherein I had any part; that you may perceive how honest a heart I ever bare to my sovereign, and to my country, and to that nobleman, who had so well deserved of me, and so well accepted of my deservings, whose fortune I cannot remember, without much grief. But, for any action of mine towards him, there is nothing that passed me in my lifetime, that cometh to my remembrance with more clearness, and less check of conscience: for it will appear to your lordship, that I was not only not opposite to my Lord of Essex, but that I did occupy the utmost of my wits, and adventure my fortune with the queen, to have reintegrated his, and so continued faithfully and industriously, till his last fatal impatience, for so I will call it, after which day there was not time to work for him; though the same, my affection, when it could not work on the subject proper, went to the next, with no ill effect towards some others, who, I think, do rather not know it, than not acknowledge it. And this I will assure your lordship, I will leave nothing untold, that is truth, for any enemy that I have to add; and, on the other side, I must reserve much which makes for me, in many respects of duty, which I esteem above my credit: and what I have here set down to your lordship, I protest, as I hope to have any part in God's favour, is true. It is well known, how I did many years since dedicate my travels and studies to the use, and, as I may term it, service of my Lord of Essex, which, I protest before God, I did not, making election of him as the likeliest mean of mine own advancement, but out of the humour of a man, that ever from the time I had any use of reason, whether it were reading upon good books, or upon the example of a good father, or by nature, I loved my country more than was answerable to my fortune; and I held at that time my lord to be the fittest instrument to do good to the state, and therefore I applied myself to him in a manner which I think happeneth rarely among men: for I did not only labour carefully and industriously in that he set me about, whether it were matter of advice or otherwise, but, neglecting the queen's service, mine own fortune, and in a sort my vocation, I did nothing but advise and ruminate with myself, to the best of my understanding, propositions and memorials of any thing that might concern his lordship's honour, fortune, or service. And when, not long after I entered into this course, my brother, Mr. Anthony Bacon, came from beyond the seas, being a gentleman whose ability the world taketh knowledge of for matters of state, especially foreign, I did likewise knit his service to be at my lord's disposing. And, on the other side, I must and will ever acknowledge my lord's love, trust, and favour towards me; and last of all his liberality, having infeoffed me of land which I sold for eighteen hundred pounds to Mr. Reynold Nicholas, which, I think, was more worth; and that at such a time, and with so kind and noble circumstances, as the manner was as much as the matter; which, though it be but an idle digression, yet, because I am not willing to be short in commemoration of his benefits, I will presume to trouble your lordship with relating to you the manner of it. After the queen had denied me the solicitor's place, for the which his lordship had been a long and earnest suitor on my behalf, it pleased him to come to me from Richmond to Twickenham Park, and brake with me, and said: "Mr. Bacon, the queen hath denied me the place for you, and hath placed another; I know you are the least part of your own matter, but you fare ill because you have chosen me for your mean and dependence; you have spent your time and thoughts in my matters; I die," these were his very words, "if I do not somewhat towards your fortune: you shall not deny to accept a piece of land which I will bestow upon you." My answer, I remember, was, that, for my fortune, it was no great matter; but that his lordship's offer made me call to mind what was wont to be said, when I was in France, of the Duke of Guise, that he was the greatest usurer in France, because he had turned all his estate into obligations: meaning, that he had left himself nothing, but only had bound numbers of persons to him. "Now, my lord," said I, "I would not have you imitate his course, nor turn your estate thus by great gifts into obligations, for you will find many bad debtors." He bade me take no care for that, and pressed it: whereupon I said, "My lord, I see I must be your homager, and hold land of your gift; but do you know the manner of doing homage in law? Always it is with a saving of his faith to the king and his other lords; and, therefore, my lord," said I, "I can be no more yours than I was, and it must be with the ancient savings: and if I grow to be a rich man, you will give me leave to give it back again to some of your unrewarded followers." But, to return: sure I am, though I can arrogate nothing to myself but that I was a faithful remembrancer to his lordship, that while I had most credit with him, his fortune went on best: and yet in two main points we always directly and contradictorily differed, which I will mention to your lordship, because it giveth light to all that followed. The one was, I ever set this down, that the only course to be held with the queen, was by obsequiousness and observance; and I remember I would usually engage confidently, that if he would take that course constantly, and pricked him to write that apology, which is in many men's hands. with choice of good particulars to express it, the queen would be brought in time to Ahasuerus's question, to ask, “What should be done But this difference in two points so main and to the man that the king would honour?" Mean- material, bred in process of time a discontinuance ing, that her goodness was without limit, where of privateness, as it is the manner of men seldom there was a true concurrence: which I knew, in to communicate where they think their courses her nature, to be true. My lord, on the other side, not approved, between his lordship and myself: had a settled opinion, that the queen could be so as I was not called nor advised with for some brought to nothing, but by a kind of necessity year and a half before his lordship's going into and authority; and, I well remember, when, by Ireland, as in former time; yet, nevertheless, violent courses at any time, he had got his will, touching his going into Ireland, it pleased him he would ask me, "Now, sir, whose principles expressly, and in a set manner, to desire mine be true?" And I would again say to him; "My opinion and counsel. At which time I did not only lord, these courses be like to hot waters, they dissuade, but protest against his going; telling will help at a pang; but if you use them, you him, with as much vehemency and asseveration shall spoil the stomach, and you shall be fain as I could, that absence in that kind would still to make them stronger, and stronger, and yet exulcerate the queen's mind, whereby it would in the end, they will lessen their operation;" not be possible for him to carry himself so as to with much other variety, wherewith I used to give her sufficient contentment; nor for her to carry touch that string. Another point was, that I herself so as to give him sufficient countenance: always vehemently dissuaded him from seeking which would be ill for her, ill for him, and ill for the greatness by a military dependence, or by a state. And, because I would omit no argument, I popular dependence, as that which would breed remember, I stood also upon the difficulty of the in the queen jealousy, in himself presumption, action; setting before him, out of histories, that the and, in the state, perturbation: and I did usually Irish was such an enemy as the ancient Gauls, or compare them to Icarus's two wings, which were Britons, or Germans were; and that we saw how joined on with wax, and would make him venture the Romans, who had such discipline to govern to soar too high, and then fail him at the height. their soldiers, and such donatives to encourage And I would farther say unto him; "My lord, them, and the whole world in a manner to levy stand upon two feet, and fly not upon two wings: them; yet when they came to deal with enemies, the two feet are the two kinds of justice, commu- which placed their felicity only in liberty, and tative, and distributive: use your greatness for the sharpness of their sword, and had the natural advancing of merit and virtue, and relieving elemental advantages of woods, and bogs, and wrongs and burdens; you shall need no other art hardness of bodies, they ever found they had or finesse:" but he would tell me, that opinion their hands full of them; and therefore concluded, came not from my mind, but from my robe. But that going over with such expectation as he did, it is very true, that I, that never meant to enthral and through the churlishness of the enterprise, myself to my Lord of Essex, nor any other man, not like to answer it, would mightily diminish his more than stood with the public good, did, though reputation: and many other reasons I used, so as, I could little prevail, divert him by all means I am sure, I never in any thing in my lifetime, possible from courses of the wars and popularity: dealt with him in like earnestness by speech, by for I saw plainly, the queen must either live or writing, and by all the means I could devise. die; if she lived, then the times would be as in For I did as plainly see his overthrow chained, the declination of an old prince; if she died, the as it were by destiny, to that journey, as it is times would be as in the beginning of a new; possible for any man to ground a judgment upon and that, if his lordship did rise too fast in these future contingents. But, my lord, howsoever his courses, the times might be dangerous for him, ear was open, yet his heart and resolution was and he for them. Nay, I remember, I was thus shut against that advice, whereby his ruin might plain with him upon his voyage to the islands, have been prevented. After my lord's going, I when I saw every spring put forth such actions saw then how true a prophet I was, in regard of of charge and provocation, that I said to him, the evident alteration which naturally succeeded My lord, when I came first unto you, I took you in the queen's mind; and thereupon I was still in for a physician that desired to cure the diseases watch to find the best occasion, that, in the weakof the state; but now I doubt you will be like ness of my power, I could either take or minister, those physicians which can be content to keep to pull him out of the fire, if it had been possible: their patients low, because they would always be and not long after, methought I saw some overin request." Which plainness, he, nevertheless, ture thereof, which I apprehended readily; a took very well, as he had an excellent ear, and particularity which I think to be known to very was. "patientissimus veri," and assured me the few, and the which I do the rather relate unto case of the realm required it: and I think this your lordship, because I hear it should be talked, speech of mine, and the like renewed afterwards, that while my lord was in Ireland, I revealed 66 some matters against him, or I cannot tell what; | or wrench, she should think herself enforced to which, if it were not a mere slander as the rest send you back into Ireland, but leave it to her. is, but had any, though never so little colour, Thirdly, seek access importune, opportune,' was surely upon this occasion. The queen, one seriously, sportingly, every way." I remember day at Nonesuch, a little, as I remember, before my lord was willing to hear me, but spake very Cuffe's coming over, where I attended her, showed few words, and shaked his head sometimes, as if a passionate distaste of my lord's proceedings in he thought I was in the wrong; but sure I am, Ireland, as if they were unfortunate, without he did just contrary in every one of these three judgment, contemptuous, and not without some points. After this, during the while since my private end of his own, and all that might be; lord was committed to my lord keeper's, I came and was pleased, as she spake of it to many, that divers times to the queen, as I had used to do, she trusted least, so to fall into the like speech about causes of her revenue and law business, as with me. Whereupon I, who was still awake, is well known; by reason of which accesses, and true. to my grounds, which I thought surest | according to the ordinary charities of court, it was for my lord's good, said to this effect: "Madam, given out, that I was one of them that incensed I know not the particulars of estate, and I know the queen against my Lord of Essex. These this, that princes' actions must have no abrupt speeches I cannot tell, nor I will not think, that periods or conclusions; but otherwise I would they grew any way from her majesty's own think, that if you had my Lord of Essex here speeches, whose memory I will ever honour; if with a white staff in his hand, as my Lord of they did, she is with God, and "Miserum est ab Leicester had, and continued him still about you illis lædi, de quibus non possis queri." But I for society to yourself, and for an honour and must give this testimony to my Lord Cecil, that ornament to your attendance and court, in the eyes one time, in his house at the Savoy, he dealt of your people, and in the eyes of foreign ambas- with me directly, and said to me, “ Cousin, I hear sadors, then were he in his right element; for to it, but I believe it not, that you should do some discontent him as you do, and yet to put arms ill office to my Lord of Essex; for my part, I am and power into his hands, may be a kind of merely passive, and not active, in this action; temptation to make him prove cumbersome and and I follow the queen, and that heavily, and I unruly. And, therefore, if you would imponere lead her not; my Lord of Essex is one that, in bonam clausulam,' and send for him, and satisfy nature, I could consent with, as well as with any him with honour, here near you, if your affairs, one living; the queen indeed, is my sovereign, which, as I have said, I am not acquainted with, and I am her creature, I may not lose her, and the will permit it, I think were the best way." same course I would wish you to take." WhereWhich course, your lordship knoweth, if it had upon I satisfied him how far I was from any such been taken, then all had been well, and no con- mind. And, as sometimes it cometh to pass, tempt in my lord's coming over, nor continuance that men's inclinations are opened more in a toy, of these jealousies, which that employment of than in a serious matter: a little before that time, Ireland bred, and my lord here in his former being about the middle of Michaelmas term, her greatness. Well, the next news that I heard majesty had a purpose to dine at my lodge at was, that my lord was come over, and that he Twicknam Park, at which time I had, though I was committed to his chamber for leaving Ireland profess not to be a poet, prepared a sonnet, directly without the queen's license; this was at None- tending and alluding to draw on her majesty's such, where, as my duty was, I came to his reconcilement to my lord; which, I remember, lordship, and talked with him privately about a also I showed to a great person, and one of my quarter of an hour, and he asked mine opinion of lord's nearest friends, who commended it. This, the course that was taken with him: I told him, though it be, as I said, but a toy, yet it showed "My lord, Nubecula est cito transibit;' it is but plainly in what spirit I proceeded; and that I a mist. But shall I tell your lordship, it is as was ready not only to do my lord good offices, mists are: if it go upwards, it may perhaps cause but to publish and declare myself for him: and a shower: if downwards, it will clear up. And, never was I so ambitious of any thing in my lifetherefore, good my lord, carry it so, as you take time, as I was, to have carried some token or away by all means all umbrages and distastes favour from her majesty to my lord; using all the from the queen; and especially, if I were worthy art I had, both to procure her majesty to send, to advise you, as I have been by yourself thought, and myself to be the messenger. For, as to the and now your question imports the continuance former, I feared not to allege to her, that this proof that opinion, observe three points: first, make ceeding toward my lord, was a thing towards the not this cessation or peace, which is concluded people, very unplausible; and, therefore, wished with Tyrone, as a service wherein you glory, but her majesty, however she did, yet to discharge as a shuffling up of a prosecution which was not herself of it, and lay it upon others; and, therevery fortunate. Next, represent not to the queen fore, that she should intermix her proceeding any necessity of estate, whereby, as by a coercion with some immediate graces from herself, that |