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manded, if successful in all its separate particulars, many months to accomplish.

In fact, the appellation of siege applied to our operations may almost be considered a misnomer; it may rather be said we were attacking an intrenched position. Under this view we had erred in distributing the fire of our artillery so widely, and should rather have concentrated it on those points intended to be forced; and, when the enemy's guns bearing on the ground to be advanced over were sufficiently silenced, the attempt should have been made to carry these points by assault. As the inner harbour divided the defences of the place, if an assault were made on both sides of it the garrison must have divided their force, when the two bodies could not have mutually assisted each other, the fire of the French having destroyed the bridge of boats, and commanding the whole extent of the creek or they must have left one point inadequately guarded, the forcing of which would have entailed

ultimately the loss of the whole of the defences south of the great harbour. With our very superior numbers so many points might have been threatened that the garrison must have been subdivided into many small garrisons, and the real attacks might have been made with a disparity in our favour which would have promised well for success.

But if the assault were judged impracticable, there would seem to remain for the capture of the city but one alternative; viz. to invest the place, either directly, by marching down upon the north side, or by throwing a sufficient force across the roads from Perekop and the Sea of Azoff to answer the purpose of an investment. This again involved (besides the necessity of large reinforcements) complex and doubtful operations-marches into the interior from a divided or inadequate base, and battles in the field: all which considerations were doubtless taken into account in discussing the question of the assault.

CHAPTER XXII.—SUBSEQUENT OPERATIONS.

On Thursday the 19th April, at daybreak, I rode down to Kadukoi to accompany a reconnoissance which Omer Pacha, who had arrived from Eupatoria with twenty thousand Turks and Egyptians in the preceding week, was about to make towards the Tchernaya. At the barrier-gate of the intrenchment across the Kadukoi road eight hundred chasseurs d'Afrique were assembled. In the camp of our heavy brigade a squadron of each regiment was drawn up in front of its own tents, and a half troop of Thomas's horse - artillery was issuing from the village on to the plain where the 10th Hussars, who had arrived from India a few days before, were drawn up, making with the heavy brigade, who presently joined it, about one thousand sabres. The French cavalry and guns, together with a few Turkish horse, descended into the plain, and the whole waited the proper moment to advance. This depended altogether on the progress of the Turkish infantry, which, led by Omer Pacha, had issued from the right of our lines far

up the hills, and were crossing towards Kamara. A few shots told us when the Russian outposts were driven in, but the ground was more difficult than was expected; and so much time was taken up on the march that I had leisure to ride into Kadukoi and breakfast and feed my horse before the cavalry moved across the plain.

At half-past eight, the Turks having reached Kamara, we moved towards Canrobert's Hill-French chasseurs, Turkish horse, and English hussars forming a line of skirmishers, supported by detachments at a short distance, while the main bodies of cavalry came on in compact columns with the artillery on the flanks. Passing beyond Canrobert's Hill, we found on its rearmost slope a number of burrows, like those bivouacked in by the Turks, roofed with branches and earth—and other similar abodes appeared on the adjoining slopes, all, of course, deserted. Crowning the next ridge, we saw a few Russian horsemen before us in the defile where the charge of the Light Brigade had

taken place; on a steep brown hill in front was a body of Cossacks behind an intrenchment drawn across the slope near the summit. Kamara was Occupied by the Turkish infantry, whose skirmishers extended down towards those of our cavalry, and the main body of the reconnoitring force appeared on the verge of a high woody rock at the back of Kamara, and thither I (being present merely as an amateur, and not tied to any particular station) accordingly rode.

The only building remaining in the village of Kamara, which stands halfway between the plain and the top of the heights on the Woronzoff road, is the church, and that is in a very dilapidated condition. It stands in a stone enclosure, which was lined with Turkish soldiers, a battalion of whom was drawn up on the slope beneath. Passing this, I ascended by a path like the bed of a torrent through thick coppice (which showed that the Russians here must have been better off than we for firewood during the winter) carpeted with primroses and buttercups, and enlivened by some wild fruit-trees in full blossom, to the top of the abrupt mountains, where the main body of the Turks had piled arms, and were cooking their victuals, their officers and such of ours as had accompanied them forming breakfast circles, while the Engineers took such notes and sketches of the country before them as were required. The view from this lofty point was extensive and graud-on the left the Tchernaya might be traced passing our position on the plateau to the distant ruins of Inkermann-in the plain below was our cavalry, picturesquely grouped-and all around were high mountains, grey or brown of tint, with glimpses of green in low-lying spots between.

After a time the infantry descended towards Kamara, where Lord Raglan and his staff were watching the operations, which were directed altogether by Omer Pasha. The venerable appearance which the Turkish commander's white beard and mustache give him at a little distance completely vanishes on a closer view, when the brightness and energy of his face correspond well with his slender straight nre. He looks about forty-eight. had two splendid chargers in the

field-a chestnut and a bay. The Cossacks still held the hill in front, and two bodies of Turkish infantry were marched towards them, accompanied by doleful music. Long before they got within musket range, however, some rockets were fired by the French at the Cossacks, which pitched and exploded near them, when they at once quitted the intrenchment and hastened off behind the hill, up the steep stony barren side of which we all now moved, the Turkish infantry, already on their way, being first. Presently a volley was heard in front, which was fired by the Russians posted in the valley of the Tchernaya at those who were first over the hill, and which damaged nobody. Steep down beneath us was a bend of the river, which divided into streams, and, uniting again below, meanders here among willows and poplars. On the left stood a stone bridge, higher up the stream than that we had crossed when on the march from Mackenzie's Farm, in September; covering the latter, on the opposite side of the river, was an earthwork for six guns, which was not armed. Other intrenchments were visible at different points, particularly up the main road into the hills in front, where a few Russians were drawn up, and near them was a foot-bridge over the stream. Nothing appeared to prevent our passage, if we had been disposed to cross the river; but when the Turk ish chief had satisfied his curiosity, the troops swept round the hill, and commenced the march home. The 10th Hussars marched past for Lord Raglan's inspection on the plain; and he afterwards rode through the ranks of the Heavy Brigade, which, drawn up in squadrons, looked very soldierlike and splendid, though its numbers were but scanty. The men and horses, survivors of that terrible winter bivouac, had quite recovered from the effects of their privations, and, though not so sleek and shining as of yore, looked as fit for work as ever.

A few days after, Omer re-embarked for Eupatoria, which was said to be threatened with an attack, taking a great part of his troops with him.

On the 25th of April, the ambassador, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, arrived with his family from Constantinople, and remained more than a week.

H

1

On the night of the 1st of May, the French attacked and carried a counterguard before the central bastion covering the town, in which the Russians were preparing to place guns, and from whence some small mortars had begun to throw shells into the trenches. The musketry fire was very hot during the conflict. At four o'clock on the following afternoon, the Russians attempted to retake the work, but were repulsed with loss, some French guns having been brought to bear on them. In the two affairs, the French lost about 100 men killed, and double that number wounded; and 160 Russian bodies were left on the ground. Nine of the small mortars were among the trophies secured by our allies, and five Russian officers were made prisoners. On both occasions the enemy's officers are said to have displayed great gallantry in leading on and animating their men.

Early in May, I accompanied a friend, who had just joined from England, over the battle-field of Inker mann, now gaily sprinkled with flow ers, blue, red, and yellow. From the Two-gun Battery we descended the face of the hill, where the Russians had climbed up to attack the Guards.

The valley was filled with a luxuriant growth of grass, quite hiding the marshy soil, and alive with frogs, whose croakings filled the air; and the trees which fringe the course of the Tchernaya were in full leaf. Passing beyond the farthest French sentinel, we came, amid the bushes on the face of the steep, on the shallow grave of a Russian, where was visible, protruding from the thin covering of soil, a withered clenched hand. The dead man's belt still encircled his bones, and the bayonet-sheath rested outside the earth. A little farther down was a skeleton in Russian uniform, lying on its face; some light-coloured locks still clung to the skull, and through a hole in the trousers the fleshless leg was visible. Thus it happened, that my friend, who had read in England, months before, an account of the battle, and had learned almost to class it with the famous actions of history, was now face to face on the battlefield with the corpse of a soldier slain in the combat. While we looked at it, a rifleman, on the other side of the valley, sent a bullet at us, which dropped among the bushes some yards below, and some others followed with no better aim.

INDEX TO VOL. LXXVII.

Aberdeen, lord, Lord John Russell on,
360-the war due to him, 370-his ap-
propriation of the Garter, 371.
Aberdeen Ministry, review of the con-
duct of the war by the, 1-general
distrust of them, ib.-divisions among
them, 3-review of their conduct of
the campaign, 4 et seq.-their failure to
provide a reserve, 5-their neglect as
regards the militia, 7-their under-
estimate of Russia, 10-their neglect
of the army, 15-their conduct regard-
ing Austria, 16-their Foreign Enlist-
ment Bill, ib.-their conduct with re-
gard to it, 104- Roebuck's motion
against them, 359-Lord John Rus-
sell's resignation, ib. - previous dis-
sensions among them, 361-their con-
duct of the war, 362-their resigna-
tion, 364.

Absolute power, tendency of, to produce
madness, 485.

Achulko, the capture of, 178, 180.
Adulteration, prevalence of, 24.
Agatha's husband, novel of, 560.
Agra, Metcalfe governor of, 212.
Agriculture, British, superiority of, 67.
ALAND-THE BALTIC IN 1854, 644.
Aland Islands, history, &c. of the, 644.
Albert Shako, the 386.

Alexander, the Czar, the attempted ame-
liorations of, 485.

Alison, sir A., on Lord Palmerston, 730.
Allan, David, the painter, 588.

Allan, sir William, 589.

Allix, captain, 238.

Trench's lines to the, 532.

Arnault, Naptal, a French actress, 344.
Art, schools of, effects of, 323.
Articulation, how performed, 406.
Artillery, superiority of the Russians in,
131-deficiency of the army in, 352.
Artists, present position of, 583 et seq.
Assyria, dress of the soldier in, 382.
Atotonilco, the river, 301.
Auckland, lord, as governor-general of
India, 212.

Austria, conduct of the Government with
regard to, 16-policy pursued by, in
1813, 553-efforts of Russia to secure,
7:28.

Backwoods, an election in the, 449.
Bagration, general, 539.
Bakewell, Mr, improvement of the breed
of sheep by, 68.
Balaklava, losses of the Allies at the
battle of, 10-position, &c. of, 113-
the battle of, 117-bringing up pro-
visions, &c. from, 349-improved con-
dition of, 496.

Ballot, necessity of, for the militia, 8, 474.
Baltic in 1854, the, 644.

Baltic fleet, the, and sketch of its opers.
tions, 646.

Baraguay d'Hilliers, general, 650.
Barbarism, origin and progress of, 309.
Barnaby Rudge, remarks on, 459.
BARNUM, T. P., Life of, 187.
Barrack battery, Sebastopol, the, 115, 623.
Basil, the novel of, 566.

Beet, proposed cultivation of, 75.
Beggar, social position, &c. of the, 251.
BEGGAR'S LEGACY, THE, 251.

Alma, conduct of the Allies at the, 9 Beggars, anecdotes of, 257-rules of their

Alton Locke, remarks on, 625, 627.
Amalthea, statue of, 334.

Amir Hadji Yar, siege, &c. of, 177.
Angelico, St Lawrence distributing alms
by, 264.

Animal appetites, connection of, with the
nervous system, 404.

Animals, the intelligence of the, 409.
Antonina, the novel of, 566.
Arabs, military dress of the, 382.
Arfet, Anne, 693.

Aristocratic influence, on the alleged
effects of, 600 et seq.
Army, inefficiency of the, as to numbers,
3-on the supply of men for the, 6-
conduct of the, in the Crimea, 9-their
sufferings there, 15-causes of the state
of the, 351.

community, ib. et seq.

Bell, sir Charles, on articulation, 406.
BELLAMARE'S SCENES DE LA VIE MEXI
CAINE, 292.

Bellavene, general, 537.
Belleville, town of, 445, 446.
Bellot, lieutenant, the death of, 481.
Bentinck, lord George, the death of, 482.
Bentinck, lord William, 211.
Bleak House, remarks on, 462.
Blind Beggar's daughter of Bednall green,
the, 262.

Blythedale Romance, novel of the, 564.
Bois de Boulogne, the, 342.
Bomarsund, the capture of, 647 et seq.
Bonheur, Rosa, a French painter, 337.
Boot, the soldier's, 394.
Borodino, heroism of the battle of, 536-
sketches of it, 540.

Bosphorus, the hospitals on the, 353.
Bosquet, general, at Inkermann, 241.
Boston, increased trade of, 439.
Boulevards of Paris, the, 338.
Boulogne, the camp at, 346.
Boxer, admiral, at Balaklava, 618.
Boyhood, period of, 501.

Brain, functions, &c. of the, 402 et seq.
Brigham, Dr, on education, 31.
Bristol, libraries, &c. in, 319.
British agriculture, superiority of, 67.
BRODIE, SIR B., PSYCHOLOGICAL ENQUIRIES
BY, 402.

Brodie, Mr, statue of Corinna by, 596.
Bronte, Miss, the novels of, 557-death
of, 568.

Brown, J. C., painting of Glencoe by, 591.
Browne, captain, death of, 616.
Bruce copper-mines, the, 581.
Buckwheat, Lavergne on, 73.

Buffon on the length of human life, 502,
503-praises of old age by, 505-on the
average quantity of life, 506.

BULWER, 221.

Burgess, lieutenant, 655.
Burgoyne, sir John, 615.

Burial truce at Sebastopol, the, 616.
Burns, the career, &c. of, 221.

Butter, consumption of, in England, 69.
Calcutta, sketches in, 207.

Cambridge, the duke of, at Inkermann,
240.

Cambyses, the madness of, 483.
Camel, duration of life in the, 503.
CAMPAIGN, STORY OF THE, Part II. chap.ix.,
The Position before Constantinople, 112
-chap. x., Commencement of the Siege,
114-chap. xi., Attack on Balaklava,
117-chap. xii., First Action of Inker-
mann, 120-Part III. chap. xii., con-
tinued, 236-chap. xiii., The Battle of
Inkermann, 237-chap. xiv., Winter on
the Plains, 244-Part IV. chap. xv., Cir-
cumspective, 349-chap. xvi., The Hos-
pitals on the Bosphorus, 353-Part V.
chap. xvii., Exculpatory, 492-chap.
xviii., The Progress of the Siege, 496–
Part. VI. chap. xviii., continued, 614-
chap. xix., The Burial Truce, 616–
chap. xx., View of the Works, 619-
Part VII. chap. xxi., The Second Can-
nonade, 740-chap. xxii., Subsequent
Operations, 743.

Campaign of 1812, sketches of the, 538.
CAMPAIGNS OF A FRENCH HUSSAR, THE, 536.
Campbell, sir Colin, 497.

CANADA AND THE NORTH-WEST STATES OF
AMERICA, NOTES ON THE, 438-Part II.
569-Part III. Lake Superior, 701.
Canada, Metcalfe's administration of,
217-trade through the United States
with, 438.

Canteen of the soldier, the, 395.
Cap, proposed, for the soldier, 392.
Carew, Peter, 695.

Cathcart, sir George, at Inkermann, 240.
Cattle, superiority of, &c. in England, 69.
Caucasus, failure of Russia in the, sketches
of the war, &c., 173 et seq.

Cavalry, deficiency of the army in, 351.
Cavalry action at Balaklava, the, 118.
Caxtons, the, remarks on, 228.
CHARLES DICKENS, 451.

Charles O'Malley, the novel of, 565.
Chapman's battery, Sebastopol, 620, 623.
Chebonaning, Indian village of, 581.
Cheshire, cheese produced in, 69.
Chicory, cultivation of, 75.

Children, right management of, 26, 27.
Chippeway Indians, the, 450.

Christie Johnston, the novel of, 567.
Church catechism, the, 37.
Cicero on old age, 504.
CIVILISATION

TION, 21.

-THE CENSUS - EDUCA-

CIVILISATION-THE CENSUS, 309.
Clairvoyance, Ferrier on, 170.
Cliff copper mines, the, 709.

Clothing, the supply of, for the army, 374.
Coaches, history of, in London, 695.
Coalition, see Aberdeen ministry.
Coat of the soldier, the, 388.
Coburg, town of, 446.

Coffee, the supply of, to the army, 374.
COLD SHADE, THE, a dialogue, 598.
Collingwood, town of, 448, 575, 577.
Collins, Mr, the novels of, 566.

COMBE, COLONEL, MEMOIRES DU, reviewed,
536..

Commerce, relations of, to wealth, 65.
Commercial classes, effects of the peace
on the, 102.

Commissariat, inefficient state of the,
131-failure of the, in the war, 399.
Common things, on the teaching of, 27,
313.

CONDUCT OF THE WAR, THE, 1.
Connecticut, morality in, 192.
Conservatives, attempt of the, to form a
ministry, 394.

Constance Herbert, novel of, 561.
Constantine, the Archduke, 486.
Constantine, fort, 620.

Constantinople, winter view of, 354.
Contract system, evils of the, in the
army, 396.

Coolali, the hospital at, 356.

Copper mines of Lake Superior, the, 705.
Cornaro, praises of old age by, 504, 505.
Cornaro's Discourses, remarks on, ex-

tracts from, &c., 499.

Cortes, proceedings of the, regarding
Protestants, 714-and the Spanish
bonds, 719 et seq.

Coryat, Tom, the English Fakir, 255.
Cossacks, sketches of the, 541.

Coulter, Joseph, at Inkermann, 185.

Country life, Lavergne on, 77.

Court, Antony haranguing the people by,
336.

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