me presently. Then, sir, said he, I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it."

Bishop Andrews, we ought to add, adorned his learning and shining talents by the highest reputation for piety, hospitality, charity, and munificence. One of Milton's early Latin poems is an elegy on the death of this distinguished prelate, in which he is bewailed in a strain of the most impassioned regret and admiration.

ANDRISCUS. [See PHILIPPUS.] ANDRO'MACHE, the wife of HECTOR. It is also the title of one of the extant tragedies of Euripides.

ANDRO'MACHUS, a native of Crete, and physician to the Emperor Nero. He was the inventor of a celebrated compound medicine called Theriake (notak), the preparation of which he described in a poem which has been preserved in the collection of Galen's works.

ANDRO'MEDA, a constellation, so called by the Greeks from Andromeda, the mythological daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, who was bound to a rock and thus exposed to a sea-monster, from whom she was delivered by Perseus. This constellation occupies a considerable region of the heavens below Cassiopeia, by which it may be thus found. A line drawn through the brightest star of the five in Cassiopeia, marked B, and the pole star, passes through a star of the first magnitude in the head of Andromeda, marked a, and called Alpherat. A line drawn through Cassiopeia, at the other corner, and the pole star, passes through Almach in the foot of Andromeda, marked y, while in the line between the two stars thus found, lies Mirach, marked 3, in the girdle of Andromeda. The following list, taken from the Mem. R. Astron. Soc. vol. v. shows the references to the different stars of this constellation in different catalogues. The first column contains the letter, by which the star is denoted; the second its number in Flamsteed's catalogue; the third that in the Astronomical Society's catalogue, and the fourth the magnitude of the star.

ANDRONICUS was the advocate of the Jews under the reign of Ptolemæus Philometor in their proceedings against the Samaritans in Egypt, who, by asserting the authority of the temple on Mount Garizim, or Gerision, against the temple at Jerusalem, occasioned a controversy which terminated in bloodshed. The Egyptian Jews (although they had bust, about the year 150 B.c, an heretical temple of their own, in the province of Heliopolis) zealously defended the authority of the temple at Jerusalem. After the arguments were exi austed, both parties took up arms, and having found that blows could not decide the matter, they appealed to the King, Ptolemaeus Philometor, who appointed a solemn day of judgment. In full court it was agreed, that those who were found in error should be killed for the bloodshed already committed. The Samaritan advocates, Sabbai (Sabbaus) and Theod ns, lost their cause against Andronicus, and were put to death. The arbitrary adininistration of justice in those times, and the character of Ptolemmas Philometor, render this account not quite incre

| dible. (See Josephus's Antiquities, lib. xiii. cap. 7, ed. Aurelia Allobrog., p. 434; and Jost's Geschichte der Juden, vol. ii. pp. 308, 309.)

ANDRONICUS COMNE'NUS, emperor of Constantinople, was grandson of Alexis I. In his youth he distinguished himself in the army under his cousin, the Emperor Manuel, against the Turks and Armenians, but having entered into a treasonable correspondence with the King of Hungary, he was arrested and confined in a tower of the palace, where he remained twelve years. He contrived to escape, and after several romantic adventures arrived at Kiew, in Russia, where he won the favour of the Grand Duke Jeroslaus. Like Alcibiades, Andronicus could assume the manners of every country, and his athletic constitution could support the vicissitudes of all climates; he could pass suddenly from the fatigues and privations of the camp to a life of luxury and debauch. He was a great favourite with the fair sex, and he won the affections of no less than four royal princesses in succession, beginning with Eudocia, the emperor's niece, who for him forsook the palace, and accompanied her lover in his early campaigns. Andronicus, in his exile at Kiew, became instrumental in forming an alliance between the Russian prince and the Emperor Manuel, and thus obtained his pardon from the latter. He led a hody of Russian cavalry from the banks of the Borysthenes to the Danube, and assisted the emperor against the Hungarians at the siege of Semlin. After the peace, having returned to Constantinople, he protested against the adoption of Bela, Prince of Hungary, who had married the only daughter of the emperor, as presumptive heir to the throne. Andronicus was himself next in the order of succession. The Emperor Manuel however having married a second wife, Maria, daughter of Raymund of Poitou, Prince of Antioch, had by her a son, who was afterwards Alexis II. Meantime, Andronicus, who held a command in Cilicia, fell in love with Philippa, Maria's sister, who gave herself up to him, as Eudocia had done before. The emperor, although himself dissolute in conduct, reproved this connexion of Andronicus with his own sister-in-law; and Andronicus, being obliged to leave Philippa, undertook, accompanied by a band of adventurers, a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he won the favour of Almeric, the Christian king of that country, and one of the successors of Godefroy de Bouillon. Andronicus received from him the principality of Beroot, (Berytus,) on the coast of Syria. There he fell in love with a third princess, Theodora, the young widow of Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, who was herself of the Comnenian line and a distant relation to Andronicus. She lived openly with him as his concubine, and had two children by him. Andronicus being no longer safe in Palestine from the hostility of the Emperor Manuel, repaired, accompanied by Theodora, to Damascus, where the Sultan Noureddin received him hospitably. From thence he travelled to Bagdad, and other parts of the east, and at last settled among the Turks in Asia Minor, whence he made frequent incursions into the Greek territories. For this he was excommunicated by the church and outlawed by the emperor. The governor of Trebizond having found means to seize Theodora and her two children, and send them to Constantinople, Andronicus, in despair, made his submission to the emperor, and repairing to Constantinople, sued for pardon in the most abject manner. He was banished to Oenoe, a town of Pontus, on the coast of the Euxine, between Cape Heracleum and Cape Jasonium, where he remained till the death of Manuel, in 1180, and the disorders of a disputed succession, induced the patriarch and the principal patricians to recall Andronicus, as the only man who could restore peace to the empire. He arrived in the capital in the midst of acclamations, acknowledged the young Alexis as emperor, but arrested the empress-mother, who had been in some measure the cause of the troubles. Andronicus was associated in the empire as colleague and guardian to Alexis. He then developed his ambitious views. He first caused the empress-mother to be tried on a false charge of treasonable correspondence. She was condemned unheard, and was strangled, and her body thrown into the sea. He next murdered young Alexis himself, and then assumed the undivided authority as emperor in 1183. He married Agnes, Alexis's widow and sister to Philippe Auguste of France, who was still almost a child. Andronicus's short reign, says Gibbon, exhibited a singular contrast of vice and virtue when he listened to his passions, he was the

second preface, speaks of his first edition as being full of blunders. This second preface the Cambridge editor suppresses, and prints instead of it the other, which Heinsius had withdrawn. To that he adds another of his own, an inspection of which may possibly explain his curious selection from the two written at different times by his predecessor. It consists chiefly of an elaborate display, at full length, of passages respecting Andronicus from the writers previously indicated by Heinsius and Hoeschelius. All this learning the worthy editor evidently wishes to pass off as his own. Heinsius, accordingly, he gravely tells us, preserves a deep silence respecting his author; and to bear cut this assertion he prints, as we have said, the original preface only of that eminent scholar. If Heinsius, however, is defrauded of some glory by this clever management, it must be confessed that he is only foiled at his own weapons, an! receives no more than the treatment he had himself practel on Hoeschehus. The facts, we think, are worth recording as another illustration of the common saying, that there are tricks in all trades. It may be added, that in 1509 the curators of the Clarendon press at Oxford prodused a fourth edition of the Paraphrase of Andronicus, in which with amusing scrupulosity they have followed the previous edition of the sister university in all particulars, the ingenious selection from the prefaces of Heinsius included.

After all, great doubts have been entertained by several critics as to the work being really the production of Andronicus the Rhodian. The different opinions upon the subject may be found in Bayle. Gabriel Naudé conceives Olympiodorus, who lived in the sixth century after Christ, to be the author. Saumaise (Salmasius) also is decidedly of opinion that it is not the work of the Rhodian peripatetic. Others have even attributed it to an Andronicus Callistus, a native of Thessalonica, who lived in the fifteenth century, and came to Italy after the taking of Constantinople. He gave lessons in Greek in different cities of Italy, Angelo Politian being one of his scholars; after which he came to Paris, and was the first who taught the language in the university there. He died in 1478. There is as much diversity of conjecture about the authorship of the short tract Hepi Ha; it is generally believed at any rate not to be by the author of the Paraphrase. It is stated in the Biographie Universelle, that a manuscript in the Imperial Library of France (now the Bibliothèque du Roi) cited by M. Sainte Crax, in his Eramen des Historiens d' Alexandre, p. 524, attributes the Paraphrase to a Heliodorus of Prusse, that is, Brasa in Bithynia, we suppose.

An English translation of the Paraphrase on the Nicomachea appeared in a quarto volume at London, in 1807, with the flowing title: The Paraphrase of an anonyour Greek Writer, hitherto published under the name of Andronicus Rhodius, on the Nicomachean Ethics of Anatole translated from the Greek by William BridgLar. FLS.

ANDROS. [See BAHAMAS.] ANDROS, an -land of the Grecian Archipelago, lying of de 5 E. end of Eabora, from which it is distant six It Lea in a N.W. and S.E. direction, is twenty-one mwa kong and eght broad, with a population of about 16959. The wand is very high and mountainous, and the I great summits retain the snow during many months in the year. The town called Andros, or Castro, is on the extern coast, besides which there are sixty-six villages Mattered over the island. The soil is very fertile; and the numerous gardens, which are well laid out, produce execilent lemons, oranges, and pomegranates. Much wine is male, but all consumed by the inhabitants, who are great Grinkers. Silk, to the amount of about 3000 pounds on an average, is exported annually. It is the practice to sow wheat and barley together, of which they make their bread, but there is not sufficient grown for the consumption of the island; the deficiency is easily made up from the neighbouring island of Eubon. On the west shore, there is a port called Gabriel, partially sheltered by small islands from the S.W., but on this side of Andros there are no inhabi tants, the coast being so very steep and rocky. The N.W. point, called Point Guardia, is in 37° 57' N. lat., 21° 42′ E. long.

ANDROSCOGGIN, or AMARISCOGGIN, a river of th America, which rises in about 15 12 N lat., 71° 15' ong., on the east side of the highlands of New Hampand Maine. The Chaudiere, which enters the St.

Lawrence opposite Quebec, has its sources near those of the Androscoggin, on the north and west side of the same highlands. The Androscoggin flows by numerous branches fir about twenty-five miles south into a number of lakes, the chief and most western of which is Umbagog. The united waters forming a large stream flow from this lake in a western direction, which soon becomes a southern one, for thirty miles, under the name of Amariscoggin. The river having reached the northern base of the nucleus of the White mountains, turns due east, and piercing the mountainchain flows in this direction for fifty miles. Here it makes another bend at right angles, and runs south for thirty miles, to the latitude of 44°. Below this point, by a curving course of twenty miles south-east, then east, and finally northeast, it joins the Kennebec at Merry-meeting Bay, about six miles above the town of Bath, in the state of Maine. The entire course, measured along the windings, as given by the maps, is not less than 200 miles. Below the mountains, the river is called the Androscoggin; it has no large tributaries, but is increased by numerous rivulets, and, like the other rivers of Maine, is, for its length, a very large one. The tide ascends the Androscoggin to near Durham, about thirty-five miles from the open ocean. Though obstructed by falls and shoals, like the Kennebec, both these rivers afford great facility for inland navigation: the chief article transported down them is timber. (See Darby's Geogra phical View of the United States.)

ANDUJAR, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 38° N. lat., 4° W. long., 40 miles E.N.E. of Cordova, and 19 N.W. of Jaen, situated on an elevated plain at the foot of Sierra Morena. The river Guadalquivir embraces it on the east and south. The confined situation of Andujar renders it very sultry in summer, and subjects the inhabitants to bilious and putrid inflammatory fevers. The soil is very fertile, and produces wheat, barley, oil, wine, honey, and silkworms. The wines of Andujar are of a sharp taste, from their containing a large portion of tartar, but are rendered palatable by a particular process called by the Spaniards arropar, or sweetening. At Andujar the coolers, called alcarrazas, are manufactured of clay. The inhabitants are principally employed in agriculture, but there are also at Andujar some tanneries, and manufactories of soap and earthenware. There is a very ancient bridge of fifteen arches over the Guadalquivir, which is in a very bad state of repair. In January, 1823, the river overflowed, and damaged one of the piers; in consequence of which, two of the arches fell down. The general post and coachoffices for all Andalusia are at this town.

The population of Andujar amounts to 13,662 souls within the city, but a greater number of persons live in the numerous cortijos, farms, of the neighbourhood. Andujar contains five parish churches, six convents of monks, four of nuns, one hospital, one school, and two alms-houses, one for twelve old men and another for the same number of aged females. (See Miñano; Ponz, carta v., n. 6—2€, tom. xvi.)

ANDUZE, a town in France in the department of Gard. The town itself is ill built, but it is in a pleasant country, on the right or S.W. bank of one of the streams called Gardon, and which is distinguished as the Gardon d'Anduze.' The inhabitants, who amount to more than 6000, are mostly protestants, and are engaged in the manufacture of hats, cloth, serge, silk stockings, pottery, and glue, which find a sale at the great fair of Beaucaire, in the same department. [See BEAUCAIRE.] It is about 22 miles N.W. of Nismes, the departmental capital.

ANEGADA, or the DROWNED ISLAND, one of the lesser Antilles, and the most northern of the group known as the Virgin Islands. The surface of Anegada is the production of lithophyta, based on a submarine foundation. The island is for the most part a dead level. On the south-east, there is a gradual rising of the ground from north to south to the elevation of sixty feet, and this is the highest point of the island. The south side is a continued mass of shelves, loosely covered with vegetable mould, mixed with sand. This mould is the result of sea-weed, which has lost its saline properties through exposure to the sun; it is light, and of a dark brown colour, and in many places covers the ground only to the depth of a few inches. Where the shelves are intersected by openings which occur continually and of various widths, larger quantities of sea-weed have been detained, and a considerable amount of vegetable mould has been accumulated, in which plants grow of a

healthy and vigorous appearance. The few trees found on the island grow in these situations. The northern, western, and eastern sides of the island are less favoured, being covered with sandy deposits thrown forward by the surf. The sand is frequently formed into hillocks forty feet high, and where they do not occur, detached masses of limestone and coral may be seen, many of which are upwards of thirty feet high. Behind these rocky hillocks some patches of productive soil are found, and these are cultivated as garden-ground by the inhabitants. Several ponds are met with on the surface of the island, from some of which considerable quantities of salt are gathered.

There is abundance of fresh-water on almost every part of the island, even in the immediate vicinity of the sea and of the salt-ponds. The water, by filtering through the surface soil, is very speedily deprived of its saline particles.

The vegetable productions of Anegada are not numerous, but it is singular that several of them are not observed in any of the other Virgin Islands. It appears probable that the seeds of these must have been carried there by currents, or conveyed by birds from the Spanish main.

Anegada is chiefly noted for the numerous wrecks which have happened on the reef by which its windward or eastern side is bordered, and which continues, under the name of the Horseshoe, about four leagues to the south-east, terminating seven miles from the east end of Virgin Gorda. The chief profit of the inhabitants comes from these shipwrecks; and, except on such occasions, the only labours in which they engage are those of raising provisions for their subsistence, and cultivating some small patches of cotton, the produce of which is taken for sale to the neighbouring island of Tortola.

The length of the island, in a direction east-south-east, is ten miles, and its greatest breadth four miles and a quarter. The south-east point of the island is in 18° 44' N. lat., and 64° 16' W. long. The population consists of eleven white and twenty-one coloured and black families. (See Purdy's Colombian Navigator, and Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. ii.)

ANEMOMETER, from the Greek language, signifying wind-measurer, is an instrument for measuring the force of the wind, by finding what mechanical effect the wind to be measured will produce upon the apparatus. The first anemometer was invented by Wolf, and is described by him in his Elementa Matheseos, vol. ii. p. 319 (Geneva edition, 1746). It consists of four sails, similar to those of a windmill, but smaller, turning on an axis. On the axis is a perpetual screw, which turns a vertical cogwheel round a second axis, placed transversely to the former. To the second axis is attached a bar, on which a weight is fixed, so that the sails cannot turn without moving round the bar in a vertical circle. When the wind acts upon the sails the bar rises, and this continues until the increased leverage of the weight furnishes a counterpoise to the moving force of the wind. The number of degrees through which the bar is moved to produce this effect is measured on a dial, the hand of which turns on the axis of the cog-wheel. The principle of Dr. Lind's anemometer is as follows:A, a curved tube of glass, as represented in the figure, is partially filled with water. The bore of the tube is diminished at the bottom, as a check on the oscillations to which the water is subject from slight variations in the force of the wind. The wind acts upon the open end A, and depresses the water to B, until the column of water bC, the difference between the levels b and C, is a counterpoise to the force of the wind on B. This difference can be ascertained by the graduated scale. Hence, when the area of the bore at B is known, and the height of b C observed, the column of water is found the weight of which is equivalent to the force of the wind. The velocity may thence be found by observing (see AERODYNAMICS) that the velocities are nearly as the square roots of the resistances, and that the moving force of a wind of 20 feet per second on a square foot is 12 ounces.

b

B

The following table, calculated by Dr. Hutton, who made some experiments with Dr. Lind's anemometer, at Woolwich (which is given in his Mathematical Dictionary), may be used with that instrument, and indicates what velocity of wind corresponds to various differences between the

In Regnier's anemometer, a bar, carrying a flat wooden surface at right angles to it, protrudes from a box, through a hole in the front of which it slides. This bar is met by a spring, which resists its further entry, until force is applied against the wooden surface. In the interior of the box, the under side of the bar carries rackwork, which plays on a cog wheel, the axis of which, passing through a side of the box, carries a hand round a dial-plate. The flat surface of wood is presented to the wind, which presses upon it and forces back the bar, carrying the cog wheel and hand through an angle, greater or less, according to the greater or less impulse of the wind.

Various other contrivances have been proposed; but those which we have described contain their main principles. For a table of the force of winds, see AERODYNA

MICS.

ANE'MONE is a genus of the natural order Ranunculaceæ, in which are comprehended many beautiful flowers. It consists of lowly herbs, usually perennials, with white or purple, or scarlet, or even yellow blossoms, in which there is no distinct calyx, and which are succeeded by a cluster of grains, each terminated by a long silky feathery tail. As the species generally grow on open plains or in high exposed situations, their feathery grains produce a singular shining appearance when waved by the breeze, whence has been derived their name (from the Greek áveμávy), which literally signifies Wind-flower, the appellation actually bestowed by the English.

All the anemonies possess, in common with other Ranunculaceae, the property of extreme acridity. The leaves of A. pulsatilla will raise blisters on the skin; if chewed, they produce irritation of the throat and tongue; and their roots, as well as those of A. pratensis, nearly related species, produce nausea and vomiting if administered in very small doses, on which account they have been strongly recommended by some medical men, in various complaints. The bruised leaves and flowers of A. nemorosa have been found to cure the tinea in the head of children. The following are the most remarkable species :—

1. A. pulsatilla or pasque flower; this grows wild upon exposed downs in various parts of England, as on the Gogmagog Hills near Cambridge, the heath at Newmarket, &c. It has large purple flowers and finely cut hairy leaves; and is very nearly the same as the A. pratensis, the use of which, in diseases of the eye, has been so strongly recommended by Baron Stoerck and others.

2. A. nemorosa, the wood anemone; found abundantly in woods all over England, covering the ground with its neat white flowers under the shelter of bushes as early as March and April. It is a perennial plant with knobby roots, and a short stem having one or two smooth, bright green, deeply cut leaves. It is poisonous to cattle.

3. A. pavonina, the Peacock anemone; a native of the vineyards in Provence, about Nice, and in other parts of the south of Europe. This is not very uncommon in gardens, where it is usually, but improperly, named A. stellata. It is known by its scarlet or scarlet and white flowers, which are usually double, and have their divisions very sharp-pointed. In habit it is like A. coronaria, for a variety of which it is often mistaken. It is one of the handsomest of the cultivated species.

Found in

4. A. coronaria, the common garden anemone. a wild state in moist meadows in the south of France, Italy, and Greece, and different parts of Asia Minor; Dr. Russell speaks of it as abundant near Aleppo. In these places it is seen only in a single state, but even then sporting into a