are meeting-houses for Baptists, Quakers, Independents, and Methodists; a free grammar school, with a schoolhouse built and kept in repair by the corporation; and an almshouse for six poor men, erected and endowed by John Pollen, Esq., one of the members for the borough in the time of William III. Another almshouse, for six poor women, was built with funds bequeathed by Catherine Hanson, but not endowed. There is also a school-house erected and endowed by John Pollen, Esq., for educating twenty poor children. This establishment is now incorporated with the National School, supported by additional subscriptions, in which 250 children are educated.

The town-hall is a handsome stone building with a Grecian front, supported by arches; the under part is used as a market-house. It was erected within these few years. The corporation is said to be as ancient as the time of John; but the present charter was granted by Queen Elizabeth. Andover first returned members to Parliament in the time of Edward I.; but the right was lost, or disused, from the first year of Edward II., to the twenty-seventh year of Queen Elizabeth, when they were again sent, and have since been regularly roturned; Before the passing of the Reform Bit, the ght of election was in the corporation, which was. considered to be under the influence of the Earl of Portsmouth. By the Boundary Act connected with the Reform B the things of Foxcote was added to the Borough, which had previously included the parishes of Andover, and Knights: Enham. The population of the whole was, in 181; 4966.....

The chief business of the town consists in malting, and in the manufacture of silk, which has lately superseded that of shalloon, the former staple. A considerable quantity of timber is forwarded from Harewood forest to Portsmouth, by means of the canal from this town, through Stockbridge, to Southampton water. The market is on Saturday; and there are three fairs in the year.

derived from the cultivation of the vine. The eastern Christians, who are in number about 1000, have seven churches in the town; which gives an average of scarcely more than 157 persons to each church. This singular circumstance originated in the immigration of the Servians under Leopold I., each sect of whom founded their own place of worship.

ANDRE' (JOHN), appears to have been a native of Lichfield, and to have been born there in 1751. In 1769 he met at Buxton a Miss Honoria S, and the consequence was an immediate attachment, which became one of remarkable devotedness on his part, and which would seem to have been also returned by the lady. Her friends, however, interfered, and she was induced not only to discontinue her correspondence with André, but some years after to give her hand to another. Meanwhile André had become a clerk in a commercial house in London. But on receiving intelligence of Miss S.'s marriage he determined to quit both his profession and his country, and having procured a commission in the army, he proceeded with his regiment to North America, then the seat of war between Great Britain and her colonies. In this new field of enterprise his talents and accomplishments soon raised him to distinction: and he attained the rank of major, with the appointment of adjutant-general to the North American army. In the summer of 1780 Major André was with the troops which occupied the town of New York under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton, when the infamous Arnold, who had been entrusted by Washington with the important position of West Point on the Hudson, about 60 miles above New York, sent over to the British commander his proposals for delivering that fortress into his hands-a scheme which, if it had succeeded, might not improbably have put an end to the war. On Arnold's overtures being accepted, André was appointed to conduct the negotiation with him. After some correspondence under feigned names, André and Arnold met on the banks of the Hudson on Friday the 22d of September, when everything was arranged for the execu tion of the plot on the following Monday, and the necessary information in writing was put into André's hands to be delivered to General Clinton. Unfortunately for André, the boatmen who had brought him on shore from the English sloop of war in which he had come up the river, having had their suspicions or fears awakened, refused, although he bore a flag of truce from General Arnold, to convey him back, and he was obliged to determine upon attempting to make his way to New York by land. Arnold, to whom he returned, insisted, in these circumstances, that he should exchange his military uniform for a plain coat; and to this André reluctantly consented. A person of the name of Smith was then sent away with him as his guide, and they set out together; but when they reached the next post, they found themselves obliged, in order to prevent suspicion, to follow the advice of the commanding officer, and to remain there for the night. Next morning they proceeded on their journey, and Smith having conducted his charge till they had come within view of the English lines, left him a little below Pine's Bridge, a village on the Croton. André rode on alone for about four leagues farther, when as he was entering the village of Jarrytown, his horse was suddenly taken hold of by three men, who turned out to belong to the New York militia. With unaccountable imprudence, André assumed that they were of the English party, and instead of producing his passport desired them not to detain him, as he was a British officer. When he found his mistake, he endeavoured to induce them to let him go by the offer of his watch and the most tempting promises; but the men were not to be bribed, and having found the important papers of which he was the bearer concealed in his boots, they immediately conducted him to the nearest station. His first anxiety now was for the safety of Arnold; and he contrived to prevail upon the officer in command, who must have been a person of very little perspicacity, to forward a notice of his capture to that general, by which the traitor obtained the opportunity of escaping with his life. Having secured this point André now stated who he was, on which he was conducted to the presence of General Washington at Tappan or Orange Town. On the 25th, his case was submitted by the American general to the consideration of a board of fourteen general officers, ANDRE ST.), or ST. ENDRE', the capital of a lord-among whom were Rochambeau and Lafayette, who had reship in Hungary, in the circle called the Hither Danube, and in the department of Pesth; the number of its inhabitants scarcely exceeds 3000. Their chief support is

About three miles west of the town, at the village of Weyhill, is held one of the largest fairs in England. This fair begins on the 10th of October, and continues for six days. It is thus described in Magna Britannia Hibernia, a survey of Great Britain, published in 1720. This fair is reckoned to be as great an one as any in England, for many commodities, and for sheep, indisputably the biggest, the farmers coming out of the south, north, and east to buy the Dorsetshire ewes here. It is also a great hop and cheese fair, the former being brought out of Sussex and Kent, and the latter out of Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Somersetshire. The above account of the chief articles of trade, will apply with little alteration to the present day. The sale of sheep, though the favourite breed may be different, is still great more than 140,000 have been sold on the first day. The Farnham hops, the choicest of any grown in England, are chiefly sold here, and a place appropriated to their sale, bears the name of Farnham Row. Many horses, particularly cart colts, are also sold.

During this fair, assemblies are held in the town-hall

at Andover.

Near Andover, there are the remains of some Roman encampments, especially one on the summit of Bury Hill, a mile or two south-west of the town; and some beautiful specimens of Roman pavement have been found in the neighbourhood. (Warner's Hampshire; Beauties of England and Wales.)

ANDOVER, a town in the state of Massachusetts, United States, about twenty miles direct distance N. by W. of Boston, and about two miles from the southern bank of the Merrimack river. It is also watered by the Shawsheen. Andover is divided into three parishes, and has some inconsiderable manufactures. The north parish contains the Franklin Academy, and the south parish the Theological Seminary, and Phillips's Academy. The Theological Seminary opened in 1808; it has four professors and (in 1831) 139 students, with a library of 10,000 volumes. The whole number that has been educated here was (in 1931) 514. This establishment has acquired some celebrity f on the impulse it has given to the study of Hebrew in the United States. The population of Andover in 1820, was 3889. Encyclop. American.; Journal of Education, Nos. X., xi.)

cently arrived with the troops from France. Before this tribunal, André urged that he had come on shore under the sanction of a passport, or flag of truce, transmitted to him by Arnold,

afterwards attained. His powers were first developed in some works executed in conjunction with a friend and fellow-student, called Francesco Bigio, for the churches and convents of Florence; but the great picture of St. John preaching, entirely by his own hand, established his claim to independent reputation, and it was considered that the work which immediately followed, the life of Filippo Benizi, in ten compartments, for the church of the Servi, entitled him to rank with any competitor in his native city. Stimuwith his great contemporaries at Rome, and accordingly made a visit to that city. Vasari relates, that, on seeing the paintings of Raffaelle, he felt so humiliated, that he returned immediately to Florence, without staying to investigate the great works which had impressed him with so painful a sense of inferiority. Other authorities affirm that he remained in the imperial city a considerable time, dividing his attention between the study of Michel Angelo, Raffaelle, and the Antique; this account is by far the more probable, especially as the first works which he executed after his return to Florence manifest an obvious improvement in style. Among these, the most conspicuous were the Descent of the Holy Ghost, the Birth of the Virgin, and the Last Supper, painted for the monastery of the Salvi. Of the last picture Lanzi relates, that during the siege of Florence, in 1529, the soldiers having got possession of the suburbs, and having demolished the church and part of the monastery, on entering the refectory were struck with such reverence at the sight of the painting, that they remained awhile motionless, and then returned, without committing any further injury.

who was, at the time of granting it, a major-general in the American army, and of course had sufficient authority so to act. But the circumstance of his having been found disguised and bearing a false name was considered as taking from him the benefit of this plea, although he proved that in both these points he had acted in obedience to the commands of Arnold, under whose orders he was while he bore his flag of truce. The decision of the court-martial, though the members do not appear to have been unanimous, as has sometimes been asserted, was that the prisoner ought to belated by this success, Andrea felt anxious to try his strength considered as a spy; and he was accordingly sentenced to be executed. Both entreaties and remonstrances were employed in vain by General Clinton to avert his fate; but as retaliation was not taken by the execution of any American prisoner, it may be inferred that it was felt even by the English that his sentence was according to the rules of martial-law. He himself exhibited the most perfect resignation to his fate, and does not after his condemnation appear to have disputed the justice of the decision under which he was to suffer. He only begged that his death might be that of a soldier. He was kept in ignorance of the determination of the court-martial upon this point; but when upon being brought to the fatal spot, on the morning of the 2d of October, he perceived that he was to perish on a gibbet, he exclaimed, "It is but a momentary pang, and gave no further expression to his feelings. He died with the respect even of those who had found themselves obliged to execute him. André,' said Washington, in a letter to a friend, has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was expected from an accomplished man and a gallant officer. A monument was erected to his memory, at the public expense, in Westminster Abbey.

Whatever the books which are considered the standard authorities upon international law may say in reference to such a case as that of André, there is no good apology for his conduct. To say that he acted under the orders of an officer whom he knew to be playing the part of a traitor, cannot be considered as any exculpation. There would be no security for an army or a government if it were not to be at liberty, when it had them in its power, to punish persons detected in devising such plots as this of Arnold and André, under whatever subterfuge they might attempt to shelter themselves. The having recourse to the use of a flag of truce, in such circumstances, must be regarded as a mere trick. General Clinton and Arnold were the great culprits, of whom the latter only has received his due share of opprobrium.

To his last moment André had cherished the hopeless passion which had driven him from his country and his early pursuits. In a letter written after his capture, which has been printed, he states that when he was stript of everything, he had concealed the picture of Honoria S in his mouth. This lady, although it does not appear that he had been informed of the event, had died of consumption only

The increasing reputation of Andrea del Sarto procured him an invitation from Francis I. to visit the court of France, and that monarch expressed a wish to retain him altogether in his service. The political troubles of his own country, which rendered the pursuit of art a precarious and unprofitable employment, induced Andrea to embrace with eagerness the proposal of the French monarch, and he set out for his court, where he was received with the most flattering demonstrations of kindness and respect. His first performance was a portrait of the Dauphin, for which he was paid the sum of 300 gold crowns, he painted also for the king the superb picture of the Charity, which is now in the French museum. A multitude of commissions poured in upon him from the principal nobility, and every circumstance seemed to conspire for his honour and advantage. He was engaged on a picture of St. Jerome for the queenmother, when in an evil hour he was induced by earnest solicitations, sent by his wife and friends from Florence, to return to that city. He obtained permission from Francis I. to depart, on the assurance that the sole purpose of his journey was to transport his family to France; and the king, being desirous to avail himself of Andrea's taste and judgment in the acquisition of works of art, intrusted him with large sums for the purchase of pictures and statues. This unfortunate officer was a person of cultivated mind Andrea was perhaps, originally, neither profligate nor unand elegant accomplishments. He excelled in painting and principled; but his character was impaired by that want of music, and was also no despicable writer of verse. His moral firmness, which, beginning in weakness, too often humorous poem, entitled the Cow-chase, which appeared in ends in vice. His wife was improvident, and he was surthree successive portions at New York, in 1780, the last rounded by dissipated acquaintances; and he expended in being published on the very day on which its author was a round of expensive pleasures, not only the money with taken prisoner, is a production of decided talent. It is in which Francis I. had liberally rewarded his services, but the style of Cowper's John Gilpin, which celebrated poem that also which the monarch had consigned to him for the was not written till some years later. For further parti-purpose of selecting objects for his museum. Of course, he culars respecting the subject of this notice, see Miss never returned to France. Indigence came upon him, and Seward's Monody on the Death of Major André, 4to., Lon- the remorse with which he was continually tormented from don, 1781, from the notes and letters attached to which we the consciousness of ingratitude towards his royal benefactor, have taken most of the facts of his private history; a pub-was aggravated, not only by the desertion of his gay friends, lication by Joshua Hett Smith, Esq., (the person who acted as his guide on his return to New York,) entitled An Authentic Narrative of the Causes which led to the Death of Major André, 8vo., London, 1808; and an elaborate article in the Encyclopædia Americana, under the head of Arnold, Benedict.'

a few months before.

but by that of his wife also, who fled from him, leaving him a prey to despondency and distress. His afflictions were terminated by the plague which visited Florence in 1530, and carried him off in his forty-second year.

The genuine productions of Andrea del Sarto are not frequently seen out of Florence, but they abound in the ANDREA VANNUCHI, called DEL SARTO from churches, convents, and palaces of that city. His style is the occupation of his father, a tailor at Florence, was born so various that it is difficult to say what was the natural bent in that city, in the year 1488. He was initiated in the of his mind. He was not incapable, when the subject deprinciples of design by Giovanni Barile, and he studied sub-manded it, of impressing his works with an air of stern sequently in the school of Pietro Cosimo. He learned little more from these masters than the mechanical practice of his art, but in the frescoes of Masaccio and Ghirlandaijo, and in the cartoons of Michel Angelo and Leonardo da Vinci he found the principal elements of whatever excellence he

grandeur, whether in relation to the style of design, or to the effect of chiar oscuro; but his more general characteristics are those of harmony and suavity; his colouring is sometimes most delicately tender. He was so expert in mechanical practice, that a copy made by him of a portrait

of Leo X., by Raffaelle, deceived even Giulio Romano, | quitted his post when the war broke out agam between although he had inspected the progress of the original, Austria and France in 1809, he was present in the campaign and had even assisted in the execution of it. One of of that year, and was appointed governor of Vienna after the most pleasing of Andrea del Sarto's pictures, although the taking of that city. He was next sent as ambassador to by no means an example of his general style, is that of the Ottoman Porte, in which important situation he won the Holy Family, now in the Louvre at Paris, in which the general esteem of both Franks and Turks. After the St. Joseph reposes on a sack of corn. The panegyrists abdication of Napoleon in 1814, Louis XVIII. recalled Anof Andrea have asserted that if he had studied longer dreossi from Constantincple, and sent him at the same time in Rome, he would probably have rivalled the great the cross of St. Louis. Andreossi was living in retirement works of Raffaelle and Michel Angelo; but without con- when Napoleon landed from Elba, but he then appeared ceding such extravagant praise, it is quite enough for his again on the political stage to assist his old master in his reputation that he established it while those great artists last struggle. He was created a peer during the hundred were still practising, and that his name has kept its place days. After the battle of Waterloo he withdrew again to amidst all the revolutions of taste, during a lapse of three private life, and busied himself in revising and publishing hundred years. several interesting memoirs which he had written during his residence in Turkey. His work on Constantinople et le Bosphore de Thrace is deservedly esteemed. His memoir On the Springs and Conduits by which Constantinople is supplied with Water, contains much curious information on the art of hydraulics as practised by the Turks. Andreossi had written also in 1810 a History of the Canal of Languedoc, in which he claimed for one of his ancestors, François Andreossi, the principal merit in the planning of that great work, which had till then been ascribed to the engineer Riquet. This book was the occasion of much controversy with Riquet's descendants, in which the astronomer, De la Lande, sided with the latter. Count Andreossi died in September, 1828, at Montauban.

ANDREASBERG, (Mount of St. Andrew,) the second in importance of the mountain-towns of the Upper Harz, is situated in the province of Grubenhagen, in the kingdom of Hanover, and crowns an eminence which stands at an elevation of 1936 feet above the level of the sea. The neighbourhood is rich in mines, yielding silver, copper, iron, cobalt, and arsenic; and these, as well as the spinning of yarn, lace-making, and the rearing of cattle, afford profitable employment to its inhabitants, who are above 4000 in number. It has a public school for the middling classes. In 1728 a piece of silver ore, weighing eighty pounds, was found in one of the mines near the town, and presented to the Cabinet of Natural History in Göttingen, from which it was, however, stolen in 1783. Andreasberg lies about fifteen miles north of Goslar. The mountain of this name is the highest point in the Harz at which slate is found.

ANDREEWA, (also called Endery or Endri,) is a principality of the Kumükian Tartars, lying along the Kasma, between the river Aksai and the Caspian; about 25 miles west of the last-mentioned sea. It forms at present one of the districts composing the government of Caucasia in Russia in Asia, and embraces the peninsula and gulf of Agraschanskoi. Its surface presents an intermixture of fertile plains and arid wastes of sand; produces grain, and abounds in mineral waters and springs of naphtha. Andreewa is likewise the name given to its capital, and is the mart to which the Lesghian tribes resort for the purpose of disposing of the produce of their depredations. It is an open town situated on the Aktash, at the foot of Mount Tshumlu, and contains upwards of 3000 houses, with a population, which is stated by some writers at 12,000, and by others at 15,000 souls. Andreewa was, not long since, an avowed asylum for all the vagabonds and freebooters in the Caucasian regions, and is to this day a thriving market for the sale of slaves. In this last respect it runs a miserable race of competition with the town of Aksai, on the river of that name and in the same principality. It is the seat of some Mohammedan schools, to which the Circassian Mollahs are sent for education. Though little deserving the name of education, yet the smattering of reading and writing which they here acquire, is sufficient to furnish them, upon their return amongst their fellow-countrymen, with the means of keeping the tenets and prejudices of Mohammedanism alive in their bosoms, and thus maintaining a wall of separation between the native and his heretic fellow-subject of the Greek faith. ANDREOSSI, COUNT, was born at Castelnaudary in the province of Languedoc, in March, 1761. His family was of Italian descent. At the age of twenty he was made lieutenant of artillery. In the beginning of the French revolution he shared in the general enthusiasm for the new order of things, and he afterwards served under Bonaparte in the carly Italian campaigns, where he distinguished himself at the siege of Mantua, in 1796. He next followed Bonaparte to Egypt, where he took a conspicuous part both in the military and the scientific labours of that celebrated expedition. He was appointed a member of the Institute of Cairo, and wrote several memoirs, On the Lake Menzaleh, On the Valley of the Natron Lake, On the Waterless River, &c. When Bonaparte returned secretly to France, Andreossi was one of the few officers who accompanied him, and he ever after proved devoted to the fortunes of his great commander. Andreossi served in the so-called Gallo-Batavian army under Augereae on the banks of the Mayne. After the peace of Amiens he was sent as ambassador to England. When Napoleon assumed the imperial crown, Andreossi was made inspector-general of artillery, and a count of the new empire. He went afterwards as ambassador to Vienna, and having

ANDREW, kings of Hungary. [See HUNGARY.] ANDREW, SAINT, one of the apostles, the brother of St. Peter. His father's name was Janus. From the first chapter of St. John s Gospe, he appears to have been one of the followers of John the Baptist, whom he left at the call of Jesus, being the first disciple whom the Saviour is recorded to have received. Andrew introduced Peter to Jesus. According to St. Matthew and St. Mark, Jesus found Peter and Andrew together, foliowing their occupation of fishermen, as he was walking by the sea of Galilee, and called them, when they immediately left their nets and followed him; but this is supposed to have happened some time after the first interview recorded by St. John. That evangelist mentions Andrew as the disciple who intimated the presence of the lad with the few loaves and fishes, when the miracle of feeding the five thousand was performed. Such is nearly all that is stated respecting this apostle in Scripture.

The ecclesiastical historians, however, have professed to give us accounts in considerable detail of the latter part of his life. According to Theodoret, he employed himself for some years in journeying and preaching the faith throughout Greece; but Eusebius, and other writers, speak of Scythia as the province of his missionary labours. The common statement, however, is, that he suffered martyrdom at Patræ, now Patras, in Achaia, having been put to death by order of Egæus, the pro-consul of that province. The year in which this event took place is not mentioned; but both in the Greek and in the Latin church the festival commemorative of it is held on the 30th of November. The notion that St. Andrew suffered on a cross of the form of the letter X, appears to be of considerable antiquity; but the oldest writers say that he was nailed to an olivetree. They used to keep, in the church of St. Victor, at Marseilles, what was affirmed to be the very cross on which he had been suspended; it was enclosed in a silver shrine, and was of the common form, that is, with one limb per pendicular, and the other horizontal.

The Scottish historian, Fordun, delivers a legend respecting the relics of St. Andrew, which several of his countrymen have copied. In the middle of the fourth century, it seems, the bones of the saint, which still remained at Patræ, were in the custody of Regulus, an abbot, or, as other accounts style him, a bishop, of the Greek church. In the year 345, the Emperor Constantius II. gave orders that these precious remains should be brought to Constantinople; but on the third night before they were removed, an angel appeared in a vision to Regulus, and ordered him to abstract from the chest in which they were kept the upper bone of one of the arms, three of the fingers of the right hand, and the pan of one of the knees. Some accounts add a tooth to the list of items. Regulus having done as he was commanded, was, some years after, directed by another vision to take his departure, with the relics, from Patra; and, having accordingly set out, he was, after

a long voyage, shipwrecked with his companions in the bay | Sharp, erected by his son, exhibiting, in rude sculpture, of St. Andrews, in Fifeshire, then forming part of the terri- the murder of the unfortunate prelate, and setting forth tory of the Picts. Hungus, the Pictish king, received the his praises in a long inscription. There is a spire to the strangers with great hospitality; and by their instrumen-church. tality, he and his subjects were soon after converted, when a Christian church was erected at the place where the missionaries had been driven on shore, and was dedicated to the apostle, the fragments of whose skeleton they had brought with them. Such is said to have been the origin of the city of St. Andrews, and of the assumption of St. Andrew by the Scotch as their patron saint.

The chapel of St. Salvator's college is a handsome edifice with a Gothic front, situated in North Street. Within is the handsome monument of Bishop Kennedy, founder of the college. It is the place of worship for the parish of St. Leonard, which comprises a few districts in the town and neighbourhood; and the ministry of which was for a long period held by the principal of the United College, but this is not the case now. There are three dissenting places of worship, one Episcopal, the others belonging to the Burghers and Independents. The town house, or tolbooth, is in the centre of Market Street; and contains one or two antiquities of local interest, but little else in 1140: the magistracy consists of a provost, a dean of guild and four baillies. The town, conjointly with Cupar, Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail, Kilrenny, and Pittenween, sends one member to parliament. The trade of St. Andrews is small. In 1792, a factory for sewing and tambouring muslin was established, which gave employment to above 100 girls as apprentices; but as this branch of industry is unnoticed in later authorities, it is probably extinct. The manufacture of sail-cloth was established about a year after, and promised to become considerable; but this has also been given up. A great number of golf balls are made. About 4000 annually are used in the town and neighbourhood, and about 9000 are sent to Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other places. Some ten or eleven vessels belong to the port, and are chiefly employed in the coasting trade; and eight or ten boats are engaged in fishing. The population of the parish of St. Andrews, which extends about nine miles in length, was in 1831, 5621. There are five fairs in the year. The university of St. Andrews consists at present of two colleges; viz. the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard (formerly distinct), in which the several branches of general literature and science are taught; and the New College, or St. Mary's, which is appropriated to the study of divinity, or of kindred subjects, and is attended solely by theological students. There is no medical or legal school connected with either college.

Several of the fathers, but none earlier than the seventh century, cite a book called the Acts of St. Andrew, professing to be written by that apostle, but which they condemn as a forgery of the Manicheans, or other heretics. There is still extant a narrative bearing this title, but pro-worthy of notice. St. Andrews was made a Royal Burgh fessing to be written by the priests of the Church of Achaia, and entirely different from the former. It may be found in the sixth volume of Surius's Vita Sanotorum, and in other collections indicated by J. A. Fabricius in his Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. Mention is also made in a decree of Pope Gelasius II., who flourished in the beginning of the twelfth century, of a Gospel of St. Andrew. His holiness condemns it as spurious; but it does not now exist. ANDREW, (ST.) [See ISLE OF BOURBON.] ANDREWS, (ST.) an ancient city of Scotland, on the coast of Fifeshire, and on the small bay of St. Andrews. The direction of the side of the bay on which the city stands is W.N.W. and E.S.E., and St. Andrews is open to the N.E. winds, which prevail greatly in April and May, and bring with them cold, unpleasant vapours, which load the air and check vegetation. The climate is, however, in general healthy, except for persons who are liable to rheumatism, or have weak lungs. Since the establishment of hot baths, the city has been much frequented as a favourite watering quarter.

The town stands on a lofty cliff or rock, and on a sort of peninsula, formed by the bay and the burn of Kinness, or the Nether Burn,' a small stream which, skirting the town on the southern and eastern sides, forms, at its mouth, a harbour, guarded by piers, and capable of receiving vessels of 300 tons at spring-tides. On the N.W. of the town, the Links, uneven downs formed by the sea, stretch away for nearly two miles to the mouth of the river Eden, and are used for the game of golf, which is much practised. There are similar downs S.E. of the town. The extremity of the peninsula on which the town stands is occupied by the ruins of the cathedral and by some other interesting remains of antiquity. From this part, the three main streets, North Street, Market Street, and South Street or Shoegate, diverge; the principal and most southern of them, South Street, runs nearly east and west. These three streets are intersected at right angles by the Lanes or Wynds. There was once a fourth street, called Swallow Street, running to the north of the others and inhabited chiefly by the merchants, but this has disappeared, and the site of it is occupied by a public walk called the Scores.'

Before the Reformation, St. Andrews was an opulent and commercial city. To its annual fair, which commenced in the month of April, and lasted several weeks, from 200 to 300 vessels from all parts of the commercial world resorted. When the town was in its most flourishing state, in the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, there were in it, sixty or seventy bakers, and as many brewers. After the Reformation, it gradually decayed, and moreover suffered in the great civil war: so that Dr. Johnson, who visited it in 1773, thus spoke of it, One of its streets is now lost; and in those that remain, there is the silence and solitude of inactive indigence and gloomy depopulation.'

By the exertions of individuals, however, a considerable revival has been effected, and many additional improvements are in progress. The principal street is well built, straight and broad; and in this, as in the other two, the houses, which are of stone, are commonly three stories high; while the lightness of the numerous modern edifices diminishes the sombre appearance resulting from the general antiquity of the buildings.

The parish Church of St. Andrews is in South Street, ard is a spacious structure, first erected in 1112, and repaired, or rather rebuilt in 1797. It is 162 feet long, and 63 broad, and will accommodate 2500 persons: on the wall inside, is a monument to the memory of Archbishop

This university, the most ancient in Scotland, was founded in the year 1411, by Henry Wardlaw, then Bishop of St. Andrews, who granted a charter with the immunities and powers usually granted to universities, to an association of certain men of learning, who had about a year before commenced a course of public lectures on divinity, the civil and canon laws, logic, and philosophy; and had attracted a considerable concourse of students. The charter of Bishop Wardlaw was confirmed by the pope; and in 1431, further immunities were granted by King James I. of Scotland, and ratified by succeeding sovereigns. The seat of the university at this period was the spot where St. Mary's College now stands, and was called the Pædagogy.*

St. Salvator's College was founded in 1455, or 1458, by James Kennedy, nephew of James I., and successor of Wardlaw in the see of St. Andrews, and endowed with sufficient revenues for the maintenance of a principal, six fellows, and six poor scholars. The buildings of this college in North Street, form a quadrangle of 230 feet long by 180 broad, into which quadrangle you enter from the south by a gateway, over which is a steeple 156 feet high, and a clock to the right of the gateway is the chapel already mentioned. The buildings of this college having gone very much to decay, a grant has been made by government, and a rew structure has been erected on the east side of the quadrangle. St. Salvator's College is the seat of the United College.

St. Leonard's College was founded in 1512, by Prior Hepburn, and endowed by him from the revenues of an hospital for pilgrims, from the funds of the parish of St. Leonards, and from property of his own. The beforementioned hospital was made the seat of the college.

In 1747, it was found expedient to unite the two colleges. The joint establishment was accordingly transferred to

A school had been taught on this spot even before the foundation of the university, but it was superseded by that institution.

Bishop Kennedy seems to have set apart the revenues destined for the college, and to have granted the first charter in 1455: the second charter is dated in 1458. This last is very long, and contains all the statutes of the college. Authorities vary here:-in Sinclair's Statistical Account it is stated, that the parish was probably formed about the time of the erection of the college.

St. Salvator's, and the buildings of St. Leonard's were | seventeen monks and three nuns, carrying with him some sold, and converted into dwelling-houses.

of the relics of St. Andrew; and was wrecked in the bay now St. Mary's College was formed out of the original called St. Andrews, (the shores of which were then covered seminary or pædagogy of Bishop Wardlaw, by James with wood, and infested with huge wild boars,) and lost all Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews (for the see had been except his companions and the precious relics. He succeeded made archiepiscopal in the time of Bishop Kennedy's suc-in converting the King of the Picts, who then governed this cessor); and his designs were further carried on by Cardinal part of the country, (near the end of the fourth century;) Beat on, the archbishop's nephew and successor in the see, and the grateful prince erected for the saint the chapel of ani by Archbishop Hamilton, who succeeded the cardinal. which the ruins still remain. They consist of the walls of The enlargement of the pædagogy by Archbishop Beaton the chapel, inclosing an area of thirty-one and a half feet by appears to have been begun in 1538. In 1579, the college twenty-five. The greatest dimension is from east to west. At was remodelled under the direction of the celebrated George the west-end is the tower, a square building with a base of Bulanan. The buildings occupy two sides of a quad- twenty feet each way, (measured outside of the walls,) and rangle, on the south side of South Street; and have lately 108 feet high. There is no trace of the Gothic architecture been substantially and tastefully repaired. in these ruins, which are doubtless very antient. Adjoining the west side of the tower was another chapel of which no part remains.

The curriculum, or course of study in the arts, extends over four sessions. These studies are pursued at the United College, and the session lasts from the end of October to the beginning of May. St. Mary's College has three professors, viz., of divinity, church history, and oriental languages, besides a principal, who also reads lectures on divinity; and the complete course of a student includes four years, but the session is only of four months. The study of mathematics has always formed a principal branch of instruction at St. Andrews.

The cathedral of St. Andrews was nearly 160 years in building, (A.D. 1159, or 1161 to 1318,) and was demolished in one day, in June 1559, by a mob excited by a sermon of the celebrated John Knox. The eastern gable with its two towers is, however, still standing; and there remains also one of the towers of the western gable, part of the south wall from the western gable to the south transept, and the west wall of the south transept. The towers are each 100 feet high from the ground to the summit; they rose considerably above the roof of the church. The architecture varies, Saxon and Gothic (or late Norman and early English) being intermixed. The western end was of later erection, and in a much richer and more ornamented style than the other; and exceeded it in width by ten or twelve feet. The length of the cathedral, as nearly as can be measured from the unevenness of the ground, was 350 feet, (Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland,) or 370 feet, transept from north to south was 160 feet, (Sinclair's Statis tical Account of Scotland,) or 180 feet, (Grierson.) The stone is by no means of so durable a nature as that with which St. Regulus's chapel is built; and the dilapidation has been further increased by the use of the materials for later erections. The ruined church of St. Leonard's adjoins the college of that name.

In each of the colleges are lodging-rooms for the students, which have been now for some time unoccupied; and there are bursaries or endowments, entitling the holders to a certain income for so many years. Fifty-five belong to the United College, and seventeen to St. Mary's. (Journ, of Educ. vol. iv., p. 36.) The students of St. Mary's pay no fees. The emoluments of the professors arise from their salaries, or, at the United College, from these with their fees in addition. The number of students at the university was, in 1826-27, 320. (Journ. of Educ.) Those who belong to|(Grierson, and Beauties of Scotland,) and the breadth of the the United College are required to attend divine service twice in the Sunday at the college chapel; except in the cise of Dissenters, who are allowed to attend their own places of worship.

An extensive wall about 870 yards in length, twenty-two feet high, and four feet thick, with sixteen round or square turrets at different distances, was erected by Prior Hepburn (the founder of St. Leonard's College) in the beginning of the sixteenth century, to enclose for nearly the whole of their circuit the grounds of the great priory of St. Andrews, which had been erected about A.D. 1120. The enclosure is about eighteen acres, and contains the ruins of the cathedral and St. Rule's chapel, besides the relics of some other buildings belonging to the priory. This wall having been constructed of durable stone is tolerably entire, and has three gates still standing; one, a stately gothic arch, fronts the end of South Street.

The revenues of the United College are somewhat more than 3000!, per annum, including the sums received on account of the bursaries; the disbursements in 1823 (the latest statement given in the report of the commissioners appointed by royal authority, some years ago, to visit the Scotch universities) rather exceeded the income; and there is besides a considerable debt. The revenue of St. Mary's, on the average for seven years before 1826, was ratur greater than the expenditure, and amounted to above £1000. The university has little property distinct from that possessed by the colleges individually, except the library, which is entitled to a copy of every work entered at Stationer's Hall, and contained upwards of 40 000 volumes in 1830. The officer of highest dignity is the clancellor, but his office is merely honorary; the rector (510) as appointed by the principals, the professors, and by ti. • studets of theology, and of moral and natural philo- There are some relies of two monasteries, one of the Doseply) is the acting head. He is appointed annually, and minicans, founded by Bishop Wishart in 1274, and the che of the principais, or of the professors of divinity or other of the Observantines (a species of Franciscans), church history, must be elected. He is præses of the founded by Bishop Kennedy at least 150 years later. Part senatus caloniens, by which body, consisting of the of one of these edifices, though it is not decided to which of prina pal and professors of each college, all the academical the orders it belonged, is used for the grammar-school, and derrecs are conferred. The flourishing trade once carried stands in South Street, about 200 yards from the west on in medical degrees has been given up. A granimar-port; it has, however, been entirely modernised. Another school, and a schol for English writing and arithmetic, fragment of the same convent with an arched roof is, e under the patronage of the corporation. Dr. Bell, perhaps, the most beautiful specimen of pointed archithe founder of the Madras system of education, has given tecture in St. Andrews. The other convent was about 100 a splendid donata n of 45,000l., 3 per cent. stock, for yards from the west port of North Street outside of the town. the esta! shynent of a comprehensive seminary of educa- | Both were demolished in consequence of Knox's preaching tin in this his native city, to be called the Madras Col- in June, 1559, when the cathedral was destroyed. lege. The buildings for this school, forming a large and On the shore of St. Andrew's Bay, on a ridge or cliff, ha le tue edifice on the south side of South Street, some washed on the N. and E. sides by the sea are the ruins of distance west from St. Mary's College, are nearly completed. the castle, which serve as a land-mark to seamen. There The ant quites of St. Andrews are numerous and in-are some parts of the walls standing on the N. and E., but teresting. Those which are ecclesiastical stand near together Just by the harbour. The most antient is the chapel, (si tuated about forty yard, SE of the cathedral.) the foundat on of which the legend ascribes to St. Regulus, (commonly called St Rule the traditionary founder of the place, but which is predibly 1000 years old at least. The story is, that a boly person, the abbot of a monastery at Patræ, (Patras,) in Achua, having been warned in a dream to depart without de av to an island called Alon, situated in the farthest extremity of the Western world, set sail with

others have fallen from the encroachment of the sea, whi, h has here gained considerably on the land, while a little way N.W. of the castle, (on the Links,) as we have seen, it has thrown up earthy matter. The keep or donjon at the north-west corner is entire. This castle was built by Bishop Roger about A.D. 1200, and subsequently enlarged. In 1336, it was taken and garrisoned by Edward III of Eng land; re-taken the following year, and nearly demolished Bishop Trail repaired it towards the end of the fourteenth century, and it became the episcopal residence. It was