on the west by the modern military road from Stirling towards Inverness. Three of the gates remain. The entrance at the prætorian gate crosses the entrenchments, not at right angles, but obliquely. There is a road out of the camp on the south side; but whether it coincides with the remaining (decuman) gate is not clear from the plans. The Roman stations and camps had usually four gates: the Prætorian, in front of the prætorium or general's quarters; the Decuman, at the back of the same; and the right and left principal gates. From an inscription on a sepulchral stone dug up at this place, it appears that a body of Spanish auxiliary troops lay in garrison here. The west side of the camp is protected by the river Knaig, the banks of which, as the section shows, are very steep. The level of the camp is sixty feet above the river. The prætorium, which has from time immemorial been called Chapel Hill, has been at some time enclosed with a stone wall, and has the foundations of a house ten yards by seven. The whole station has been of late years enclosed with a high stone wall in order to preserve it. There is said to be on one side of the prætorium a subterraneous passage, supposed to extend under the bed of the river, but the entrance having been closed about 1720, to prevent hares, when pursued, from taking refuge there, it is not known where the passage is. Search has been made for it, but in vain. Previous to its being closed, a man who had been condemned in the baron court of some neighbouring lord, consented, upon condition of pardon, to explore it; but after bringing out some Roman spears, helmets, and bits of bridles and other things, he descended again and was killed by the foul air. The articles brought out were carried off by the duke of Argyle's soldiers after the battle of Shereffmuir in 1715, and were never recovered. The camps are a little way north of the station on the way to Crieff, and are of different magnitudes. The largest of them has a mean length of 2800 feet, and a mean breadth of 1950, and was calculated to hold between 25,000 and 26,000 men. The military road enters the camp by the south gate, and has levelled half of the small work which covered it, leaving the other half of it standing. On the east rampart of this camp is a small redoubt, on a gentle eminence; the only thing of the kind in the tempo-rary camps of Agricola in these parts. The area of this camp is marshy, and some parts of it appear to have been always so. The second camp is smaller, and its ramparts obliquely intersect those of the last. The north end and part of the east and west sides remain entire. Its length is 1910 feet, and its breadth 1340, and it would contain about 14,000 men, according to the Roman method of encamping. The area is drier than that of the great camp. These camps Roy supposes to have been formed and occupied by Agricola in his sixth campaign; the smaller one after the larger, when he had divided his forces. The part of the rampart of the first included within the second was not levelled. The lower parts of both, where they approach the river Knaig, are now demolished. The third camp is immediately adjacent to the station, and was probably an addition to it. Its mean length is 1060 feet, and its mean breadth 900, so that it would contain about 4000 men. It was stronger than the great camp, and was formed subsequently to it, the works of the great camp having been defaced by its rampart, and the part included within it has been levelled either by the Romans or others since their time. In this part of Scotland are the remains of two other Roman stations, but neither of them are so perfect as that at Ardoch. One of them, at Strageath or Strathgeth, on the river Earn, about six miles and a half N.N.E. of Ardoch, is thought to be the Hierna of Richard of Cirencester; and between this and Ardoch, about two miles and a half from the latter, is a small post called Kaim's Castle, supposed to have been a look-out for both stations, the remains of which are very perfect. The other station, of which only slight vestiges remain, is in the neighbourhood of West Dealgin Ross, near the junction of the rivers Ruagh Huil and Earn, about eight miles and a quarter N.N.W. from Ardoch, and eight and a half W.N.W. from Strageath. Near it are the remains of a small temporary camp, whereof great part of the intrenchments and the four gates (which are covered in a manner singularly curious) remain entire. This station General Roy supposes to be the Victoria of Richard of Cirencester, and the camp that of the ninth legion, which was attacked by the Caledonians in the sixth campaign of Agricola. About half a mile S.W. of Ardoch, at the Grinnan Hill of Keir, is a circular Roman work. (Roy's Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain; Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland.) About a mile west of Ardoch was a cairn of extraordinary dimensions, viz., 182 feet in length, 30 feet in sloping height, and 45 feet in breadth at the base. (Gordon's Itinerarium Septentrionale.) The stones have been now mostly carried away to form enclosures for the neighbouring farms; but a large stone coffin, in which was a skeleton seven feet long, has been preserved, together with a few large stones around it. (Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland) ARDROSSAN, a sea-port and parish in the district of Cunningham, the most northern division of Ayrshire in Scotland. The harbour of Ardrossan was begun in 1806. The port had previously considerable natural advantages, being sheltered by a large island (Horse Island) off the coast. The works were carried on under the auspices of the late eari of Eglinton, who bestowed upon them much trouble and expense. The harbour was to form one outlet of a canal intended to connect the Clyde with this part of the coast, and the projectors seem to have hoped to render Ardrossan the port of Glasgow. The harbour has been for many years in a state to receive shipping, and is considered as one of the safest and most capacious and accessible on the west coast of Scotland. A circular pier of 900 yards* was finished in 1811; but the progress of the wet dock and other works was suspended by Lord Eglinton's death in 1820. The canal (begun in 1807) has never been finished. It has been carried from Glasgow past Paisley to the village of Johnston, a distance of eleven miles, at an expense of 90,000l. A rail-road has been commenced from Ardrossan to the canal, which will thus complete the communication, though not in the manner first designed. Baths have been constructed at Ardrossan, which render it somewhat attractive as a watering-place. The parish has a medium length of six miles. Its greatest breadth is about five miles, and its least not more than three. The kirk is close to the town of Saltcoats, part of which is in this parish. [See SALTCOATS.] The population in 1831 was 3494. Ardrossan is in the presbytery of Irvine, and the synod of Glasgow and Ayr. It gives the title of baron to the family of Montgomery, earls of Eglintoun. (Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, &e.) ARDSTRAW, an extensive parisli in Ireland, in the county of Tyrone. [See NEWTON STEWART.] ARE, the modern French measure of surface, forming part of the new decimal system adopted in that country after the revolution; it is obtained as follows:-the metre or measure of length, being the forty-millionth part of the whole meridian, as determined by the survey, is 32809167 English feet; and the are is a square, the side of which is 10 metres long. The following denominations are also used :— Decare. Hectare Chilare. Myriare Deciare. Centiare Milliare The are is or or is 39 10 ares. 100 99 1000 ,, 10,000 35 τουσ of an are. 39 100 square metres, 947-68175 French sq. feet, 1076 44144 English sq. feet. The hectare is generally used in describing a quantity of land. It is 2:4711695 English acres, or 404 hectares make 1000 acres, which disagrees with the first result by less than 1 part out of 50,000. A'REA. This term is a Latin word, and means the same thing as superficies or quantity of surface, but is applied exclusively to plane figures. Thus we say, the surface of a sphere, the area of a triangle, and the surface of a cube is six times the area of one of its faces. The word is al-o applied to signify any large open space, or the ground upon which a building is erected; whence, in modern built houses, the portion of the site which is not built upon is commonly called the area. Returning to the mathematical meaning of the term, the measuring unit of every area is the square described upon the measuring unit of length: thus, we talk of the square inches, square feet, square yards, or square miles, which an area contains. And two figures which are similar, as it is called in geometry, that is, which are perfect copies one of the other on different scales, have their areas proportional to the squares of their linear dimensions. That is, suppose a plan of the front of a house to be drawn so that a length of 500 feet would be represented in the picture by one of 3 feet. Then the area in the real front is to the area of the front in the picture in the proportion of 500 times 500 to 3 times 3, or of 250,000 to 9. Similarly, if the real height were 20 times as great as the height in the picture, or in the proportion of 20 to 1, the real area would be to that of the picture as 20 times 20 to once one, or as 400 to 1, that is, the first would be 400 times as great as the second. Any figure which is entirely bounded by straight lines may be divided into triangles, as in the adjoining diagram. A D The area of every triangle may be measured separately by either of the following rules; in which the word in italics may mean inches, yards, miles, or any other unit, provided only that it stands for the same throughout. 1. Measure a side, A B, of the triangle ABC, and the perpendicular CD which is let fall upon it from the opposite vertex, both in units. Half the product of A B and C D is the number of square units in the triangle ABC. Thus, if A B be 30 yards. and CD 16 yards, the triangle contains 240 square yards. 2. Measure the three sides, AC, CB, BA, in units; tako suspect some error. Two statements of the plans of Mr. Telford, the engineer, the half sum of the three, from it subtract each of the sides. give 600 yards as the intended length of this pier. multiply the four results together, and extract the square There are some ruins of an old castle, the remains of which indicate it to have been of considerable extent. It was in a great degree demolished by Cromwell, who used the stones of it for the erection of the fort of Ayr. This is the statement in the Ency. Britannica, last edition; bat we The following rules may be applied in the following cases -for a parallelogram, multiply A B, a side, by CD, its perpendicular distance from the opposite side-for a rectangle, multiply together adjoining sides, P Q and P R-for a four-sided figure, in which RT and S V are parallel, but TV and RS converge; multiply R S, one of the converging sides, by Y Z, its perpendicular distance from the middle point of the other. When RT and SV are perpendicular to RS, then Y Z is half the sum of R T and SV. The area of a curvilinear figure can only be strictly found by mathematical processes too difficult to be here described, but the following method will give an idea of the principles D employed. Let ACDB be a curvilinear figure bounded by the curve CD and the lines CA, A B, BD, of which the first and third are perpendicular to the second. Divide A B into any number of equal parts (eight is here supposed) by the points 1, 2, 3, &c. and construct the accompanying obvious figure by making A p, 1 q, &c. parallelograms. It is plain that the area sought, ACD B, is greater than the sum of the inscribed rectangles, denoted by the letters or numbers at opposite corners, 1C, 2p, 3 g, 4r, 58, 6t, 7u, Bv; and that it is less than the sum of the circumscribing rectangles Ap, 1q, 2r, 38, 4t, 5u, 6v, 7 D. Therefore the area sought does not differ from either of these sums by so much as they differ from one another; but the sums differ from one another by the sum of the rectangles Cp, pq, qr, rs, st, tu, uv, v D, which, placed under one another, give the rectangle DE, which is less than D7: consequently neither sum differs from the area sought by so much as D 7. But by carrying the division of AB, with which we set out, to a sufficient degree, the area of D7 might have been reduced to any extent which might have been thought necessary; that is, name any fraction of a square inch, however small, and A B can be divided into such a number of equal parts that D7 shall be smaller than that fraction of a square inch. Hence the sum of the inscribed or circumscribed parallelograms may, by dividing the line A B sufficiently, be made as nearly equal to the area as any practical purpose can require. The accuracy of the preceding process will be increased by summing, not the parallelograms, but the figures No. 104. ACp1, 1pq2, 2qr3, &c. considering Cp, pq, qr, &c. as straight lines. This will be equivalent to adding half the rectangle, DE, to the sum of the rectangles aforesaid. The practical rule is:-Add all the intermediate ordinates, 1 p, 2 q, &c. to the half sum of the extreme ordinates AC and B D: multiply the total by the common value of A 1, or 1 2, &c. This approximation is the first step of the method of QUADRATURES, which see. The mathematical process of finding the area carries the preceding approximation one step further, and finds what is the limit to which the sum of the inscribed parallelograms approaches nearer and nearer, as the number of divisions of A B is increased. This limit, it is easy to show, is an exact expression for the area required. If a represent one of the lines A1, A2, &c., and y the corresponding line 1 p, 24, &c., the area of the curve is found by the process of the integral calculus thus represented: Sy d x or, in the language of fluxions, fluent of y x A process similar to the preceding is employed by surveyors in measuring a field whose boundaries are curvilinear. [See SURVEYING, OFFSET.] The investigation of the area of a curve was formerly called the quadrature of the curve (quadratum, a square), because, before the application of arithmetic to geometry, the most convenient method of representing an area was by giving the square to which it is equal. For some practical purposes the following experimental method of finding the above area might suffice. Cut out the figure ABCD in pasteboard (heavy wood or metal would be better). Out of the same pasteboard cut a square inch or other unit; and weigh both the pieces thus cut out accurately. Then the weight of the first piece divided by that of the second will give the number of square units in the area required, if the pasteboard, or other material, be of moderately uniform thickness. A method similar to that of Archimedes (see his Life) might easily be devised. ARE'CA, a genus of palms containing two species, both remarkable for the purposes to which they are applied. Botanically, areca is distinguished by a double membranous sheath in which its bunches of flowers are contained, by its female corolias containing the rudiments of stamens, its calyx being divided into three parts or leaves, and its fruit [THE PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA.] VOL. II.-2 Q being a berry or drupe, with a fibrous rmd inclosing one | Italian and German campaigns, which arose out of the conseed only. The leaves of all the species are pinnated, with test for the succession to the empire, in the days of the their stalks rolled up cylindrically at the base. empress Maria Theresa. Areca catechu is described by Dr. Roxburgh as being the most beautiful palm in India, with a remarkably straight trunk, often from forty to fifty feet high, and in general about twenty inches in circumference, equally thick in every part, and smooth. The leaflets are from three to three feet and a half long, and widest at the point, where they also are ragged. It is cultivated all over India for the sake of its nuts, which are about the size of a hen's egg, of a reddish-yellow when ripe, and with a firm fibrous rind about half an inch thick. It is this nut, which. under the name of pinang or betel nut, is so universally chewed in the East Indies. It has an austere and astringent flavour, and is not eatable alone; but mixed with lime, which no doubt destroys its acidity, and with the leaf of the betel pepper, it becomes milder and pleasant. The mixture is, however, after all, so hot and acrid as to be unfit for the use of any but persons accustomed to it; it is said to be aromatic and stomachic, and also to produce intoxication in beginners, but it is very doubtful whether all these qualities are not rather to be ascribed to the betel pepper leaf than to the nut of the palm. It, or rather the mixture of the three substances, stains the saliva and teeth of a deep red colour. It is to the stems of Areca catechu that the common black pepper vine is usually trained on the coast of Malabar. (Roxb.) The astringent substance called catechu was once supposed to be produced by it, but this was an error, as has been already explained. [See ACACIA CATECHU.] Areca oleracea, or the cabbage palm, is the only other species that it is necessary for us to notice. This plant must be familiar to most persons in consequence of the allusions to it in the tale of Paul and Virginia, and from the often repeated fact that a tree of the growth of half a century is sometimes cut down for the sake of the single bud which terminates it, and which is called the cabbage. The species is found in great abundance in the mountainous parts of Jamaica and other West India islands, growing to the height of from one to two hundred feet, with a trunk not more than six or seven inches in diameter. This gives it an extremely graceful appearance, especially as the leaves grow from the top only, in a kind of tuft or plume, to the length of fifteen feet; these leaves are divided in a pinnated manner, and their divisions are deep green, and several feet long. The unexpanded leaves are arranged so closely one over the other as to obstruct all access of light, which causes them to be of a very tender and delicate nature. It is this which forms the cabbage, which is considered a great delicacy, either raw or boiled. The nuts, which are about the size of a filbert and covered with a yellowish skin, are produced in great abundance upon a very long and branched spadix; the kernel is white and sweet. Independently of the use of this palm as an article of food, its trunk when felled and exposed to the air quickly rots in the centre, and becomes a natural hollow cylinder, which, on account of the hardness of its outside, forms a very durable water-pipe, often as much as a hundred feet long, and is said to become, when buried, almost as hard as iron. (See Sloane's Jamaica, vol. ii. p. 116.) The present extent of this duchy, independently of the Belgian domains, is 920 geographical square miles; the amount of its German population above 85,000; and the yearly income from its possessions both in Germany an-i Belgium is estimated at nearly 70,000l. Meppen, which fell to the house of Aremberg in 1803, and became part of the French empire in 1810, being afterwards made over to Prussia, was relinquished by that power in favour of the king of Hanover in 1815, when it was erected into a duchy, with a seat in the Upper Chamber of the Hanoverian states. The 690 miles over which it spreads are the most cheerless, sterile tract in the whole kingdom; in fact, it is an extensive plain, in which heath alternates with morass; the inhabited parts exhibit the appearance of so many islands, and are almost as inaccessible as the Oases in the African desert. The heart of the land, which is denominated the 'Humling,' is an immense moor of sand above twenty miles in circumference, the whole surface of which presents a wide covert of heath, interspersed wit sandstones, and surrounded at every point by impenetrabie morasses. This inhospitable region is traversed by the Es in the west, and the Hase, which flows into the former, in the south; it is also watered by the north and south Ratte, the first running into the Ems, and the second into the Hase. Its climate is temperate, but moist, gloomy, and variable. The districts where rye and buckwheat are grown do nt produce enough by one-half for the wants of the inhabitants. the growth of flax also is much less than adequate to their consumption; but the principal and the richest source of profit is the breeding of horned-cattle, sheep, and bes, Wood or orchard is unknown to them; but they have tur in sufficient quantity both for fuel and as an article t exportation. There is scarcely a mechanic among them, unless the domestic weaver and knitter deserve the name. for their shirts, stockings, and garments are all made at home. In short, Meppen is so poor that the greater part of the inhabitants make their way into Holland for us sake of finding better bread in the summer season, and returning home with the surplus produce of their labour before winter sets in. The present number of its inabitants, who are wholly Catholics, is about 43,000; and ats revenue amounts to between 26,000l. and 27,0007. a-yeur The chief town, which lies at the confluence of the and Ems, and 10 or 11 miles north of Lingen, in the ballwick of Osnaburg, bears the same name as the duchy; has a gymnasium or grammar-school, soap and succ manufactories, two churches, a hospital, bleaching-grounds, and some external trade. Its population is 2300: 52° 41′ N. lat., 7° 17' E. long. Haselüne, on the Hase, is the set of the ducal court of justice, and manufactures agretural implements; it has a convent, and about 1700 inh bitants. The earldom of Recklinghausen, which constitutes t remaining portion of the duchy of Aremberg, so far as spects Germany, belonged to the electorate of Cologne urt. the year 1803, formed part of the grand-duchy of Berg i. 1811, and was transferred to the Prussian crown in 18:3. AREMBERG is a considerable duchy close upon the It is situated in the circle of Münster, in the Prussian prDutch frontier: it consists of the sovereignty of Moppen, vince of Westphalia, and is bounded on the south by t which formerly belonged to the Westphalian bishopric of circle of Arnsberg and Düsseldorf, and on the west by Münster, but is at present within the Hanoverian dominions; Cleves. Its superficial extent is 294 square miles, and th of Recklinghausen; of another sovereign domain in the circle number of its inhabitants at the close of the year 1831 % 2 of Münster, within the Westphalian dominions of Prussia; 42,214. The face of the country is a plain, intersected w. and of extensive possessions in the Netherlands. The an- gentle eminences; the Lippe traverses it, and its wester: cestors of the present duke were created counts of the Roman districts are watered by the Emster. The soil is strong and empire in 1549; they were advanced to the rank of princes fertile; the people depend chiefly upon agriculture and the in 1576; and were ultimately created sovereign-dukes by breeding of cattle, though they are also employed very gun the emperor Ferdinand III. in 1644. As a compensation rally in making yarn and linen. It produces iron, freest nie, for the loss of a considerable part of the duchy on the Upper turf, and coals. The inhabitants are all of the Catholic fat Rhine and in the Netherlands under the stipulations of the and divided into seventeen parishes. The revenue wh treaty of Luneville, the then duke received Meppen and the duke of Aremberg derives from it is compute-la Recklinghausen, which are six times greater in extent, and nearly 16,000l. Recklinghausen, the chief town, which laproduce double the revenue of the lost territory. The dukes at the foot of the Hard, the highest spot in the earldem, to of Aremberg, besides being grandees of Spain of the first about 50 miles N.E. of Cologne, on the Lippe. It has class, are subject to the crown of Prussia as holding Reck-ducal residence, two churches, an asylum for females. linghausen, and to the Hanoverian crown as holders of noble birth, some linen manufactories, and a stock Meppen. The late duke was created duke of Aremberg- and, in 1831, had a population of 2466 souls; 31 S Meppen by George IV. in 1826. His ancestor, Prince N. lat., 7° 12′ E. long. The other towns of note in .... Leopold, who died in 1754, was a Field-Marshal in the earldom are Dorsten, population 2295; and Boer, which, with Austrian service, and took a distinguished part in the its dependencies, contains above 4000 inhabitants. The latter ARENARIUS, literally, relating to the sands, a work of Archimedes. [See ARCHIMEDES.] includes the iron-works of St. Antonie, which are among | 51° 24' N. lat., and 8° 1' E. long. It lies on the Peddus, the most considerable in Westphalia, and have sometimes a small river on the S.E. side of the island, and has a produced 600 tons per annum. harbour, too shallow for loaded vessels of any size, which are therefore compelled to anchor about five miles below the town. Its present site was formerly the abode of a colony ARENG is the botanical name of one of the palms that of pagans from Esthonia. Valdemar, the Danish sovereign, produce sago, and from which palm-wine is obtained. The built a fort of wood on the spot in 1205, but this fort having only species, Areng saccharifera, is described as a plant of been destroyed by fire, another was rebuilt in 1221, at an ugly appearance, having a trunk twenty or thirty feet the time when Arensburg was erected into the seat of a high, covered almost entirely with coarse black fibres, re- bishopric; and it was converted into a regular and stronglysembling horse-hair. The leaves are from fifteen to twenty-fortified castle by Hermann, bishop of Osnaburg, in 1334. Charles XII. afterwards added greatly to its strength and embellishment; but part of the works were destroyed in the course of the operations which preceded its capture by the Russians in September, 1710. It is a fine specimen of solid masonry, and constructed in a style of magnificence which reflects credit on the memory of its founder, and the talent of the age in which he lived. The town itself contains a Russian and a Lutheran church, a town-hall, public school, and hospital, and about 1400 inhabitants, nearly the whole of whom are Germans. They load twenty vessels a year with the produce of their industry and fisheries. Two fairs are annually held in the town. [Areng saccharifera.] five feet long, and pinnated; their leaflets, which are from three to five feet long, widen gradually to the point, where they are ragged and prickly, in consequence of the projection of their hard veins beyond the margin; above they are of a deep shining green, but on their under surface they are firmly coated with ash-coloured mealy matter. The stalks of these leaves have intermixed with their coarse hair stiff bristles as thick as porcupine's quills. Each bunch of flowers is from six to ten feet long, and, when covered with fruit, is as much as a man can carry. The berries are of a yellowish brown colour, about the size of a medlar, and extremely acrid; each contains three seeds. AREO'PAGUS, or more correctly AREIOPAGUS, the Hill of Ares, is an eminence at a short distance west of the Athenian Acropolis. It was here that Xerxes posted his troops for the attack of that fortress (Herod. viii. 52). The circumstances which connected the place with the God are variously told. It was the hill of Ares, according to some, because the Amazons, who in their invasion of Attica pitched their camp on it, were descendants of Ares, or rather, according to Eschylus (Eumen. v. 692, ed. Stan.), because they performed sacrifice to the God in that place; according to others, because Ares himself was there tried for adultery; or lastly, to follow the more popular story (Paus. i. 2, 8), because it was on this hill that the God was brought to trial by Poseidon (Neptune) for the murder of his son Halirrothius. In short, the place was called Areopagus, and, in process of time, these legends were invented or employed to supply the want of further information. AREOPAGUS, COUNCIL OF, a celebrated council, so called from the hill of that name, on which its sessions were held. It was also called the council above (navo Bovλn), to distinguish it from the council of five hundred, whose place of meeting was in a lower part of the city, known by the name of the Ceramicus (Paus. 1, 3, 4). Its high antiquity may be inferred from the well-known legends respecting the causes brought before it in the mythical age of Greece, among which that of Orestes, who was tried for the murder of his mother, has obtained especial celebrity (Eschyl. Eumen.); but its authentic history commences with the age of Solon. There is, indeed, as early as the first Messenian war, something like historical notice of its great fame, in the shape of a tradition preserved by Pausanias (iv. 51), that the Messenians were willing to commit the decision of a dispute between them and the Lacedaemonians, involving a case of murder, to this council of Areopagus. We are told that it was not mentioned by name in the laws of Dracon, though its existence in his time, as a court of justice, can be distinctly proved (Plut. Vit. Sol. c. 19). It seems that the name of the Areopagites was lost in that of the Ephetæ, who were then the appointed judges of all cases of homicide, as well in the court of Areopagus, as in the other criminal courts. (See Müller, History of the Dorians, vol. i. p. 352, English translation.) Solon, however, so completely reformed its constitution, that he received from many, or, as Plutarch says, from most authors, the title of its founder. It is, therefore, of the council of Areopagus, as constituted by Solon, that we shall first speak; and the subject possesses some interest from the light which it throws on the views and character of Solon Besides yielding wine, the coarse fibres of the stem and as a legislator. It was composed of the archons of the leaf-stalks are manufactured into powerful cables, and the year (see ARCHON), and of those who had borne the office trunk contains a great quantity of a nutritious meal like of archon. The latter became members for life; but besago; Dr. Roxburgh mentions that 150 lbs. of that sub-fore their admission, they were subjected, at the expiration stance were obtained from one tree felled in the botanic garden at Calcutta. (See Roxburgh's Flora Indica, vol. iii. P. 627; and Rumphius' Herbarium Amboinense, vol. i. The former calls this palm Saguerus Rumphii.) This palm is found in all the islands of the Indian Archipelago, in moist and shady ravines through which rivulets find a course; it is much used for the sake of its sap, which flows in great abundance from the wounded branches of the inflorescence about the time when the fruit is forming. A bamboo bottle is tied to the extremity of an amputated branch, and removed twice a day, morning and evening. A single tree will yield a large quantity of this fluid, which, when first drawn from the tree, is transparent, with the taste and colour of new wine: after a short time it becomes turbid and milky, and acquires a slight degree of acidity. When fit for drinking it is of a yellowish colour, with a powerful odour and a good deal of astringency; strangers do not, for some time, become accustomed to it. It is exceedingly intoxicating; but, if drunk in moderation, is said to be stomachic and wholesome. ARENSBURG, the capital of a circle in the large island of Oesel, or, as the natives call it, Kure-Saar or Saare-Ma, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga, and within the limits of the Russian government of Livonia, is situated in about of their annual magistracy, to a rigid scrutiny (dokimasia) into their conduct in office, and their morals in private life. Proof of criminal or unbecoming conduct was sufficient to exclude them in the first instance, and to expel them after admission. Various accounts are given of the number to which the Areopagites were limited. If there was any fixed number, it is plain that admission to the council was not a necessary consequence of honourable discharge from the |