was situated immediately south of the present city. From the extent and character of the ruins it may be inferred that, though small, it was well built, and contained several large and costly structures. South of the ruins, and distant from them probably a quarter of a mile, are some mineral springs. Four sources spring up near each other and run off towards the sea in as many streams, which send up clouds of steam that indicate the high temperature of the water, and convert the atmosphere into a tolerable vapourbath. Buckingham found the temperature of the water 130 deg. Its taste is disgust ingly bitter and salt, and it emits a strong smell of sulphur. There are two bathing houses a little north of the fountains.

Of a view seen near Tiberias, Olin thus speaks: We were upon the brow of what must appear to a spectator at its base a lofty mountain, which bounds the deep basin of the sea of Galilee, and forms the last step in the descent from the very elevated plain over which we had journeyed during the long day. The sun had just set behind us in a blaze of red light, which filled the western sky for many degrees above the horizon, and was slightly reflected from the smooth, glassy surface of the beautiful lake, whose opposite shore was visible for many miles on the right and left, rising abruptly out of the water into an immense and continuous bulwark, several hundred feet in height, grand and massive, but softened by graceful undulations, and covered with a carpet of luxuriant vegetation from the summit quite down to the water's edge. Beyond the lake stretched out a vast, and to our eyes a boundless region, filled up with a countless number of beautiful, rounded hills, all clad in verdure, which at this moment was invested with a peculiar richness of colouring. In the remote distance, though full in our view, the snowy top of Mount Hermon was still glittering and basking in the beams of the sun, while a chaste, cool drapery of white, fleecy clouds hung around its base. The green, graceful form of Mount Tabor rose behind us, while over the broad and well-cultivated plain, the numerous fields of wheat, now of a dark luxuriant green, contrasted very strongly and strangely with intervening tracts of red, freshly-ploughed ground. Independent of sacred associations, this was altogether a scene of rare and unique beauty-nay, of splendid magnificence.'

TIGLATH-PILESER. See ASSYRIA. TILING, from the French tuile, and that from the Latin tegula (tego, tectum), denoting properly a covering, whatever the kind, stands in Luke v. 19, for the Greek keramos, which strictly signifies a cover made of clay, but derivatively had the general meaning of a covering. That in the passage just referred to the general acceptation was intended, appears from the parallel passage in Mark

(ii. 4), where a word is used, rendered 'uncovered the roof,' but which would be more correctly given as 'drew back the covering. Jesus was teaching in the midst,' that is in the large inner court (see HOUSE), surrounded by so great a crowd, that those who bore the palsied man could not get access to him. They, therefore, from without or from the next house, ascended to the top of one of the wings of the edifice, and withdrawing the awning which extended to the opposite side of the quadrangle, and so formed a covering over the open space in the midst, let down the sick man while lying in his couch, and in this manner drew toward. him the benevolent eye of the Great Physician (comp. 2 Kings i. 2). The word rendered through,' dia, may mean by the side of,* as in Acts ix. 25, by the wall;' and in 2 Cor. xi. 33, by the wall. The awning which we have mentioned is common in Palestine. Speaking of Hebron, Olin says, 'The bazaars are to a considerable extent either covered by some kind of awning, or arches springing from the top of the houses and spanning the street. They are thus secured from the effects of summer heats, and to some exten against rains.'

One word used in Mark creates a difficultyexoruxantes; in the common version, when they had broken it up; rendered by the Layman,'' and having opened it;' by Wakefield, by forcing open the door' (that is, to get to the roof). Campbell evades the difficulty, thus rendering, uncovered the place where Jesus was, and through the opening let down the couch.' The term, which literally signifies having dug out,' may mean 'having cleared away' (impediments), that is the awning and terrace wall-has occasioned much trouble, scarcely seems necessary to the sense, and is omitted in the Cambridge Manuscript, and not regarded in the Syriac and some other versions' (Shaw's 'Travels,' 212; see also Griesbach in loc.).

TIME-The following article on Chronology we extract, with the author's kind permission, from the Rev. Dr. Mackay's work, entitled 'Facts and Dates,' or the leading events in sacred and profane history, and the principal facts in the various physical sciences. The Doctor is no mean authority on this subject, which he has long and enthusiastically studied, and the fruits of which study he has given to the world in the exceedingly useful volume noted above.

In regard to the chronology of the Antediluvian period, and especially the point of time at which human history commences, the Book of Genesis is our only guide. Invaluable as this most precious record is, there are many points of the deepest interest on which it throws but a feeble light. The absolute age of our planet, and the precise point of time in that age when man first appeared on its surface, are left wholly unde

termined; but the mighty changes through which it had passed before man was introduced, and the order of time (in relation to other species) in which that introduction took place, are indicated with sufficient clearness. Regarding the antiquity of the globe, and the moment of time when it was first peopled by living creatures, the inspired volume is silent; nor is there the least likelihood that human science shall ever satisfactorily determine what the Creator has been pleased to conceal. It will be readily perceived, however, that what is clearly indicated is of vastly greater importance to our race than what has been purposely left in the dark. In the very first sentence of the Book of Genesis we are in formed that matter is not eternal; that our world had a beginning; and that it required divine energy to bring it into being. Further in, but still on the same page, we are informed that the planet had been in existence for an undefined period before any living thing was created on its surface; that this creation was gradual and progressive, the humbler forms of life taking the precedence of the more highly organised; and that the last creature that appeared on the scene was man, formed in God's own image, and so bearing His likeness that he could with propriety be called 'a son of God;' for he not only resembled his Creator in his moral and intel. lectual nature, but his body also-so fearfully and wonderfully made-bore the form and lineaments of that body which, in the fulness of time, the divine Son was to assume that body in which He was to give perfect obedience to God's violated law, and perfect satisfaction for the sins of His people.

These infinitely important items of revealed truth, in common with many others, are in perfect harmony with the teachings of science; and though the latter cannot draw aside the veil which obstracts our view in some directions, she has opened up a very fascinating vista in others. For example, she has well nigh demonstrated-what the inspired record had long ago clearly asserted (compare Heb. xi. 3, in the original) that between each of the days' of creation,that is, between each successive exercise of supernatural power,-an 'æon' or mighty cycle of years intervened, during which the results of the new order of things initiated by the divine Word at its commencement were left to operate, by the continuous and undisturbed routine of natural law, until the earth had thereby become adapted for a new act of supernatural power-as, for example, the introduction of a higher type of organic life. She has shown that the order of sequence in these six periods is identical with the order so graphically detailed in the Book of Genesis. She has shown that our planet had existed for untold ages before it became inhabited by living creatures; that the forms of life that first peopled it were zoophytes and fucoids

the very lowest types of animal and vegetable existence; that many ages then elapsed before molluscs and crustaceans peopled its waters; that whole millenniums of the world's history had passed before fishes-the lowest type of vertebrated animals, and the contemporaries of the first land-plants-were ushered into being; that reptiles-the next higher type of vertebral life-made their first appearance when the continents and islands of the globe waved with the most abundant and gigantic flora that ever adorned its surface; that all these vast changes took place during the great PALEOZOIC age of its history; and that then some mighty, but hitherto unexplained, catastrophe occurred, which suddenly extinguished all the forms of organic life that had hitherto peopled its oceans and continents. Science further demonstrates that during the Triassic era-the first stage of the world's SECONDARY age-an entirely new series of plants and animals, including birds and marsupial mammals, appeared on the scene; that placental or true mammals come first into view near the end of the Waldean period-the period of the iguanodon and pterodactyl; that true or exogenous trees, together with quadrumanous mammals, had no existence before the Cretaceous era; that immediately after the completion of that era another tremendous cataclysm took place, which once more extinguished every species of organic life; that the third grand age of the planet's paleontological history-viz., the TERTIARY age. -was ushered in with myriads of new and higher forms of existence - forms more closely resembling the fauna and flora of the present day than any that had preceded them; that notwithstanding the great cosmical revolutions that occurred during the lapse of the Tertiary era, not a few of the species that were then created continue to survive till the present day, forming a living bridge between our own times and the immeasurable ages of the past. One item more must finish this enumeration (and it is the clearest and best established of all the teachings of geology)-viz., that no trace of the existence of man is found anywhere till we advance far into the present or POST-TERTIARY age of the world's history, and till this beautiful earth had received the last touches of its Creator's hand, every animal and plant now inhabiting it having been already called into existence.

Such, then, are some of the beautiful harmonies that everywhere abound between Science and Revelation. The globe and the Bible are evidently two volumes by the same Author; and though in some things it is still difficult to reconcile their teachings, they no. where teach contrary lessons. The author of thesc remarks is a theologian by profession, and at the same time an ardent student of nature; and he takes this opportunity of affirming, in the most solemn manner of which he is capable, that at this moment he is not

aware of a single statement in Scripture that is contradicted by any ascertained fact in either science or history. Let us take a single instance in point. The Old Testament declares that God created man in His own image' (Gen. i. 27), and the New Testament calls Adam 'a son of God' (Luke iii. 38), and adds that all men are God's 'offspring' (Acts xvii. 29). Now, though the findings of geology are not equally distinct, they all point, as we have seen, in exactly the same direction. Geology nowhere sanctions the doctrine of the transmutation of species, or that the higher types of organic life have, in the course of ages, been 'developed' out of the lower. No trace of such development can be found in the innumerable pages of her stony records. Her entire testimony is opposed to the impious theories of the modern infidel, who tries to show that man has been developed from the ape or the baboon, or that he is the lineal descendant of the gorilla-the most hideous and disgusting of all brutes. It is only when men are opposed in heart to God, and when, in consequence, their moral eye hopelessly squints, that they can so read the record of either Genesis or Geology.

The entire space of time intervening between the creation of man and the birth of Christ is usually divided by chronologists into six periods or ages. The first, extending from Adam to the general Deluge, is called the Antediluvian age; the second, from the Deluge to the call of Abraham, the Postdiluvian age; the third, from the call of Abraham to the Exodus, the Patriarchal age; the fourth, from the Exodus to the foundation of Solomon's Temple, the Critarchal (Judgeruling) age; the fifth, from the founding of the Temple to the Jewish Captivity, the Monarchal age; and the sixth, from the Captivity to the birth of Christ, the Hierarchal age. Each of these great periods has its own chronological difficulties, but those connected with the first three greatly exceed in magnitude those attaching to the others. The date when man first appeared on the earth, and the precise time when, owing to its multiplied iniquities, almost the entire race was swept nway, are out of sight the hardest to determine in the entire field of chronology. With the exception of the Book of Genesis, we possess no authentic records of these events; and it so happens that even this invaluable document, full as it is of notes of time, conveys much less satisfactory information regarding the two grand events referred to than we could wish. That book comes down to us in three distinct forms the original Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Greek or Septuagint translation; and these three, while closely agreeing in almost all other particulars, are amazingly divergent in everything connected with dates. According to the chronology of the Septuagint, Adam was created 5478 years before the Incarnation, and the Deluge occurred 2262 years there

after. According to our present Hebrew text, the former event took place B.C. 4004, and the latter, 1656 years afterwards. In other words, one edition of the Scriptures assigns to the human race an antiquity of more than 1400 years greater than the other, while it makes the period from Adam to the Flood 600 years longer These discrepancies are enormous, and make it perfectly obvious that either the one or the other copy, or both, have been seriously tampered with. Modern scholars are now generally of opinion that the serious charge of falsifying the sacred record lies at the door of those intrusted with the custody of the Hebrew Scriptures; and that, in order to refute their Christian opponents as to the predicted time of the appearance of the Messiah, they committed the fearful crime of changing the inspired records. It was an ancient tradition among the Jews that the world was destined to last for a period of seven millenniums,—the first six corresponding to the six days of creation, and the seventh to the Sabbath, or day of rest-and that previous to the last millennium the Messiah should appear in great power and glory. Traces of this tradition may be found in the vaticinations of the Sibylline oracles, and in the writings of the Greek theogonists and cosmogonists; and there can be little doubt that it found its way to the native country of the Magi, and prepared them, at the proper time, for the appearance of the star in the east. We have no doubt that the tradition had its firm foundation in the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures, which, at the time of our Lord's advent, were in exact harmony. The date of His birth perfectly agreed with the tradition, and thus a powerful argument was supplied to the Christians that the Desire of all nations' had actually come, and that it was He whom the Jewish rulers and priests had maliciously crucified. Seeing they were capable of perpetrating that unparalleled crime, they would hardly shrink from any other. Having already murdered the Son of God, they now resolved on mutilating His inspired word, in order to make the world believe that Jesus of Nazareth was not the promised Saviour, but an impostor who had appeared fourteen hundred years too soon. It is acknowledged by Biblical critics,' says Professor Wallace, in his admirable and exhaustive treatise, 'The True Age of the World' (Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1844), 'that all the copies of the present Hebrew text were taken from manuscripts of dates later than the ninth century, and that the striking uniformity which all the printed editions exhibit is to be attributed to the fact that they were all copied from the same coder.' Dr Hales also gives citations from Eusebius, from the Jewish Targums, and from other works, in which decided reference is made to the larger numbers as they anciently existed in the Hebrew. Mr Cunninghame, also, in his 'Dissertation on the Apocalypse,"

proves, on the authority of ancient Jewish tradition, that Adam was 230 years old when he begat Seth (and not 130 as in our Hebrew text). Consequently, by the argument ex uno disce omnes, we conclude that the whole of the antepaidogonian ages are correctly given in the Septuagint, and that the true extent of the Antediluvian age is 2262 years.' The changes introduced are, for the most part, curiously systematic, as will be at once perceived by comparing the Hebrew with the Septuagint, in regard to the ages of the Antediluvians at the birth of each eldest son :

Hebrew. 130 105 90 70 65 162 65 187 182 Septuagint, 230 205 190 170 165 162 165 187 188

It will be seen that in six cases the difference is exactly 100 years, and the result is that, according to the Hebrew, the Antediluvian age is shortened by six centuries.

In the second or Postdiluvian age, the result is precisely similar, as will be perceived at a glance by arranging the ten descents, from the Flood to Abraham (Gen. xi. 10-27), in parallel columns. The figures show the age of each patriarch at the birth of his firstborn son-first, in the Hebrew, and second, in the Septuagint :

Hebrew, 35 0 30 34 30 32 30 29 70 75 Septuagint, 135 130 130 131 130 132 130 79 70 75

Here, again, there appear clear indications of design; for in six cases out of the ten, the age of each patriarch at the date of his eldest son's birth is, in the Hebrew, precisely 100 years less than in the Septuagint. What is still more extraordinary, the Hebrew entirely omits the name of Cainan II., thereby shortening the chronology to the extent of 130 years, though the genuineness of the Septuagint is fully attested by St. Luke in his genealogy of our Lord (Luke iii. 36). Lastly, the following table shows the discrepancies of the two texts with regard to the whole lives of the ten Postdiluvian patriarchs :

Hebrew, . 438 0 433 464 239 239 230 148 205 175 Septuagint, 538 460 433 404 339 339 330 208 205 175

An important consideration in favour of the Septuagint chronology is that, according to it, the decrease in the duration of human life after the Flood is far more natural and progressive than in the Hebrew, which exhibits great leaps between the different terms of the progression. Leibnitz's celebrated rule, natura non agit per sallum, is nowhere more applicable than here. There is a suitable proportion, moreover, in the Greek numbers, between the whole lives of the patriarchs (both before and after the Flood), and their ages at the birth of their eldest sons, which is wholly wanting in the Hebrew. In the period before the Flood, the average of the six antepaido. gonian ages is to the average of their entire lives in the ratio of 1 to 5 in the Greek, but only as 1 to 9 in the Hebrew. If these ratios be applied to the present average duration of human life, we find that, were the proportions

indicated by the Hebrew text to hold good, fathers would beget children at the age of eight years! but, according to the Greek, not sooner than at the age of fourteen. This argument grows in strength when we come to the Postdiluvian age; for there the Hebrew analogy would allow men now to become fathers at the age of seven, but the Septuagint not before the age of twenty-three.

Once more, the Hebrew text gives B.C. 2288 as the date of the universal Deluge, but the Septuagint B.C. 3216, or nearly a thousand years earlier. Now we cannot possibly accede the former as the true date, for we have the most indubitable monumental evidence to the contrary. Professor C. P. Smyth has shown, in his recently published Antiquity of Intellectual Man,' that the Great Pyramid of Jeezeh, the most ancient and stupendous of all existing monuments, was erected about the year B.C. 2170. Now, such a gigantic structure, on which, according to Herodotus, 100,000 men were engaged for 30 years could not possibly have been erected so early as 118 years after the Deluge, or (according to the same system of chronology) only 41 years after the dispersion of nations.

This Pyramid, moreover, in its unique and marvellous system of symbology, gives some very remarkable indications of the true date of the Deluge. These, as interpreted by the Scottish Astronomer-Royal, clearly point to a year close upon B.C. 2800 as the actual time of that grand catastrophe. The evidence, therefore, which this colossal monument supplies, while it confirms the general testimony of both the Hebrew text and the Septuagint, differs from each by only one-twelfth part of the whole time, either way-yet, precisely speaking, indicates a year that lies almost midway between the dates which they assign to that great era in the world's history. A doubt is consequently suggested, whether the chronology of the Septuagint has not, to some extent been tampered with, as well as that of the Hebrew, though in an opposite direction? We need scarcely inform our readers that many able chronologists, including Usher, Petavius, and Clinton, adduce many weighty arguments against the early chronology of the Greek Scriptures, without being in the least swayed by any evidence obtained from the Pyramid. At the same time, the Pyramid date of the Deluge approaches that of the Septuagint about a hundred years more closely than it does the date of the Hebrew text. Further investigations will, in all likelihood, confirm the testimony of this 'sign and wonder in the land of Egypt' (Jer. xxxii. 20), and render it more and more manifest that that unparalleled structure was intended from the beginning to be the grand standard for trying and correcting not only the confused metrologies of the nations, but also their equally vitiated chronologies.

Dr Richard Lepsius of Berlin, the most