SCI

And on

Its effects upon history, 317. Influ-
ences of physical science over specu-
lative opinions, 318. Illegitimate
effects of science, 321. Effects of
science upon belief, 322.
Biblical interpretation, 323
Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, esta-
blishment of the, i. 314
Scotland, extreme atrocity of the per-
secutions for witchcraft in, 136–147.
Persecution of Presbyterians in, ii.
45. And of Catholics, 45, 46. Efforts
of the Scotch to suppress liberty
of conscience, 82 note. Establish-
ment of the Scottish Kirk, 91. Po-
litical liberalism of Scotland, 188.
Knox, 189. Buchanan, 190. Answer
of the Scotch deputation to Queen
Elizabeth, 192. English Dissenters
assimilated to the Scotch, 192. Exist-
ence of serfdom in Scotland as late
as 1775, 270. Sumptuary laws in
the fourteenth century, 312 note
Scott, Reginald, his Discovery of
Witchcraft,' i. 112, 113

Scotus Erigena, John, his disbelief in
the doctrine of hell-fire, i. 347.
Translates the writings of Denys the
Areopagite, 375. Opposes Gottes-
chalk's doctrine of double predesti-
nation, 424 note
Scriptural interpretation of Sweden-
borg's Doctrine of Corresponden-
cies,' i. 289. Allegorical school of
Origen, 289. The Clavis' of St.
Melito, 290 note. Objections of the
Manichæans to the literal interpre-
tation of Genesis, 289. Answered
by St. Augustine, 290. The literal
school, 292. The Topographia
Christiana,' 294. Influence of science
upon Biblical interpretation, 323.
The earliest example of rationalistic
biblical interpretation, 323. Disinte-
grating and destructive criticism,
328. Lessing and Kant's principles,

329

Sculpture, the most ancient kinds of, i.

254. Alleged decadence of Greek
sculpture from Phidias to Praxiteles,
267 note. Parallel of Titian and Praxi-
teles, 268 note. History of Greek
statues after the rise of Christianity,
271, 273. Nicholas Pisa and his
works, 273. First development of
sculpture in Rome, ii. 108 note
Sectarianism in Ireland, ii. 208. Its
incompatibility with patriotism, 208

SIN

Seguier, the Chancellor, his enthusiastic
patronage of tea in the seventeenth
century, ii. 367

Selden on witchcraft, i. 115

Self-sacrifice, great development of, by
Christianity, ii. 267. Decline of the
spirit of, 405

Seneca on the duties of masters towards
their slaves, ii. 257

Sensuality, influence of, upon art, i.
268

Serfdom which followed slavery, ii.
268, 269. Manumission enforced as
a duty upon laymen, 269 note. Serf-
dom in Scotland in 1775, 270
Serpent, the, worshipped by the Ophites,
i. 228 note. Adopted as the emblem
of healing, 228 note. The old Egyp-
tian symbol of a serpent with a hawk's
head, 228 note

Serra on political economy, ii. 321

note

Servetus, his death, ii. 46. Calvin ap-

plauded for the crime, 50. Denounced
by Castellio, 52. But justified by
Beza, 54

Sessa on the Jews, ii. 300 note
Sforza, Francis, Duke of Milan, the

first to establish a resident ambas-
sador, ii. 320 note

Shaftesbury, Lord, neglect into which
his writings have fallen, i. 192. His
denunciation of Christianity as in-
compatible with freedom, ii. 151
Shakspeare, his notices of witchcraft,
i. 115

Sherlock, Dr., his disregard of the doc-

trine of passive obedience, ii. 205 note
Silvanus, St., bishop of Nazareth,
calumniated by the devil, i. 86 note
Simancas, Bishop, on torture, i. 363
note. On faith with heretics, 434
note. On the influence of the Le-
vitical laws on Christian persecution,
ii. 14 note

Simon Magus, his introduction of the
woman Helena as the incarnation of
the Divine Thought, i. 227
Sin, the sense of, appealed most strongly
to, by Christianity, i. 389. The con-
ception of hereditary guilt, 391. Ori-
ginal, the doctrine of, rejected by
Socinus, 408. And by Zuinglius,
410. Views of Chillingworth and
Jeremy Taylor, 411 note. The scope
of the doctrine of the condemnation
of all men extends to adults, 413.
Views of the Fathers on the subject,

414.

Effects of this doctrine, 418 et
seq.
The sense of sin the chief moral
agent of the middle ages, 220
Sinclair, professor of moral philosophy
at Glasgow, his belief in witchcraft,
i. 143 note

Sixtus V. applauds the assassin Clement

for his murder of Henri III., ii. 178
Slavery, the unchristian character of,
strongly asserted by Wycliff, ii. 187.
Slavery the basis of the industrial
system of antiquity, 251. Effects of
this institution on national character,
251. Comparison between ancient
and modern slavery, 253. Its aboli-
tion undertaken by Christianity, 255.
First movement in favour of the
slaves due to Sencea and his follow-
ers, 256, 257. The invasion of the
Barbarians in Italy favourable to the
slaves, 257. But Christianity the
most efficient opponent of the evil,
257. Review of the measures for
abolishing slavery, 258. Jewish slave-
dealers, 259. The Emperor Gratian's
barbarous slave law, 259 note. Sla-
very gradually fades into serfdom,
260. Anglo-Saxon measures for alle-
viating the condition of slaves, 260.
Sale of English slaves to the Irish,
268 note. Slaves in Italy in the thir-
teenth century, 269 note. Christian,
Jewish, and Mohammedan slaves, 269
note. Effect of slavery upon the
Spanish character, 362. Negro slaves
introduced into the West Indies and
America, 362, 363. John Hawkins
and the slave trade, 363. The slave
trade first unequivocally condemned
by the Spanish Dominican Soto, ii.

363 note

Sleep, connection of latent conscious-
ness with, ii. 103 note

Smith, Adam, on usury, ii. 294. On
manufactures and agriculture, 374,
375, 377

Smollett, Tobias, his remarks on York
Minster and Durham Cathedral, i.

280 note.

'Social contract,' the doctrine of the, as
elaborated by the Jesuits, ii. 163
Socinianism: position assigned to So-
cinians by Bossuet, ii. 59
Socinus, Faustus, unfavourable to politi-
cal liberty, ii. 238. His career com-
pared with that of Zuinglius, 408.
Rejects original sin. 408. Distinc-
tively the apostle of toleration, ii, 49

Socrates, his idea of the soul, i. 370
'Solomon, Song of,' regarded by Cas-

teilio as simply a love song, ii. 51.
Niebuhr's remark on it, 51 note
Somers, Lord, his defence of religious
liberty, ii. 91

Somnambulism: the belief that somnam-
bulists had been baptized by drunken
priests, 399 note

Soothsayers, laws of the later Romans
against, i. 20

Sophia, the, of the Gnostics, i. 228, 229
note

Sorbonne, its declarations of the inde-

pendence of the civil power, ii. 184.
Its decision upon usury, ii. 280 note
Sorcery. See Witchcraft

Sortes and sortilegi, origin of the words,
i. 308 note

Soto, the Spanish Dominican, the first

who unequivocally condemned the
slave trade, ii. 363 note
Soubervies, the, put a woman to death
for witchcraft, i. 4 note
Soul, the developement of a purely
spiritual conception of the, one of the
causes of the decline of the medieval
notions of hell, i. 369. Idea of the
Platonists of a soul, 369. Opinions
of the Fathers as to the form of the
soul, 372, note

Spain, numbers of sorcerers put to death
in, i. 5. Abolition of torture in, 363.
Introduction and progress of the In-
quisition in, 122 et seq. The Spanish
Moors, 302. The plays of Calderon,
and the drama in Spain, 350.
sceptre of industry almost in the grasp
of Spain, 355. Magnificent position of
that country under Charles V., 355.
Speedy eclipse of her prosperity,
356. Causes of the downfall of Spain,

358

The

Sphinx, the, believed by some of the

early Christians to be connected with
their faith, i. 220 note

Spina on the opposition offered to the
executions in Italy for witchcraft, i.

92

Spinoza, his criticism, i. 328

Spitting, a religious exercise, i. 25 note
Spratt, Thomas, bishop of Rochester,
endeavours to bring theology into
harmony with the Baconian philo-
sophy, i. 123. On the miraculous,
158 note

Sprenger, the inquisitor, ascribes Wil-
liam Tell's shot to the assistance of

STA

the devil, i. 6. Commissioned by
Pope Innocent VIII., 7. Sprenger's
book on sorcery, 7. His etymological
blunders, 71

Stag, the, a symbol of Christ, i. 222.
Pagan and middle-age legends re-
specting the, 222 note

Stahl, his psychology, i. 377 note
Star-Chamber, its suppression of here-
tical books, ii. 129

Starovertsis, in Russia, their views of
the sinfulness of usury, ii. 295
Statues, wooden, of Spain, i. 249
Sträuss, his remarks on miracles quoted,
i. 184 note

Suarez, the Jesuit, his work 'De Fide'
burnt in Paris, 161. Origin of the
work, 162 note. Condemnation of
his book by a synod of Tonneins,
208, 209 note

Succubi, or female devils, according to
the early Christians, i. 26 note. Lilith,
the first wife of Adam, the queen of,
27 note. Succubi, called Leannain
Sith, common among Highlanders,
143 note

Suffering, tendency of the constant con-
templation of, has to blunt the affec-
tions, i. 351

Sully, his opposition to manufactures,
ii. 372

Sumptuary laws of the thirteenth and

fourteenth centuries, ii. 311
Supernatural, influences of the, upon
savages, i. 17, 18

Superstition, pagan, existence of, from

the sixth to the twelfth centuries, i. 41
Supremacy, the oath of, compulsory

under pain of death, ii. 43 note
Sweden, sorcerers put to death in, in
1670, i. 6. Combination of devotion
and immorality in, 431. Protestant
persecutions in, ii. 46. Intolerance of,
at the present time, 93
Swedenborg, Emanuel, his Doctrine
of Correspondencies,' i. 289
Swinden contends that the locality of
hell is in the sun, i. 378 note
Swiss, their morality and irreligion, i.

432 note

Switzerland, great numbers of witches
put to death in, i. 6. Protestant
persecutions in, ii. 46

Sylphs, intercourse of philosophers
with, i. 27 note. Belief of the Cabal-
ists in the existence of, 47, 48
Sylvans, the, of the pagans, regarded
by the early Christians as devils, i. 26

TER

Sylvester II. regarded as a magi-
cian, i. 301. Account of him and
of his works, 301 note
Symbolism, great love of, evinced by
the art of the Catacombs, i. 219. The
peacock the symbol of immortality,
219. And Orpheus, of the attractive
power of Christianity, 220. Mercury,
Hercules, and the Sphinx, 220 note.
The masks of the sun and moon
221. The genii of the seasons and
guardian angels, 221. The fish an
emblem of Christ, 221. The stag
employed for the same purpose, 222.
Repetition of symbolical subjects
from the Bible, 222. St. Melito's
catalogue of birds, beasts, plants, &c.,
which are to be regarded as Christian
symbols, 290 note

Syria, massacres in, ii. 41

Tau, why reverenced by the early
Christians, i. 210 note

Taylor, Isaac, on patristic writings,
i. 178 note

Taylor, Jeremy, rejects the doctrine of
original sin, i. 411 note. His remarks
on the separation of Christ from the
intolerance of Judaism, ii. 14 note.
His advocacy of religious liberty, 86.
His Liberty of Prophesying,' 86.
Arguments on which he based his
claims for toleration, 87. Coleridge's
remarks on him, 87 note. On passive
obedience 196

Tea, importation of, into Europe, ii. 366
Telemachus, the monk, 264
Tell, William, his successful shot
ascribed by Sprenzer to the devil, i. 6

note

Tempests, power of producing, attri-
buted to the devil and to witches, i. 76
Templars, the, accused of sorcery, i. 3

note

Terror every where the beginning of
religion, i. 17. Causes which pro-
duced in the twelfth century a spirit
of rebellion which was encountered
by terrorism, i. 54. History of re-

TER

ligious terrorism, 341 et seq. See
Hell

Tertullian on the demons supposed to
exist in his time, i. 24. His treatise
'De Coronâ.' 28. Against pictures,
246 note. Effect of the doctrine of
eternal punishment on his character,
355, 357 note. His denial of the ex-
istence in man of any incorporeal
element, 373. His denunciation of
the pagan practice of destroying the
fœtus in the womb, 399 note. His
advocacy of absolute and complete
toleration, ii. 13. His opinion that
ecclesiastics should never cause the
death of men, 27. His denunciation
of the theatre, 328
Thales regards water as the origin of
all things, i. 211 note
Theatre, Revolutions in the, in France,

ii. 242. Its influence upon national
tastes, 325. Contrast between the
theatres of the Greeks and Romans,
326. Stigma attached to actors in
ancient times, 327. Denunciation of
the theatre by the fathers, 328. The
theatre the last refuge of paganism,

329.

Rise of the religious plays,
333. Faint signs of secular plays:
impromptus, pantomimes, &c., 338.
Creation of plays of a higher order,
339. Italian dramas, 340. French,
341. Influence of music, 341. And
of Gothic architecture, 342. Shape

of the stage in ancient and modern
times, 345. Causes of a revulsion in
the sentiments with which the theatre
was regarded, 347. Fierce opposi-
tion of the church in France, 349.
The theatre in Spain and Italy, 350,
351. Important effects of the contest
between the church and the theatre,
353

Theodosius, the emperor, his prohibi-
tion of every portion of the pagan
worship, i. 38. Commands monks to
betake themselves to desert places, 263
note. Annexes the penalty of death
to the profession of a heresy, ii. 15
note. Prohibits all forms of heretical
and pagan worship, 20. And the
works of Nestorius and Eutyches,

128

Theology, influence of Dante over the
conceptions of, i. 261. Distinction
between theology and science unfelt
in the time of Cosmas, 298. Dawn
of the distinction between them, 298

note.

TOL

Influence of theology on, and
obstacles cast in the way of, science,
300. Relations of theology to morals,
335. Their complete separation in
antiquity, 336. The decline of theo-
logical belief a necessary antecedent
of the success of the philosophers of
the seventeenth century, 446. Theo-
logical interests gradually cease to
be a main object of political combina-
tions, ii. 108. The declining influence
of theology shown by the religious
wars of the Reformation, 117. Action
of political life on the theological
habits of thought, 142. The stream
of self-sacrifice passing from the-
ology to politics, 244. Points of con-
tact of industrial and theological
enterprises, 272. Influence of indus-
try upon theological judgments, 310.
Theological agencies not pacific,
384

Therapeutes, the, mentioned by Philo,
ii. 398 note

Theta, why regarded as the unlucky
letter, i. 210 note

Timanthes, his sacrifice of Iphigenia,
i. 251 note

Tindal, his works in defence of liberty,
ii. 206 note

Titian, compared with Praxiteles, i.

270

Toland, his Anglica Libera,' ii. 206
note. His other works, 207 note
Toledo, supposed to be the head-
quarters of sorcerers in Spain, i. 5

note

62.

Toleration, assertion of by Zuinglius
and Socinus, ii. 49. Toleration fa-
voured by the mingling of religions
produced by the Reformation, 61.
And by the marriage of the clergy,
And by the greater flexibility
of Protestantism, 62. Sketch of the
history of toleration in France, 63-76.
The absolute unlawfulness of tolera-
tion maintained by Bishop Bilson,
44 note. The duty of absolute tole-
ration preached for the first time in
Christendom, 52. Toleration ex-
tolled and upheld by Erasmus, Sir
T. More, Hôpital, and Lord Balti-
more, 58. Sketch of the history of
toleration in England, 77-91. In-
tolerance in Sweden at the present
day, 93. The basis of modern tole-
rance advocated in favour of the
Inquisition, 123. Literary censorship

Tor-

Torture, illegality of, in England, i.
112. A horrible case of, presided
over by James I., 114 note.
tures to compel confession of witches
in Scotland. 141, 142. In Greece
and Rome, 360 Extent to which it
was carried by medieval Christen-
dom, i. 360, 361 note. Marsilius' in-
vention of a torture depriving the pri-
soner of all sleep, 361 note. Illegality
of torture in England, 362. Extent
to which it was employed by Catho-
lics under Mary, 362 note. And by
Protestants, 362 note. Abolished in
France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Prussia,
and Tuscany, 362–364. St. Augus-
tine's statement of the case against
torture, 364 note. Causes which
produced the feeling against torture,
364. Torture of heretics enjoined
by Pope Innocent IV., ii. 38 note.
Torture applied to the investigation
of charges of usury, 283
Toulouse, number of sorcerers put to
death at, in one time, i. 4.
hundred witches burnt in the square
of, ii. 42
Towns, modern industrial history begun

Four

by the emancipation of the, ii. 270.
Privileges of burghers in the middle
ages, 270 note. Importance of cor-
porations and guilds in the middle
ages, 271. The conflict between the
towns and the country, ii. 369.
Changes effected in their relative
importance, 371

Tractarian movement, i. 173, 180, 181
Trent, Council on infant baptism, i. 401
Trèves, vast number of witches burnt
at, i. 4

'Truce of God,' the, proclaimed, ii. 115.
Confirmed by Pope Alexander III. as
a general law of the Church, 115 note
Truth, injurious effect of the doctrine
of exclusive salvation on the sense
of, i. 433. Pious frauds,' 433 and
nole 434. Total destruction of the
sense of truth in the middle ages
resulting from the influence of theo-
logy, 435. Credulity proclaimed a
virtue by the classes most addicted
to falsehood, 436. Revival of the
sense of truth due to the secular
philosophers of the seventeenth cen-
tury, 440

Turgot on money-lending quoted, ii.
281 note. His remarks on the scho-
lastic writings on usury, ii. 286 note,

294

Tuscany, abolition of torture in, i. 364
Tyrannicide in immature civilisations,

ii. 166, 172. Case of Henri III., 166,
167. Chief arguments on either side,
167-169. Its importance in the history
of liberal opinions, 175. Justified by
Jean Petit, 175. But denounced by
Gerson and the Council of Con-
stance, 176. Grévin's play of The
Death of Cæsar,' 176. Advocated
by Toletus, Sa, Molina, Ayala, and
Kellerus, 176-178. The murder of
Henri III. justified by the League
and by Pope Sixtus V., 178. Po-
litical assassination approved by Pro.
testants, 178