AMB

Ambrose, St., miracle related of, i. 80.
His protest against the execution of
some heretics, ii. 26
America, cases of witchcraft in, in the
seventeenth century, i. 130. Pro-
testant persecutions of the Catholics
and Quakers in, ii. 46. Slavery in,
compared with that of the Greeks
and Romans, 254

Amsterdam, one great cause of its pro-
sperity, ii. 310

Amulets, value attributed by fetishism
to, i. 211

Amulo, archbishop of Lyons, his view
of Gotteschalk's opinions as to double
predestination, i. 424 note

Amusements, public, influence of wealth
and luxury upon the character of, ii.

324

Anabaptists, persecution of, in England,
under Queen Elizabeth, ii. 43. And
in Switzerland, 46. Position assigned
to them by Bossuet, 59. Their no-
tion of the sleep of the soul between
death and judgment, 82 note. Calvin's
book against it, 82 note
Anæsthesia, a symptom of some of the
forms of madness, i. 114
Ancyra, Council of, condemns the be-
lief in lycanthropy, i. 82
Angel, St. Augustine on the meaning
of the word, i. 24 note. Pagan genii
identified with guardian angels, 221.
One assigned by the Talmud to every
star and every element, 310. This
notion represented in old Christian
painting and sculpture, 310 note.
Gradual decline of this belief, 310.
Angels universally believed to have
cohabited with the daughters of the
antediluvians, 373
Angelico, Fra, his character and that
of his works, i. 259
Anglicanism, the old Puritan's descrip-

tion of, ii. 44 note. Servility and
enmity of, to public liberty, 193.
Lord Macaulay on the subject quoted,
193 note. 'Homilies on Wilful Re-
bellion' quoted, 194, 195. Every
reaction supported by it, 197. Ex-
ceptional position of Hooker, 199.
Predisposition of Anglicanism to-
wards despotism, 201. Anglican
notions on allegiance to the sovereign
de facto, 204 note. Its treatment of
the theatre, 354

Anglo-Saxons, their measures for alle-
viating the condition of slaves, ii. 260

AQU

Animals, belief in the connection be.
tween evil spirits and, i. 81. Use
made of animals in Christian sym-
bolism, 81 note. Ascription of intel-
ligence to animals in the middle ages,
82 note. Mystic animals among the
Celts, 82 note. Innkeepeers who
were said to have turned their guests
into animals, 83 note. The higher
forms of animal beauty appreciated
by the Greek sculptors, 250 note.
Descartes' doctrine of animals, i. 377
note. Stahl founds the psychology
of animals, 377 note

Antony, St., miracles related of, i.
152, 154

Anthropomorphism, the second stage

of religious belief, i. 212. The go-
vernment of the universe then as-
cribed by men to beings like them-
selves, 212. But, unable to concen-
trate their attention on the Invisible,
they fall into idolatry, 213. Progress
of anthropomorphism, 223. Conclu-
sion of the anthropomorphic impulse
shown by St. Peter's at Rome, 283
Antiphons, legendary origin of, ii. 342
Antipodes, controversy in the early

Church as to the existence of the, i.
293. Correct doctrine stumbled upon
by the Manichæans, 293. Existence
of the Antipodes denied by the
Fathers, 293, 294. And by Cosmas
in his Topographia Christiana,' 294.
Their existence asserted by St. Vir-
gilius, 299

Apelles, painted Lais, i. 268
Apocalyptic subjects in Christian art,
i. 262

Apollo, in Greek statues, the type of
male beauty, i. 255

Apparitions, the belief in, one of the
corner-stones of the psychology of
the Fathers, i. 371. Predisposition of
the Greeks to see ghosts, 371 note
Apparitions seen by the ancients, 373
Apples, the supposed especial power of
the devil over, i. 4 note

Aquatic deity, pagan representation of
an, adopted by Christian art, i. 221
Aquinas, St. Thomas, his belief in the
power of the devil, i. 72. On the
connection between spirits and ani-
mals, 83 note. On infant baptism,
395 note. His notion of the locality of
hell, 378 note. His remarks in favour
of persecution, ii. 2. His assertion of
the right to rebel against unjust

ARA

sovereigns, 158. His views re-
specting usury, 285. His remarks
on the Jews, 301. His Histriones'
quoted, 332 and note
Arabs, influence of their works on the
intellectual energies of Christendom,
ii. 323

Arcadius, the emperor, suppresses the
works of Eunomius, ii. 127, 128
Archers, English, their skill, ii. 231
Architecture, the only form of art open
to the Mahomedans, i. 246. The
Alhambra and Alcazar of Seville,
246. The works of Greek archi-
tects at Ravenna, Venice, &c., 257.
Introduction of the form of the cross
in the ground plan of churches, 263
note. Transition which took place
in architecture, 277. Period of the
origin of Gothic architecture, 278.
Fitness of Gothic as Christian archi-
tecture, 279. Hutchinson on the
causes of the ancient preference of
Gothic to Roman Architecture, 280
note. Style altered by Brunelleschi,
281. Superiority of Gothic archi-
tecture for distances, and its influence
on the stage, ii. 344

Arians, ascendency of the, in the East,
in the reign of Valens, i. 36. Their
persecutions, ii. 14. Intolerance of
the Spanish Arians, 14 note. Perse-
cuted by Constantine, 15. Persecu-
tions of, under Elizabeth, ii. 43
Aristocratical system, its influence in
consolidating the doctrine of here-
ditary merit, i. 392

Aristotle, his position in the Church in
the middle ages owing to the early
heretics, i. 415 note. His views re-
specting the exercise of mechanical
arts, ii. 252. And respecting slavery,
254. On the sterility of money, 284
Arras, trials at, in 1459, i. 3 note
Art, the most faithful expression of
religious realisation, during the con-
tinuance of idolatry, i. 214. Influ-
ence of the national religions on the
art of the ancients, 214. The art of
the Catacombs, and its freedom from
idolatry, 216.

Effect of Pagan tra-
ditions upon Christian art, 216. Its
freedom from terrorism in early
times, 218. Its great love of sym-
bolism, 219. Symbol of the peacock,
219. And of Orpheus, 220. Ex-
amples of the introduction of pagan
gods into Christian art, 220 note.

ART

Masks of the sun and moon as em-
blems of the resurrection, 221. The
Pagan genii of the seasons as guar-
dian angels, 221. The symbol of
the fish (ix0ús), 221. And of the
stag, 222. Other subjects taken
from Old Testament symbols, 222.
Causes of the growing tendency to
represent directly the object of wor-
ship, 223. Portraits of God the
Father, 223. Materialisation of every
spiritual conception from the sixth
to the twelfth centuries, 224. In-
fluence of Gnosticism over Chris-
tian art, 224. Progress of the re-
presentation of the Creator in art. 226.
Influence of the Apocryphal Gos-
pels, 230. Probable Gnostic origin
of the conventional cast of features
ascribed to Christ, 230. Influence
of painting and sculpture in strength-
ening Mariolatry, 233. Architecture
the only form of art open to the
Mahomedans, 246. Character of
Christian art in the middle ages,
247. Gold and silver carving, and
ivory diptychs, 248 note. Illumin-
ation of manuscripts, 248. Influence
of medieval modes of thought upon
art, 249 note. Period in which the
ascetic ideal of ugliness was most
supreme, 252 note. The Abbé Pas-
cal on mediæval art, 252 note. The
work of Bishop Durandus, 252 note.
Greek idolatry fading into art, 253.
Its four stages, 254. A corresponding
transition in Christendom, 256 Greek
influence on Christian art, 256. In
Italy, 257 note. Effects on art of the
tradition of the personal deformity of
Christ, 259. The Byzantine style
broken by a study of ancient Greek
sculpture, 258. Christian school of
Giotto and Fra Angelico, 259.
general efflorescence of the beautiful
produced by the revival of learning
in Europe, 260. Apocalyptic sub-
jects, 262. Progress of terrorism in
art, 263. Religious paintings re-
garded simply as studies of the beau
tiful, 265. Causes of this seculari-
sation of art, 266.
Influence upo
art of sensuality, 268. And of ori-
ental robes, 270 note. Influence of
the discovery of many great works
of pagan sculpture, 271. History of
Greek art after the rise of Chris-
tianity, 272. The types of Christian

A

ASC

replaced by those of Pagan art. 274.
Reaction in favour of spiritualism
led by Savonarola, 275. Rapidity
of the secularisation of art after the
death of Savonarola, 276. Never
afterwards assumed a commanding
influence over the minds of men, 277.
Transition which took place in ar-
chitecture, 277. Intellectual im-
portance of the history of art, 284
Ascetism. See Monasticism
Asses, Feast of, ii. 336. Origin of the,
337 note

Astrologers, called Mathematici, i. 45

nole

passion for,
M. Comte's

Astrology, revival of the
in the middle ages, i. 51.
remarks on, as a science, 303. Peter
of Apono's attempt to construct a
system of religions by the aid of,
303 note. Cardan and Vanini's ho-
roscope of Christ, 303 note. Bodin

on the influence of the stars over the
development of societies, 303.
Astronomy displaces the ancient notion

of man's position in the universe, i.
302. Beauty of the suggestion of Dr.
Chalmers respecting insignificance
of the earth, 304 note. Views of
the ancient astronomers as to the
motion of the celestial bodies, 305
note. Cause of the growth of the
science of astronomy, 309. Coper-
nicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Tycho
Brahe, 309. Descartes' theory of
vortices, 309. Comets, 310. Halley's
prediction of their revolution, 312.
Laplace on the argument of design
derived from the motions of the pla-
netary bodies, 319 note

Atheism, Glanvil's character of, in his

time, i. 126 note. Loose senses in
which the word atheism has been
used, 126 note
Atmospheric disturbances attributed to
the power of the devil, and of
witches, i. 76

Augury, how punished by the Emperor
Constantius, i. 31

Augustine, St., on the meaning of the
word angel, i. 24 note. Regarded
lycanthropy as a fable, 82, 83 note.
On the miracles worked by the re-
lics of St. Stephen, 178 note. His
defence of Genesis against the
Manichæans, 290. His opinion of
incorporeity of the soul, 372 note.
His remarks on the existence of mice,

BAP

376 note. His view of infant bap-
tism, 396. His views as to the con-
demnation of all external to the
Church, 414. The theory of predes-
tination substantially held by St.
Augustine, i. 422. The theology of
persecution systematised by him, ii.
22. Notice of his character and in-
fluence, 22-24. His aversion to the
effusion of blood, 25. Condemns re-
ligious liberty, 26 note

Authority, examination of the basis or
principle of, on which all political
structures rest, ii. 149

Averroes, influence of, over the whole
intellect of Europe, i. 53. Renan's
essay on, 53 note. Orgagna's picture
of, at Pisa, 53 note. Impulse given
to psychology by the school of, 374
Avitus, St., his verse on infant baptism
quoted, i. 398 note

Ayala, Balthazar, his defence of tyran-
nicide under some circumstances, ii.
177

BACCHUS, in Greek statues, a

255

type of disgraceful effeminacy, i.

Bacon, Lord, his view of witchcraft, i.

115. Influence of his philosophy on
its decline, 119. On the cause of the
paralysis of the human faculties in
the middle ages, 302. Enlighten-
ment of his age, 313 note His in-
ability to grasp the discoveries of the
astronomers of his time, 313 note.
Causes of his influence, 441, 443.
Carpings of the Tractarian party at
the inductive philosophy of Bacon,

445 note

Bacon, Roger, his persecution, i. 302.
Influence of Arabian learning over
him, ii. 323

Bagpipes, praised by Julian in one of
his epigrams, i. 278 note

Ballot, the, advocated by Harrington in
the seventeenth century, ii. 160 note
Baltimore, Lord, upholds religious
liberty, ii. 58

Bamberg, great number of witches
burnt at, i. 4

Baptism, fetish notions in the early
Church respecting the water of, i.
209. Unanimity of the Fathers con-
cerning the non-salvability of unbap.
tised infants, 394. Opinion as to a
special place assigned to unbaptised
infants, 395. The baptism of

BAR

blood' and the baptism of perfect
love,' 395 note. Opinions of Pela-
gius, St. Augustine, Origen, and
St. Fulgentius, 396, 397. Super-
stitious rites devised as substitutes
for regalar baptism, 398, 399 note.
Doctrine of the Church of Rome as
enunciated by the Council of Trent,
401. Conflicting tendencies on the
subject produced by the Reforma-
tion, 400. Effects of the Ana-
baptist movement, 401. Cases of
baptism by sand and wine, 401
note. Doctrines of the Lutherans and
Calvinists, 402. The doctrine of
original sin rejected by Socinus, 408.
By Zuinglius, 410. And by Chil-
lingworth and Jeremy Taylor, 411

note

Barbarians, conversion of the, causes
idolatry to become general, i. 239
Barberini, Cardinal, his musical parties,
ii. 351 note

Barclay, William, first denied the
power of the Pope over the tem-
poral possessions of princes, ii. 182
note. On lawful resistance to tyranny,
201

Baroni, Leonora, her singing, ii. 351

note. Milton's Latin poems addressed
to her, 351 note

Bartholomew, St., success of persecution
shown in the case of the massacre of,
ii. 5. Heaven thanked by a Pope for
the massacre of, 41

Bartolomeo, Fra, influence of Savona-
rola over him, i. 276

Basil, St., devotion of the monks of, to
painting, ii. 261

Baxter, Richard, his defence of the per-
secution of witches, i. 9, 117. His
account of the death of Lowes, 117

BEN

lar, ii. 64. His influence on religious
liberty in France, 64. His Con-
trains-les d'entrer,' 64. Arguments
by which his principles were deve-
loped, 67, 68. His advocacy of the
doctrine of passive obedience, 239.
The Avis aux Refugiez' ascribed
to him, 239 note
Bayonet, importance of the invention
of the, to democracy, ii. 232
Bear-baiting, not formerly regarded as
inhuman, i. 331, 332

Bears, dancing, their connection with
the devil, i. 81 note

Beaumarchais, his charity, ii. 264 note
Beauty, Greek worship of every order
of, i. 250. Beauty of some of the
higher forms of animal life, dis-
played in Greek sculpture, 250
note. Departure of mediæval art
from the beautiful, 252. A gene-
ral efflorescence of the beautiful the
result of the revival of learning in
Europe, 260.
Influence of voluptu-

ous beauty upon art, 271 note. The
feeling of reverence gradually en-
croached upon and absorbed by that
of beauty, 285

Beccaria, his opposition to torture in
Italy, i. 363

Becket, St. Thomas à, hymn on the
Virgin ascribed to, quoted, i. 232

note

Bedell, Bishop, respect with which he
was treated by the rebel Catholics,
ii. 7. His life, by Alexander Clogy,

7 note

Beelzebub, regarded as the god of flies,
i. 81 note

Bégards, sect of the, i. 375
Belgium, monkish origin of many of
the towns of, ii. 261, 262. First
mercantile establishments in, 319
Belief, religious, fetishism probably the
first stage of, i. 208. Anthropomor-
phism the next stage, 212
Bellarmine, Cardinal, one of his argu-
ments in favour of persecution, ii.
21 note. His support of the Pope's
right to depose sovereigns, 161. His
work burnt in Paris, 161

Bells, church, supposed invention of,
by Paulinus, i. 278

Benedict XIV., Pope, his definition of
usury, ii. 279 note. His decree
against it, 291
Benedictines, their services in making
labour honourable, ii. 261

BUC

217. His view of the regal power,

218

Body, the human, contrast between the
pagan and Christian estimate of, i.
251, 252

Boeotians, their dislike of commerce,
ii. 252

Boguet, president of the tribunal of
St. Claude, his executions for lycan-
thropy, i. 107

Bolingbroke, Lord, causes of the
oblivion into which his works have
passed, i. 192. Inimical to liberty,
ii. 206

Bollandist collection of Lives of the
Saints, i. 155 note

Bonaventura, St., his Psalter, in use at
Rome, i. 235 note

Boniface, St., his attack on St. Virgilius,

i. 299

Boots with pointed toes supposed to
have been offensive to God, i. 60
Bossuet, attacks Zuinglius' notion of
original sin, i. 410 note. Asserts
the doctrine of salvation only in the
Church, 421. Position assigned by
him to Socinians and Anabaptists,
ii. 59
Botticelli, the painter, influenced by
Savonarola, i. 276

Bourdeaux, De Lancre's suggestion as
to the cause of witchcraft about, i. 4

note

Brancas, Madame de, her performance
of the character of Geometry, ii. 359

note

Brephotrophia, or asylums for children,
in the time of Justinian, ii. 263
Brescia, Inquisition riots in, ii. 126.
Bridles, witches', or iron collars used
for extorting confession, i. 140, 141
note

Broedersen, his work on usury, ii. 291
Browne, Sir Thomas, his belief in the
existence of witchcraft, i. 114, 115
note, 120

Bruges, luxury of, in the fourteenth
century, ii. 312

Brunelleschi, his influence on Italian
architecture, i. 281

Bruno, his philosophical speculations,
i. 443. Burnt alive, 443

Bruyère, La, his opinions and influ-
ence on the subject of witchcraft, i.

105

Buchanan, George, his Protestant li-
beralism, ii. 190. His praise of the
tyrannicides of antiquity, 190, 191.