leaves, but agree with the former in everything else of importance. They are readily known by their flowers being placed very closely upon a cylindrical, or lengthened, axis, called technically a spadix (fig. 2), which is itself enclosed in a leaf of a peculiar figure, the edges of which are curved inwards till they meet, forming a sort of hollow sheath, which botanists name spatha (see fig. 1 in the accompanying cut).

The fruit is generally a cluster of little berries, each of which contains a small number of seeds. The flowers themselves are extremely variable in structure; sometimes having neither calyx nor corolla, and sometimes possessing both those parts; sometimes furnished with anthers opening in a singular manner by little lobes, or having anthers of the commonest construction. Many of the species grow upon the trunks of trees, clinging to them, in tropical countries, like ivy; a very few are found in Europe, and those are always little stemless herbs; a small number are small erect shrubs. They are all acrid in a high degree, some of them so much so as to be dangerous poisons, as, for example, the dumb-cane of the West Indies, which paralyses the mouth if only chewed. Nevertheless this acrid principle is so far removed by roasting or boiling, that the underground stems may, in some cases, be used as food. The colocasia of the tropics, and some other species, are common articles of food among the negroes; but they are said not to agree very well with Europeans. In this country only one kind of aroideous plant, the Arum maculatum, represented in the wood-cut, is found wild. The root of that species, which is vulgarly named the cuckoo flower, is eatable when properly prepared, just as those which have already been mentioned; but it is never used except by the poor in times of famine.

Aroideæ are also remarkable for the heat which some of the species give out when flowering (see Lindley's Introduction to Botany, p. 259), and for the exceedingly offensive odour of others at that time.

AROLSEN, on the Aar, twenty-three miles S. of Cassel, is the residence of the princes of Waldeck, who are among the oldest constitutional sovereigns in Germany. The town is regularly built, possesses woollen, leather, and iron-ware manufactories, a grammar-school, three churches, and about 2000 inhabitants. The palace is a handsome structure of spacious dimensions; it contains a gallery of choice paintings (amongst which is West's Death of General Wolfe), a numismatic cabinet, which is richer in the series of Greek coins than almost any other in Europe, a valuable museum of antiquities from Herculaneum and Pompeii, collected in Italy by the uncle of the present prince, and a library of 30,000 volumes, besides some very rare MSS. The surrounding country is well-wooded, and there is a handsome avenue of six rows of antient oaks, 2000 paces in length, close upon the town. Stein states the latitude to be 51° 25′ 17′′ N.

ARO'MA is the supposed principle of odour in plants, formerly called by Boerhaave Spiritus Rector. This quality generally resides in the essential oil; but there are some vegetables that have a strong odour which yield but little or no essential oil, as the jessamine and the violet; or when an oil in small quantity is procured from them, it has not the powerful smell which, considering the smallness of its proportion compared with the fragrance of the plants, it might be expected to possess. As plants exhale their odour when exposed to the air, and communicate it to water at a lower temperature than that at which it could be distilled, it has been imagined that some principle of a more subtile nature exists, in which the odour resides, and that it is this which imparts smell to the oil. In fact, however, the property of odour belongs to proximate vegetable principles of different kinds, in which there is no reason to suppose the existence of any common principle; essential oil is unquestionably the most usual cause of its production, and it is capable of being volatilized in small quantity at a low temperature, and thus diffused through the atmosphere or

communicated to water.

AROMATARI, JOSEPH OF, a learned physician and naturalist, was born about the year 1586 at Assisi, a town of the duchy of Spoleto, in the ecclesiastical states. His father was a physician, and was competent to determine, as well as eager to bestow on his son, the kind of education most suited to fit him for the same profession. His studies were begun at Perugia, and continued at Padua, where he studied successively logic, philosophy, and medicine. He

obtained his degree of doctor of medicine in his eighteenth year, and immediately afterwards established himself as a physician at Venice, where he remained practising for fifty years; nor could he be prevailed upon to quit it by the most tempting offers and solicitations made to him by the Duke of Mantua, the King of England, and Pope Urban VIII. He died at Venice on the 16th of July, 1660.

During this long period he devoted himself to his profession, to the study of the mode of generation or re-production of plants and animals, and to polite literature. He accumulated an immense library, extremely rich in manuscripts. His only publication connected with polite literature was, Riposte alle Considerazion di Alessandro Tassoni sopra le Rime del Petrarca. Padua, 1611, 8vo. To which Tassoni having replied under the assumed name of Crescenzio Pepe, Aromatari answered under a fictitious name, in the following work: Dialoghi di Falcidio Melampodio in riposta agli Avvertimenti dati sotto nome di Crescenzio Pepe a Giuseppe degli Aromatari. Venice, 1613, 8vo. His contributions to medicine and natural history consist in Disputatio de Rabie Contagiosa, cui præposita est Epistola de Generatione Plantarum ex Seminibus. Venice, 1625; and Frankfort, 1626, 4to. The Epistle has been repeatedly reprinted; 1st, in Epistolæ Selectæ of Richt, Nuremberg, 1662; 2nd, in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xviii. p. 150. Lond. 1694; and at the end of Jungius's Opuscula Botanico-Physica, at Saxe-Cobourg, in 1747.

This Epistle, addressed to Dr. Bartholomew Nant, gave only the outline, or heads of chapters, of a large work which he intended to write on generation, but which his numerous professional engagements and delicate health prevented his accomplishing. The views, however imperfectly developed, are more in accordance with those held in the present day by our most distinguished vegetable anatomists and physiologists, than many of those entertained for a long period subsequent to the time in which he lived. He taught that the so-called seeds of plants were not, as a whole, the new plant, but that a very small portion of a seed possessed the principle of life, the rest being intended for the nourishment of this part. This corresponds to the embryo and albumen of modern writers. The existence of this embryo in a seed rendered it fertile; its absence caused it to be unfertile. The development of this embryo took place in a two-fold direction, a portion of it ascending, and constituting the plumule, the other descending, and constituting the radicle.

He asserted the analogy between seeds and the eggs of animals, and even designated seeds the eggs of plants: both in the early stages of their growth receive their nourishment from the albumen by which they are surrounded, but afterwards the chicken takes up its nourishment by its mouth, a plant by its roots. In both cases the young embryo existed previous to hatching or germination, being by these processes only developed, and not then formed.

His principles respecting the generation of animals were known to, and adopted, and promulgated at full length by Harvey in his treatise De Generatione. His views respecting seeds would appear to have been overlooked, except by a very few. It is right, therefore, that the well-founded claims of this learned physician should be brought fairly and distinctly forward.

AROMATICS are agents obtained from the vegetable kingdom, exercising a peculiar influence over the digestive powers, and possessed of more or less odour or fragrance. Of this odour, by which they can at all times be recognized, the most usual vehicle is an essential or volatile oil, as stated in the article AROMA. Indeed volatile oil exists in all aromatic plants, and in every part except the cotyledons, save in the nutmeg and a very few other seeds; but this aromatic oil does not reside in the same part in every kind of plant. In umbelliferous plants we find it mostly in the fruits (and chiefly in the vitt of them), yet in angelica, celery, and parsley, it is diffused through the whole structure. Labiate plants, such as mint, balm, rosemary, and lavender, have it in the leaves and stem; cinnamon in the bark; all terebinthinate plants in their young branches. iris florentina (orris) and others have it chiefly in the root; the scitamineæ equally in the root (ginger) and the seeds (cardamoms): the rose and chamomile have it in the petals; yet it is not equal in all the petals of the chamomile, being greatest in the yellow florets of the disk; hence, doubling the flowers of the chamomile, by which the yellow florets of the disk are diminished, and the white florets of the ray increased, lessens the virtues of the flowers.

The

cuous object for miles around. The head, hands, and fect, are cast, the body is made of large stones, and is covered with sheets of hammered copper. (Bertolotti, Viaggio da Milano à Ginevra.) The proportions of the statue are very good. The Saint appears holding his breviary under his left arm; the right is extended, in the act of bestowing his benediction on the country. A staircase is made through the inside of the colossus leading into the head of the statue. Arona lies thirty-six miles N.W. of Milan, in 45° 47'. N. lat. and 8° 28'. E. long.

ARPEGGIO, in music (Ital. to play on the harp), is, when applied to keyed instruments, the striking the notes of a chord in rapid succession, as in the manner of touching the harp, instead of playing them simultaneously, the notes, when struck, being held out the full remainder of the time. Example

f

exception of those on Mount Garganus, extends far up the mountains' sides. The river Liris runs in a deep bed: its full, clear, rapid stream, very different from the muddy, sleepy character it assumes in the flat country nearer to its mouth, has formed some curious little islands, and a number of cascades, the soothing noise of which is constantly heard in the town of Arpino. The Fibrenus, a deep, rapid, pellucid, and excessively cold mountain stream, which has its sources in a part of the Apennine chain that separates the vale of the Liris from the Fucine lake (now the lake of Celano), joins the Liris by a gentle water-fall, about three miles above Arpino. The banks of both rivers are shaded with poplar trees of exceedingly fine growth. Near its mouth the Fibrenus forks into two branches, between which and the Liris, whose waters wash its base, there is a beautiful little island of, à triangular shape. This islet, now called L'Isola di San Paolo, or, more frequently, simply 'L' Isola,' is supposed to be the Amalthea of Cicero, which was one of the orator's favourite retreats. (Cicero to Atticus, i. 16, ii. 1.) Opposite to the island, and in an angle formed by one of the branches of the Fibrenus and by the main stream of the Liris, there stands a building called La Villa

Allo

&c.

ARPINO, the Roman ARPI'NUM. This very antient city is situated near the confines of the Neapolitan kingdom, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, about sixty-eight miles S.E. of Rome, and sixty-five from Naples. It stands on a bold rugged eminence to the left of the river Garigliano, and near the confluence of the Fibreno, or Fiume della Posta (the antient Fibrenus), with the Garigliano (the antient Liris).

The old town, which before the extension of the power of the Roman republic formed part of the territory of the Volsci, was built on the summit of a steep rock. An antient arch (constructed like the false arch of which a cut is given, p. 263), which is not circular, but acuminated, presenting a sharp arrow-head, in the style of the Gothic arch; a considerable extent of walls composed of large stones, put together without any kind of cement; an antient cistern, four subterranean arches, and other traces, still remain. The place is called by the natives Civita Vecchia and Arpino Vecchio. Arpinum, in alliance with Rome, withstood the arms of the Samnites, for which it was rewarded with some of the privileges of a Roman municipium B. c. 302. (Livy, x. i.) About B. c. 188 the inhabitants of Arpinum received the full privileges of Roman citizens, and were enrolled in the Cornelian tribe. (Livy, xxxviii. 36.) It afterwards became celebrated as the birth-place of Caius Marius and Cicero. Though Arpinum partook in the horrors consequent on the overthrow of the Roman power, and in the desolation of the middle ages, it was never wholly obliterated as a city, but has continued, like Aquinum (the birth-place of Juvenal and St. Thomas Aquinas), and like other antient places in the neighbourhood, to be of comparative importance. It once owed its preservation to the fame of Cicero and Marius. In the wars between the houses of Aragon and Anjou for the possession of the Neapolitan kingdom, Arpino took part with the French against the Aragonese and the pope. The pontiff (Pius II.) generously commanded Napoleone Orsini, his successful captain, to spare Arpino, for the memory of Caius Marius and Marcus Tullius.'

The town of Arpino, like most others in Italy, gradually descended, as peace and tranquillity were established, from the lofty hill top to lower ground, and it now stands on an inferior ridge nearer to the Liris.

The present population rather exceeds 12,000; manufactories of the best cloth made in the kingdom of Naples, of parchment, paper, and leather, are briskly carried on in the town and its vicinity. From the mountainous nature of the district, and its contiguity to the great sheep and cattle breeding provinces of the Abruzzi, a pastoral air, however, prevails. The surrounding scenery, the picturesque beauty of which is scarcely surpassed in any part of Italy, is woodland and very mountainous. The soil in the valley of the Liris, or Garigliano, is alluvial and productive; and a rich, deep, and black loam, that gives nourishment to extensive woods of the largest oak trees in the peninsula, with the

of some monks of the Dominican order in the middle ages, on the site and mainly out of the ruins of the great orator's Arpine villa, and which, in its turn, is deserted, and almost a ruin.

The monks seem to have also occupied the site of the habitation of Marius. At the distance of a few miles from the town of Arpino, on the right bank of the Liris, there is a religious house occupied by Trappists (the only monks of that severe order in Italy), which has always borne the name of 'Casamari.'

The antient remains, in addition to those already mentioned, existing in and about Arpino, are neither numerous nor very important. The most interesting are those of the cloaca, or common sewers of the city, which, like those of antient Rome, are capacious, and built in the finest manner, and the ruins of a Roman bridge across the Liris, between Arpino and Sora. This bridge, which the people, who fondly assign almost every vestige of antiquity to their great countryman, have always called 'Il Ponte di Cicerone, was thrown over the Liris, not in a straight but in a very oblique line. This was evidently done in order to take advantage of several small islets, on which the piers of the bridge were built, and which lie across the bed of the river in that direction. Only one arch, which is of very good Roman construction, remains entire, but, as well as can be judged, there were three other arches.

Within the town there are some fragments of old Roman roads, or paved streets, and of some inscriptions and broken statues. Two rude and evidently modern busts of Marius and Cicero stand in the piazza, or market-place, where a townhall has been built of late years, with niches for the statues of those two great ornaments of Arpino. The public school is called the Tullian College, and the humble play-house the Tullian Theatre. The initials (M. T. C.) of the orator's name are seen in all directions, and they alone form the insignia or arms of the city. The cloth manufacturers of the place, more especially, boast that Arpinum was famous in the time of the Roman republic for its woollen goods and the art of dyeing them, and that the father of the immortal Cicero was a fuller.

On each bank of the Liris, or Garigliano, there are numerous sources of mineral waters. Iron abounds in some and fine marble in all of the neighbouring Apennines. Breccia, white marble, schizzato rosso, or spotted red, and marble of a beautiful warm yellow hue, are found in inexhaustible quantities, but are very rarely quarried.

In modern times Arpino has given birth to a painter, who, though scarcely to be ranked in the third class of Italian artists, may deserve to be mentioned, because he enjoyed much celebrity in his day, filled many churches both in the Neapolitan and Roman states with his frescoes and pictures, and took his name from the place of his birth. This was Giuseppino di Cesare, always called Il Cavalier d'Arpino,” where he was born in 1560; he died at Rome in 1640. ARQUEBUS. See ARMS (WEAPONS).

ARQUES, a small town in France, about four miles S.E. of Dieppe, in the department of Seine Inférieure. It is upon the little river Arques, or Bethune, which falls into the sea at Dieppe. The town is of little importance. It has a handsome parish church, and a castle now in ruins.

This spot was signalized by the battle fought here on St. Matthew's day, September 21, 1589, between the army of Henry IV. of France and that of the League under the Duke of Mayenne. The engagement was not remarkable either for its fierceness or for the heavy loss sustained by the defeated party; but Henry's success at so critical a period was of the greatest importance to him, and perhaps he might ascribe his subsequent settlement on the throne in no small degree to the victory at Arques. ARRACACIA is a genus of umbelliferous plants which comprehends a species of as much importance in the tropical parts of America as the parsnip and carrot are in Europe. This plant, the Arracacia esculenta of botanists, is cultivated in great quantities in the neighbourhood of Santa Fé de Bogota, in the cooler districts among the mountains, and in other parts of the state of Colombia, where it is called Arracacha. It resembles the common hemlock in appearance, but the leaves are much broader, the stems are not spotted, and the flowers are of a dingy purple colour; it is also of smaller stature.

The root is of the same nature as the tuber of a potato, only it is forked, or divided into several lobes, each of which is about the size of a large carrot. These, when fit for eating, are boiled like the potato, and become of a firm but tender consistence, not at all mealy, and have a flavour intermediate between a chestnut and a parsnip. It appears that an immense produce of arracacha is obtained in the South American provinces, where it has long been as much the staple nutriment of the population as the potato or the yam in other places; and as it will only thrive in the colder districts, it was once expected to form an important agricultural plant in Europe. It has, however, been found upon trial unable to accommodate itself to our uncertain climate, and to perish as soon as the cold nights and damp weather of autumn approach, without having been able during the summer to perfect its tubers. It is therefore only cultivated now in botanical collections. For an excellent

account of this plant, see Hooker, in Botanical Magazine tab. 3092. ARRACK. [See ARACK.] ARRAGON. [See ARAGON.]

ARRAGONITE, called by Mohs the prismatic limehaloide, is a mineral substance, admitting of cleavage in planes parallel to the faces of a right rhombic prism of 116° 5' and 63° 55', which may therefore be considered as its fundamental form (fig. 1). The most general modifications which occur, consist either in the removal of the four acute angles at A by planes a intersecting each other in the short diagonal B B, and inclined to each other at an angle of 108° 18', by which the face P being entirely removed, the form of fig 2 is produced; or the change may be effected by the truncation of the acute lateral edges of the prism by planes parallel to the axis of the crystal, and therefore inclined to the faces, L, at 121° 57', giving rise to the form seen in fig. 3. These modified forms usually present themselves in twin crystals, in which the short diagonals of the prism B B are placed at right angles to one another, when only two crystals are present, thus producing a very simple cross. It is usual, however, that three of the crystals of fig. 3 cross each other, producing a crystal of the appearance of fig. 4, which, at first sight, may be mistaken for an hexagonal prism, but on a closer inspection it will be found that what appeared to be a single face, is really composed of two planes, making a reentrant angle.

The intersections of the individual crystals with each other are visible both in the lateral and terminal faces, and are indicated in fig. 4 by the dotted lines. These crystals have been found abundantly in a ferruginous clay in Aragon in Spain, where they occur accompanied by sulphate of lime. From this circumstance the mineral has derived its name. It has also been found very beautifully crystallized in a vein of a massive variety of the same mineral traversing basalt at Bilin in Bohemia. (Mohs.) Fine specimens have been found at the following places in England:-in the Dufton lead-mines; in a cavern of grauwacke near Merridge, Somersetshire; and also in several parts of Devonshire, &c

Arracacha.

In an old coal-mine six miles south-west of Cockfield, Durham, it is remarkable as occurring depending from a roof of clayslate and accompanied by tubular calcareous stalactites. (Phillips.) Varieties of this mineral are also common in beds of iron-ore in the mines of Eisenerz in Styria, and in several other iron-mines of Hungary, of Transylvania, &c., consisting of numerous fibrous crystals, of a satin-like lustre, radiating from a centre, and to these the name of flos ferri has been applied.

In a chemical and crystallographical point of view, Arragonite is peculiarly interesting, as presenting to us carbonate of lime differing in its system of crystallization from that of the common Calc-spar, and thus affording us an instance of the influence of any difference in the aggregation of matter in changing its physical properties, as will be seen by comparing this substance with the rhombohedral Calc spar, with which it agrees in chemical constitution. In the scale of

while that of Calc-spar is 3. The specific gravity of

Arragonite is

Calc-spar

2.931 2.721

shire coast the least distance of the island is about eleven miles. (Map of Scotland, published by the Society for the

refraction of

where the carbonate of strontia is in small and varying proportion, and must therefore be considered as an accidental impurity.

ARRAIGNMENT. This word is derived by Sir Matthew Hale from arraisoner, ad rationem ponere, to call to account or answer, which, in antient law French, would be ad-resoner, or, abbreviated, a-resner. Conformably to this etymology, arraignment means nothing more than calling a person accused to the bar of a court of criminal judicature to answer formally to a charge made against him. The whole proceeding at present consists in calling upon the prisoner by his name, reading over to him the indictment upon which he is charged, and demanding of him whether he is guilty or not guilty. Until very lately, if the person accused pleaded that he was not guilty, he was asked how he would be tried; to which question the usual answer was, By God and my country. But by a late statute (7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28. sec. 1) this useless form was abolished; and it was enacted, that if any person, not having privilege of peerage, being arraigned upon an indictment for treason, felony, or piracy, shall plead "Not guilty," he shall, without any further form, be deemed to have put himself upon the country for trial, and the court shall, in the usual manner, order a jury for the trial of such person accordingly.'

The arraignment of a prisoner is founded upon the plain principle of justice, that an accused person should be called upon for his answer to a charge before he is tried or punished for it. That this was a necessary form in English criminal law at a very early period appears from the reversal in parliament of the judgment given against the Mortimers in the reign of Edward II., which Sir Matthew Hale calls an 'excellent record. One of the errors assigned in that judgment, and upon which its reversal was founded, was as follows: that if in this realm any subject of the king hath offended against the king or any other person, by reason of which offence he may lose life or limb, and be thereupon brought before the justices for judgment, he ought to be called to account (poni ration), and his answers to the charge to be heard before proceeding to judgment against him; whereas in this record and proceedings it is contained that the prisoners were adjudged to be drawn and hanged, without having been arraigned (arrenati) thereupon, or having an opportunity of answering to the charges made against them, contrary to the law and custom of this realm. (Hale's Pleas of the Crown, book ii. c. 28.)

The ceremony of the prisoner holding up his hand upon arraignment is merely adopted for the purpose of pointing out to the court the person who is called upon to plead. As it is usual to place several prisoners at the bar at the same time, it is obviously a convenient mode of directing the eyes of the court to the individual who is addressed by the officer. In the case of Lord Stafford, who was tried for high treason in 1680, on the charge of being concerned in the Popish plot, the prisoner objected, in arrest of judgment, that he had not been called on to hold up his hand on his arraignment; but the judges declared the omission of this form to be no objection to the validity of the trial. (Howell's State Trials, vol. vii. p. 1555.)

sured from near Loch Ranza in the N.N.W. to Kildonan in the S.S.E., is more than twenty miles, and the greatest breadth from Drumodune Point to the headland between Brodick and Lamlash bays, about twelve*. The coast is less broken by lochs than that of most of the Hebrides. Loch Ranza on the north side, and on the east the bays of Brodick and Lamlash, are the chief inlets. Lamlash Bay is sheltered by Lamlash or Holy Island, which lies across the entrance, and is nearly two miles long from north to south, with an average breadth of half a mile. The cliffs of Lamlash Island are chiefly basalt, in rude columns, resting on sandstone, and some parts of the island rise to the height of above 1000 feet. The harbour thus enclosed has good holding-ground, sufficient depth for the largest vessels, and room enough for the largest navy to ride at anchor. Brodick Bay is a little to the north of Lamlash Bay (from which it is separated by a headland), and is of an irregular shape, having on the north side an old ruinous castle (Arran Castle) inhabited occasionally by the duke of Hamilton. Behind this castle rises Goatfell, the highest eminence in the island. The bay affords good anchorage-ground and has about five fathoms water; but it is only in moderate weather that vessels can ride in safety. Loch Ranza extends perhaps a mile inland, and has three fathoms water even at the lowest ebb. The approach to the island at this point is striking; at the extremity of small point of land jutting into the loch are the ruins of a castle of some magnificence, said to have been inhabited by the kings of Scotland when they came to hunt in Arran; beyond is a little plain, or glen, embosomed in hills, watered by a stream, and inhabited by the people of a small village. Besides the island of Lamlash already mentioned, another small island, called Pladda, lies off the south coast of Arran, about a mile distant; it is low and flat, about a mile long, with ten acres of excellent pasture. There is a lighthouse upon it.

The surface of Arran is in general high, particularly towards the north end, where the scenery is terrific and sublime. The mountains here present peaked summits, and are arranged in groups. Goatfell, the highest, is estimated by Professor Playfair to be 2945 feet high; but in the Society's Map of Scotland it is marked at 955 yards or 2865 feet; which is also Dr. Macculloch's statement. The lower part of the mountain is composed of red sandstone, but after an ascent of several hundred feet, mica slate, separated from it by a bed of breccia, rises from under it, and continues till it reaches a kind of irregular plain, from which arises a mass of granite, different from that of the central highlands, in the form of an obtuse pyramid. The side of the mountain is covered with debris of mica slate and granite, and towards the summit by large blocks of granite, which materially impede the ascent, and the rude appearance of which is increased by the absence of all vegetation, excepting a few lichens. The view from the summit is very extensive, comprehending the south part of Arran, the island of Bute and the Cumbray islands, backed by the mainland of Scotland; the peninsula of Cantire; the mountains of the fardistant Isla, Jura, and Mull; and the coast of Ireland from Fairhead to Belfast Lough. The name of this mountain in Gaelic is Gaodh Bhein, Mountain of Winds.' The name of Goatfell has been given by the strangers who have visited the island. It is sometimes incorrectly called Goatfield.

The geology of Arran, from its interesting character, has attracted much attention. The prevailing line of the coast is low, although it occasionally rises into precipitous chiffs. Red sandstone is the predominant rock, extending with little interruption from near Loch Ranza on the north side of the island, along the eastern and southern shore, to Sliddery water, near the S.W. extremity of the island. From hence it occurs alternating with claystone and porphyry to Drumodune; and extends, with one interruption, from Drumodune to the river Iorsa, where it finally disappears. Schistose rocks, mica-slate on the west and clay-slate on the north coast, occupy the remainder of the circuit to the point where the sandstone commences.

12.