NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. The bars, which are one inch square, are an alloy of copper with tin and zinc, the proportions of each constituent is engraved upon the bar, and these proportions were determined by the late F. Baily, Esq., after very careful experiments. The planes upon which the divisions are cut, showing the standard yard, are at the bottom of cylindrical holes, and in the neutral axis of the bar. The divisions are upon pins of gold, and their situation is well calculated to defend them from everything but wilful injury. Professor Miller's support consists of a system of levers by which an equal degree of support is given to eight equi-distant points in the bar. telescope is to divide the focal length of the object-glass by the focal length of the eye-glass, and the quotient will give the magnifying power.-J. G.] (Main Avenue West.) CHANCE (BROTHERS) & Co., Glass Works, near Dioptric apparatus of the first order, for lighthouses, Mr. Sheepshanks' support is simply a trough of mercury in which the bar floats, and is prevented from turning over by means of a stirrup in the middle of its length, with pivots resting in two Y bearings. To this apparatus is added two of Mr. Sheepshanks' recently made thermo-part consists of eight annular lenses. Each of these great meters. ment. lenses is composed of a number of concentric rings round ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Office, South Entrance A Troughton's sextant, having the advantage of light-Wheatstone in 1837, and worked on the Great Western 1. Original five-needle telegraph invented by Cooke and ness and strength in its construction. A transit theodolite in which the ordinary vertical arc is extended to a complete circle, and is read by opposite verniers. The range of the telescope is unlimited, like that of a transit instrument, and by means of a diagonal eye-piece observations can be made even in the zenith. The axis of the telescope is perforated, and the field is illuminated by a lamp attached to one of the supports, it is, in fact, an altitude and azimuth instrument equally well-adapted for the surveyor and the scientific traveller. Five achromatic object-glasses, one of 9 inches, two of 8 inches, one of 6 inches, and one of 4 inches, effective aperture, all worked by the exhibitor. The discs of glass in the first-mentioned being of English manufacture. Railway. requiring four wires and a return circuit. 3. Two-needle portable telegraph. Intended to be carried by guards of trains and attached at any required part of the line to the telegraphic wires, thus opening an and the stations on the line. Cooke and Wheatstone's immediate communication between the spot of an accident patent of 1838. 4. Ordinary two-needle telegraph of the construction now in use throughout the whole of England. Constructed under Cooke and Wheatstone's patents of 1837, 1838 and 1845. 5. Two-needle telegraph of the most recent form; constructed under the same patents as the last, but with modifications and improvements of parts. 6. Ordinary single-needle telegraph, used for small and second-rate stations. Constructed under the patents of 7. Portable galvanometer, or detector used for tracing out faults on the lines. Patent of 1837. 8. Portable single-needle telegraph to be carried by The dial arranged in a sloping position guards of trains. to facilitate the reading of the signals. Patent of 1845. Electro-magnetic Alarums. A se 1. Electro-magnetic alarum: patented in 1847 by Cooke and Wheatstone. In this alarum the magnet operated directly to impel the hammer against the bell. condary battery was brought into action to excite the magnet. [A telescope furnished with an achromatic object glass is termed an achromatic telescope. The distance of the point from the object-glass, where the image of an object is formed, is called the focal length of the telescope. The magnifying power of a telescope depends upon the follow-1837, 1838, and 1845. ing considerations,-if it be directed to the sun or moon, and a piece of transparent paper be held in its focus, an image of the object will be formed upon the paper. Now the size of an object depends upon the angle under which it is seen, aud the image formed upon the paper will subtend exactly the same angle when moved to that distance from the eye which is equal to the focal length of the telescope, as the object itself, when viewed with the naked eye, or in other words, if held at such a distance from the eye as the focal length of the telescope, it will exactly cover the object itself. Suppose this distance be seven feet, we can with unobstructed vision view an object at the distance of six inches; if then we view the image at this distance it will appear fourteen times larger than the object it represents. By the application of another lens near the eye, termed the eye-glass, the image can be seen distinctly at a very much less distance, in fact, it can be viewed at the distance which is equal to the focal length of the eye-glass; and suppose this to be half-an-inch, then the image will appear twelve times larger than it did to the unassisted eye, and, therefore, 6. Large alarum used for signalling at the entrances fourteen multiplied by twelve, or one hundred and sixty-of tunnels at railway stations and other places where eight, would be the magnifying power of the telescope. a loud sound may be required. Cooke and Wheatstone's Hence the rule for finding the magnifying power of a patents of 1837 and 1845. 2. Electro-magnetic alarum of 1837; the magnet only operating to release the striking machinery. 3. Electro-magnetic alarum of 1838. The striking machinery released by the deflection of a magnetic needle. 4. Small decomposition apparatus. This apparatus, or an ordinary magnetic needle, was used to bring into operation a secondary battery at the station where the signal was to be received. 5. Electro-magnetic alarum. The magnet excited by the direct current transmitted, and not by a secondary battery. Patents of 1837 and 1840. NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. 7. Another form of the same alarum. each signal wholly independent of the correctness or in8. Plan proposed by G. Little for sounding a bell by correctness of the preceding one. Barlow and Forster's the self-action of an electro-magnet. patent of 1848. Disc Telegraphs. 1. Disc telegraph: the signals given by the step-bystep rotation, and pausing of a disc bearing letters or figures. The rotation produced by the action of an electro-magnet. Wheatstone and Cooke's patent of 1840. 2. Disc telegraph: the letters or figures pointed out by the rotation and pausing of an index or hand operating by electro-magnetic action. Patent of 1840. 3. Disc telegraph: similar to No. 1, except that signals are given by numbers. 4. Modification of the disc telegraph proposed by Nott. 5. Disc telegraph: the communicator, or signal-giving apparatus being conjoined to the instrument. 6. Modification of the disc telegraph arranged for a counter, or register of any successive movements or actions, such as persons passing through a door or gate, strokes made by a steam-engine, fly or other press, &c. 7. Magneto-electric communicator for the disc telegraphs: no battery is required, a permanent magnet furnishing a constant series of induced currents by the rotation of an armature and coils over its poles. Wheatstone's patent of 1841. 8. Second form of the magneto-electric communicator, adapted to work disc telegraph, giving signals by numbers. Double Index Disc Telegraphs. 1. Double index disc telegraph: the two hands move independently, so that one may be set to give any required permanent signal, while conversation is carried on by the other. This instrument was arranged for working the atmospheric machinery on the South Devon Railway. It requires one wire only. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 2. Double index disc telegraph. The two hands revolve step by step in opposite directions. They would therefore indicate exactly at all stations on a single line the progressive movement and approach of two trains running in opposite directions. Patent of 1847. 3. Single index disc telegraph. The index can be made to rotate in either direction, so that the speed of signalling would be increased by the facility with which any position could be given to the index by a few moveinents. Patent of 1847. Printing Telegraphs. 1. Elective magnet printing telegraph. The signals are printed in ordinary type, according to the first arrangement of Wheatstone in 1841. The current when sent in one direction moves the type wheel to the required position, and when reversed brings into operation the printing machinery. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 2. Second form of the elective magnet printing telegraph. Patent of 1847. 5. Chemical printing telegraph: signals given by dots or spots arranged in two lines. The marks produced by the chemical action of the current on a prepared paper. Alexander Bain's patent of 1846. 6. Chemical printing telegraph: signals given by dots and lines combined in various ways. Bain's patent of 1846. Magneto-electric Machines. 1. Magneto-electric machine. Currents induced by the permanent magnet can be sent in one direction by this machine. It is used for the sounding of alarums. No battery is required. Wheatstone's patent of 1841. 2. Magneto-electric machine for sending currents in either direction at pleasure. Used for working the double index telegraphs. Hatcher's patent of 1847. 3. Induced current machine: an inducing battery of small power is used with this form of machine. It sends currents in either direction like the last. It was used for working the double index telegraphs on the South Devon line. Patent of 1847. 4. Second form of induced current machine: arranged for working with the code of signals in use by the Admiralty. Patent of 1847. Galvanometers. 1. Indicator or galvanometer in which the magnetic needle is replaced by a magnetised steel disc. Mapple's patent of 1847. 2. Simple current director for causing the current to ring either of two bells or to actuate either of two in struments. 3. Simple current director for ringing either of two bells as for an office. 4. Current director, for causing the current to sound either of three bells, or actuate either of three instruments. 5. Current director or switch for a line of telegraph with two wires to any one of three other lines of similar telegraph. Switches of this kind are extensively used in England. 6. Punch or stamp used for cutting out in paper the signals or combinations of dots and lines to be transmitted by Bain's chemical telegraph. Bain's patent of 1846. 7. Stick or rule of type used with Bain's printing telegraph. A series of insulators of various forms constructed under Cooke and Wheatstone's, Ricardo and Clark's, and Mapple's patents. 750 TRACY, W. M., 13 Hill Street, Berkeley Square. Bullet extractor. 3. Third form of the elective magnet printing telegraph: the signals being printed not in type but in combinations 751 AIREY, THOS., 67 Dale Street, Liverpoolof dots or points. Manufacturer. 4. Type printing telegraph: the type wheel, after each signal is printed, is released from the machinery and regains its zero or quiescent position at one bound, thereby increasing the correctness of the operation by making This Newly-invented sunk centre seconds watches. invention admits of the seconds hand beating dead. Two seconds hands may be applied-one from the centre, and the other in the usual place. Official Illustrated Catalogue Advertiser. [For a Classified Contents of the Advertiser see last Page.] WILLIAM S. BURTON'S GENERAL FURNISHING IRONMONGERY WAREHOUSE, 39 Oxford st. (corner of Newman st.), Nos. 1 and 2 Newman st., and Perry's Place, London. LAMPS OF ALL SORTS AND PATTERNS. The largest as well as choicest assortment of PALMER'S MAGNUM and other CANDLESTICKS, CAMPHINE, ARGAND, and SOLAR LAMPS, with all the latest improvements, and of the newest and most recherché patterns, in ormolu, Bohemian and plain glass, or papier maché, in existence, is always on sale, at prices ranging from 6d. to 6 guineas. FENDERS, STOVES, AND FIRE-IRONS. Bright stoves with bronzed ornaments and two sets of bars, €2 14s.; ditto with ormolu ornaments and two sets of bars, £5 10s. to 20 guineas; bronzed fenders complete, with standards, from 7s. to £6; steel fenders, from 55s.; ditto with rich ormolu ornaments, from £2 15s. to 10 guineas; fire-irons, from 1s. 9d. the set to £4 4s. Sylvester and other Patent Stoves, with radiating hearth plates. Three inches and a half ivory-handled table knives, with high shoulders, 10s. per dozen; desserts, to match, 9s. ; if to balance, 1s. per dozen extra; larger sizes, in exact proportion, to 25s. per dozen; if extra fine, with silver ferrules, from 36s.; white bone table knives, 6s. per dozen; desserts, 4s. ; black horn table knives, 7s. 4d. per dozen; desserts, 6s. ; black woodhandled knives and forks, 6s. per dozen; carvers, from 23. per pair; table steels, from 1s. each. The largest stock of plated dessert knives and forks, in cases and otherwise, and of the new plated fish carvers, in existence. Also, a large assortment of RAZORS, PENKNIVES, SCISSORS, &c., of the best quality. DISH COVERS AND HOT-WATER DISHES, In every material, in great variety, and of the newest and most recherché patterns. Tin Dish Covers, 6s. the set of six; Block Tin, 11s. 6d. to 25s. the set of six; elegant modern patterns, 22s. to 53s. the set; Britannia Metal, with or without silver plated handles, 68s. to 102s. the set; Sheffield plated, £10 to £16 10s. the set; Block Tin Hot Water Dishes, with wells for gravy, 11s. to 25s.; Britannia Metal, 18s. 6d. to 73s.; Sheffield plated, full size. £9 10s. Detailed Catalogues, with Engravings, as well as of every Ironmongery article, sent per post free. 39 Oxford Street (corner of Newman Street), Nos. 1 and 2 Newman street, and Perry's Place, London ESTABLISHED (IN WELLS STREET) A.D. 1820. B THIRD SEPTENNIAL BONUS. CROWN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, 35, NEW BRIDGE-STREET, BLACKFRIARS, LONDON. On a THIRD SEPTENNIAL INVESTIGATION into the affairs of this Company, to the 25th March, 1846, a BONUS, amounting on the average to 31 per cent. on the Premiums paid for the preceding Seven Years, was assigned to all Policies of at least Three Years' standing, and effected for the whole duration of life. To similar Policies the following BONUSES were declared at former Divisions, viz. :— FIRST DIVISION, in 1832. On the average, upwards of 26 per cent. on the Premiums paid. preceding Seven Years. The true principles on which Life Assurance ought to proceed have been maintained by this Company, and are comprised, IN PERFECT SECURITY to the assured. A RATE OF PREMIUM graduated fairly to the risk at every age. A DIVISION OF THE SURPLUS of the Company periodically to the Assured, strictly proportioned to their interest therein. A FAIR AND LIBERAL PERMISSION to the Assured to proceed to all parts of the world, on due notice, and the payment of a premium equitably adjusted to the risk incurred. GENERAL FACILITIES for the taking out, renewal, or purchase of Policies, the honourable settlement of Claims, and an exemption from all charges or deductions except for Government Stamps. The accumulated Capital of the Company actually invested exceeds £650,000. 169] The Bonuses already allotted to the Assured exceed £210,000. The Prospectus, Tables of Rates, &c., to be had at the Office in London, or of the Company's Agents. T. G. CONYERS, Secretary. ANNUAL INCOME UPWARDS OF £100,000, ARISING FROM THE ISSUE OF ABOVE 7000 POLICIES. Charles Graham, Esq., F.S.A., Chas Downes, Esq., Dep.-Chairman Chas. Berwick Curtis, Esq. Lord Viscount Falkland Lord Belhaven and Stenton William Campbell, Esq., of Tillichewan BOARD. William Fairlie, Esq. F. Hale Thomson, Esq. J. T. Gordon, Esq., Sheriff of Jas. Hunt, Esq., of Pittencrieff, Agent-P. S. Fraser, Esq., 81, George-street. Law Agents-Messrs. J. & W. R. Kermack. Robert Salmond, Esq., Banker, James Robertson, Esq., Banker, Glasgow J. Bain, Esq., of Morriston Bankers-The Bank of England; Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, & Co.; and the Union Bank of London. Surgeon-F. H. Thomson, Esq. Actuary-John King, Esq. Solicitors-Messrs. Tatham, Upton, Johnson, & Co. This Company was established in 1834, by a Special Act of Parliament, and affords the most perfect security in its large paid-up Capital, held by a large, numerous, and wealthy Proprietary. 3 3 4 £1 18 8 per Cent. ditto ditto Premiums may be paid in almost any way to meet the convenience of the Public. One-half the Annual Premium need only be paid for the first five years, the other being allowed to remain at five per cent. interest, thus affording parties desirous of effecting SHORT TERM POLICIES the advantage of having a LIFE POLICY at a scarcely increased outlay. Parties insured with this Company are not restricted in their limits of travel, as in most other Offices, but may proceed from one part of Europe to another, in decked vessels, without licence, and to British North America, and many parts of the States, without extra Premium, by merely giving the ordinary notice of the intended visit. Whole World Life Policies are granted at slightly increased Rates of Premium, thus rendering a Policy in Money Transactions a real Security. SECOND SEPTENNIAL DIVISION OF PROFITS AMONG THE ASSURED. In 1841 the Company declared a Bonus of £2 per Cent. per Annum on the Sum insured, to all Policies of the Participating Class, from the time they were effected to the 31st December, 1840; and from that date to 31st December, 1847, 24 per Cent. per Annum was added at the General Meeting on 6th July, 1848. The Bonus thus added to Policies from March 1834, to 31st December 1847, is as follows: Sum Time Sum added to Sum added to Sum payable Assured. Assured. Policy in 1841. Policy in 1848. at Death. £5000..14 Years.. £683 6 8..£787 10 0..£6470 16 8 1000..12 Years.. 100 00.. •1000 7 Years.. 500..12 Years.. 50 0 0.. 500.. 1 Year .. 157 10 0. 157 10 0 1257 10 0 1157 10 0 628 15 0 511 5 0 EXAMPLE. At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty effected a Policy for 1000, the Annual Payment for which is 24. Is. 8d.; in 1847 he had paid in Premiums 168. 11s. 8d.; but the Profits being 24 per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is £22. 10s. per annum for each 1000), he had 157. 10s. added to his Policy; almost as much as the Premiums paid. Parties desirous to Participate in the forthcoming Bonus should lose no time in applying for immediate information to the Resident Director, Waterloo-place, London, or to the following Agents: |