A Note on Lydgate's Use of the do auxiliary...

JAMES FINCH ROYSTER

69

The Meaning of Stataria as Applied to Terence's Comedies... 72

G. KENNETH G. HENRY

A Type of Verbal Repetition in Ovid's Elegy.

GEORGE HOWE

81

THE

HE Philological Club of the University of North Carolina dedicates this number of its journal to the memory of Charles Wesley Bain in the hope that it may serve in some measure to express the abiding affection of his fellow-members and their appreciation of his scholarly gifts and attainments. The papers which follow are contributed by those who knew him best as a friend and had, besides, the opportunity, at one time or another, as teacher, pupil, colleague, to know his mastery and to feel his power in his chosen field of classical studies.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING

A recent writer on Thucydides has headed one of his chapters The Invasion of Rhetoric. That invasion began earlier than is commonly supposed, and I still stand fast in my view that Pindar saw in the school of Sicilian rhetoricians and in the rise of epideictic literature a menace to his art. At all events rhetoric was the death of lyric poetry. The full reign of consciousness began with the accession of what one school considers the decline of pure Hellenism. Such is the doctrine preached by the followers of Hartmann, such the view adopted by the disciples of Nietzsche. As for later times there can be no question about the dominance of rhetoric, and your rhetorician cared for nothing except what brought grist to his windmill. There was Dion Chrysostomos, a man who stands far above the average rhetorician of his time. And yet when he discusses the three tragic poets, he gives the preference to Euripides-that rhetorician in verse—as best suited for rhetorical purposes. To go back to the so-called classic period, there was Cicero. The λόγιος ἀνὴρ καὶ φιλόπατρις of Augustus has recently found an equitable judge in Professor Sihler, and the immense debt the world owes to Cicero has been eloquently set forth by Zielinski; and among his debtors are the Hellenists of all the ages since. If it had not been for Cicero and men of his way of thinking, we should not have had our three great tragic poets, or should not have so much of the three great tragic poets to study, and we should have been forced to judge Greek tragic art by the Pleiad. Now if Cicero had not been so narrow a rhetorician, if he had not been too firm a believer in a vocational education, he would never have uttered the sentence attributed to him by Seneca. "Negat Cicero," says Seneca Ep. Mor. 49: "negat Cicero, si duplicetur sibi aetas, habiturum se tempus quo legat lyricos." If he had read the lyric poets there would have been flowers of another kind than those that adorn what Mommsen spitefully and unjustly calls the Sahara of his writings. There is nothing in Cicero's writings to indicate a first-hand acquaintance with the Greek lyric poets. It is true that in writing to Atticus he is tempted to show off his Greek and in Att. IX 38, 2 there is a fuller version of Pindar fr. 213, but it must have been a familiar

quotation, for it has been saved by others. His stock Pindaric quotation—he uses it three times- ἄμπνευμα σεμνὸν ̓Αλφσοῦ may have figured in a Guidebook to Syracuse, just as Pindar's compliment to Athens still figures in Guidebooks to Greece, where it is regularly attributed to Aristophanes. Sappho, what did Cicero know of Sappho? Her effigy figures in the Verrines with their extemporized archaeology of art. Of Stesichorus he cites the well-known οὐκ ἔνυμος λόγος. Four of Cicero's references to the Greek lyric poets occur in the Tusculans and have doubtless been copied from his Stoic originals, for the Stoics were the most literary of the philosophic sects and quoted the poets freely. His only favorite is Simonides, and no wonder. Simonides was not only a σοφός but a σοφιστής, and Cicero has given us a translation, such as it is, of the poet's most famous epitaph-a good tag for a funeral oration. He tells at length the story which makes Simonides the inventor of a sysem of technical memory-a system so precious to the rhetorician, for memory was one of the five points of the rhetorician's art. Lyric poetry is the sap of Greek life. If Cicero seems juiceless at times, it is his own fault. His example is a testimony against all purely vocational training, and yet rhetoric in the antique sense was the least narrow of the disciplines, though often one of the shallowest.

The Johns Hopkins University.

BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE.