him to withdraw." He, however, continued as consulting physician to the charity, an office expressly created on his account, up to the time of his death, which took place on the 23rd of April, 1813. Dr. Simmons was the author of An Elementary Work on Anatomy; An Account of the Tape Worm, in which he made known the specific for this disease, purchased by the King of France; and of a practical work on consumption, which was the means of procuring him an extensive practice in pulmonary complaints. He also wrote papers in the fifth volume of the Edinburgh Medical Commentaries; and was

the author of several others in the London Medical Journal, of which he was, for many years, sole editor. He is, however, principally known as a writer, by his account of the life of Dr. William Hunter, with whom he was personally acquainted, and of whose writings and discoveries he has given, in a very interesting form, an ingenious and impartial review. He was a member of the Manchester Philosophical and Literary Society, and of several foreign academies, and was one of the earliest proprietors of the Royal Institution, and an hereditary governor of the British Institution for the Fine Arts.

LIND, (JAMES,) was a member of the Royal College of Physicians, in Edinburgh, and attained a very high reputation by his writings, which are of great practical utility, and have been translated into several continental languages. He was, for some time, physician to the hospital at Haslar; and died at Gosport, on the 18th of July, 1794. His principal publications are, Dissertatio de Morbis Venereis localibus; On the Scurvy, &c., a work of great repute, and in which he successfully combats the opinions of the Dutch physician, Severin Eugalen, respecting scorbutic diseases; An Essay on the Art of Preserving Seamen,-" Opuscule," observes M. Boisseau, a writer in the Biographie Medicale, "qui a été plus utile qu'il n'est remarquable;" two papers on fevers and infections; and an Essay on the Diseases incident to Europeans in hot climates, with an appendix concerning intermittent fevers, &c., a work of great utility, and some

what analogous to Sir John Pringle's Observations on the Diseases of the Army. He was also the author of a few papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and other medical and scientific publications of his time.

MILMAN, (Sir FRANCIS,) was the son of a clergyman, in Devonshire, and born in that county about 1750. He received the rudiments of education under his father, and went, afterwards, to Exeter College, Oxford; where he applied himself to the study of medicine with such success, that he was appointed the travelling physician of the university, on the foundation of Dr. Radcliffe. Whilst abroad, he attended the Duke of Gloucester, at Rome, which was the means of his introduction to a lucrative and extensive practice on his return to England. He became, subsequently, one of the royal physicians, and was created a baronet, but at what time does not appear. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Royal College of Physicians; before whom he read the Gulstonian lecture, in 1780. He married the daughter of William Hart, Esq., and died, at his house, at Pinner Grove, Middlesex, on the 24th of June, 1821. His only publications are, Animadversiones de Naturâ Hydropis ejusque curatione; On the source of the Scurvy and Putrid Fever; and An Account of Two Instances of the True Scurvy, seemingly occasioned by want of nourishment.

BLANE, (Sir GILBERT,) was born at Blanefield, in the county of Ayr, about 1750, and received his education at Edinburgh, where he studied about ten years, and was patronised by Dr. W. Robertson, the celebrated historian. He studied medicine both at Edinburgh and London, where he resided, for some time, as family physician to the Earl of Holderness; and, by the interest of that nobleman, he was, in 1779, appointed physician to the fleet, under Admiral Sir G. Rodney. He remained in this situation for four years; during which time he displayed his abilities very successfully; and the health of the seamen was, in a great degree, attributed to his excellent regulations. On his quitting the service, in 1783, he was recommended by the

flag officers, to the king, who granted him a pension, and expressed himself pleased with his services. His first publication had already appeared, entitled, A Short Account of the most Effectual Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen; which was succeeded, in 1785, by another, On the Diseases incident to Seamen in Hot Climates; the merit of which induced the lords of the admiralty to appoint him one of the commissioners of the sick and wounded; an office which he retained until its dissolution. In 1791, he published a Lecture on Muscular Motion, read at the Royal Society on the 13th and 20th of November, 1788; at which time he was rapidly extending his repute and practice. He was, subsequently, sent on a mission to Walcheren; and such was the estimation in which he was held, in 1812, (being at the time physician to the royal family,) that he was, in that year, created a baronet. In addition to the works already mentioned, he has published Elements of Medical Logic, illustrated by Practical Proofs and Examples; and the following papers were contributed by him to the Medical and Chirurgical Transactions:-Account of a Case in which Death was brought on by a Hæmorrhage from the Liver; On the Effect of the Pure fixed Alkalies, and of Lime-water, in several Complaints; History of some Cases of Disease in the Brain, with an Account of the Appearances after Death, and some General Observations on Complaints of the Head; Facts and Observations respecting Intermittent Fevers, and the Exhalations which occasion them; and Observations on the Comparative Prevalence, Mortality, and Treatment of Different Diseases. He has also written a paper in the Edinburgh Philosophical Transactions, entitled, An Account of the Hurricane at Barbadoes, on the 10th of October, 1780.

CHESSHER, (ROBERT,) was born at Hinckley, in Leicestershire, about 1750; and, after having passed some time in studying mechanical surgery, came to London, and resided as housepupil with Dr. Denman, to whom he gave a speedy proof of his abilities, by discovering the causes of infants dying in convulsions. Whilst in the metro

polis, he attended, the lectures of Dr. W. Hunter, who noticed his talent for mechanical surgery, and encouraged him to pursue it, by publicly saying to him, "I think such a branch of the profession might, advantageously to the patient, be taken up by an inquiring lad, like yourself." On leaving Dr. Denman, he became house-surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, where he had frequent opportunities of treating fractures in his own peculiar mode, and particularly distinguished himself by his novel and ingenious manner of uniting parts after amputation. After leaving the hospital, he commenced practice for himself at Hinckley, where he perfected his double inclined plane, and support for the spine; both of which he brought into operation with such success, that, in cases of fracture and malformation, he was sent for by persons of the first consequence, and was consulted by the first metropolitan surgeons, who recommended their patients to his care. Out of several instances of the extraordinary cures he effected, may be mentioned the following, which happened to a young lady after a fall from her horse:-"The foot," says the biographer of Mr. Chessher in the Annual Biography, "being forced from the malleolus internus, and the lower part of the tibia being fractured, the bones were driven out of the joint; and a very small portion of the cartilage of the end of the tibia remained, with little bone to it, occasioning a large lacerated wound from the tendo achillis to nearly the fibula, more than half round the limb. Mr. Chessher was much pressed to amputate, and the young lady had perfectly resigned herself to the operation; but determined, if possible, to save the limb, he earnestly requested a second examination. He now gained the patient's permission to take off a portion of the bone, which was safely done for more than an inch. She requested three minutes' rest, and then told her medical friend to act as he might think best. The parts were then carefully put together, and placed on a temporary rest, until an effectual support could be prepared. The next object was to take a model of the perfect limb, from which the support of the fractured one was in part formed; and the leg was so adjusted in the support

as to let in the foot; thus preserving the natural shape of the limb during the time in which improvement was going on. The limb was regularly watched, so as to guard against any unnatural position; a perfectly quiescent state being enjoined, and for a length of time. Eventually it was restored to its natural form, action, and substance." Mr. Chessher died, unmarried, on the 31st of January, 1831; leaving behind him a reputation for skill, hospitality, and charity, which will long be remembered with gratitude by all classes of society in the neighbourhood of his residence.

WHATELEY, (THOMAS,) was born at Derby, about 1750; and, after having received a liberal education, qualified himself for the profession of a surgeon, by studying medicine and anatomy at Edinburgh and London. He practised in the latter city, with great success, among the first circles, and distinguished himself by a number of writings of great practical and experimental utility. He was particularly celebrated for his skill in treating strictures of the urethra with the diseases of the bladder; and, about 1801, engaged in a controversy with Sir Everard Home; which ended by proving that Mr. Whateley's method of treating strictures caused less pain to the sufferer, and was equally felicitous, perhaps more, in performing speedy and permanent cure, than the noticed baronet's. Besides his work on Strictures, he published several on Ulcers, Tibia, Polypus, with improved forceps; Necrosis, and some other tracts and papers, periodically inserted in medical publications. He retired to Isleworth some years previous to his death, which took place in 1821. He was thrice married, and was survived by seven children and a young widow.

WHITEHEAD, (JOHN,) who was born some time near the middle part of the eighteenth century, was originally a methodist, and linen-draper, at Bristol, and afterwards turned Quaker, and took a school at Wandsworth, where he kept a seminary for the education of the children of those who belonged to the society of Friends. This, however, he gave up, on being offered a very handsome gratuity, to

accompany abroad Mr. Barclay's son, with whom he travelled to the continent; and, while at Leyden, studied medicine with such success, that he took there his degree of M. D. During his residence at Leyden, he corresponded frequently with Dr. Lettsom, who entertained so high an opinion of his medical abilities, that he procured him the situation of physician to the London Dispensary, which, he came to England, in 1790, for the purpose of filling. Sometime afterwards, he tried, with the support of the Quakers, to procure a similar appointment to the London Hospital; which he lost by one vote, occasioned, it is said, by giving a draft on a banker for payment the next day, instead of the present, at the time of the election. About three years after he had settled in London, he again joined the Methodists, his secession from whom had induced Wesley to say to a friend, "Do what you can to unite Dr. Whitehead with us again." On his re-union with that sect, he became a very popular preacher, as well as the medical attendant of Wesley, who was much attached to him, and whose funeral sermon he preached. In 1793, he published the first, and in 1796, the second, volume of The Life of the Rev. John Wesley, from his private papers, printed at the request of his executors. The work, which is professedly a History of Methodism, was favourably spoken of by the principal reviews of the day, but gave rise to many animosities between the author and a society of Methodists, called The Conference, who had themselves intended to publish a life of Wesley. He died on the 7th of March, 1804, and was buried at Wesley's chapel, in the same vault with that celebrated man. He was held in general esteem, and his death, says a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, made a great impression on the minds of the public. A singular story is told respecting him, by the daughter of Wesley, who, whilst dangerously ill, dreamed that a pious man had been and prayed by her; and that, from that moment, she mended, and began to recover. Dr. Whitehead, whom she had never seen before, visited her about three months after this, when, on his entrance, she immediately fainted; and, on coming to, declared that he was the

he used to say, "I know I am growing old; but I have made up my mind to die in harness."

CLINE, (HENRY,) was born in 1751, and rose to great eminence in his profession, both as a practical and operative surgeon. He was for some time one of the surgeons of St. Thomas's Hospital, and by his talents as a lecturer, greatly increased the reputation of its school of anatomy and surgery. He became F. R. S., and had the first surgical practice in London, his patients, both in rank and number, exceeding those attended by any other practitioner of his day. He died at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, on the 2nd of June, 1827, with a character for virtues and abilities which few have attained. As a surgeon he was equally remarkable for his acuteness in discovering disease, his caution and prudence in judging of it, his skill in the treatment of it, and the confidence with which he inspired his patients, particularly under an operation, in which his mildness and selfpossession took away much of the fear attending it. He possessed a lively imagination, and strong intellectual faculties, and in countenance and deportment evinced the same kindness and benevolence of disposition that prevailed in his heart and actions.

RING, (JOHN,) was born in 1752; and, after having studied surgery under Pott, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and of the Medical Societies of London and Paris, and rose to high reputation in his profession. He particularly distinguished himself by his zeal for the extension and improvement of vaccination, in support and defence of which, he wrote several works. The most important are, A Treatise on the Cow-Pox, containing the History of Vaccination; An Answer to Dr. Moseley, containing a Defence of Vaccination; An Answer to Mr. Goldson and to Mr. Birch, on the same subject; and, A Rowland for an Oliver, in answer to Dr. Moseley. He was also the author of Reflections on the Surgeons' Bill; A Treatise on the Gout; and, Account of a new method of treating the Dropsy. Mr. Ring also attained considerable fame in the literary world as a poet, particularly by

his Translation of the Works of Virgil, partly original, and partly altered from Dryden and Pitt, a work of great merit, and having much of the spirit and elegance, without any of the grossness, of Dryden. He wrote, also, a few other poems, and died in December, 1821, highly esteemed and regretted.

WOODVILLE, (WILLIAM,) was born at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, some time in the year 1752; and, after having received a suitable education, took his degree of M. D. at Edinburgh, in 1775. He first practised at Denbigh, but afterwards removed to London, and became physician to the Middlesex Dispensary. In 1790, he published the first part, which was afterwards completed, in four quarto volumes, of a work, entitled, Medical Botany; and, in 1791, succeeded Dr. Archer, as physician to the Small-Pox Hospital. In 1796, he published the History of the Small-Pox in Great Britain, &c. a valuable and important work, but of which the first volume only appeared, the discovery of Dr. Jenner rendering, in the author's opinion, the appearance of a second volume unnecessary. Being at first doubtful respecting the efficacy of the vaccine virus, he engaged in a controversy with Jenner; the result of which proving favourable to the latter, Dr. Woodville devoted all his energies to the diffusion of vaccination, and was the first who introduced it into general practice in the metropolis. He died at the hospital, in March, 1805; and, shortly after his decease, an eulogium on his character was spoken by Mr. Highmore, who observed, "Who, that has felt the benefits of vaccination, will not teach their children, and their children's children, to bless the name of Woodville, when they bless the name of Jenner?" The characteristics of his medical genius were judgment, caution, and prudence; and his researches in the science of his profession were only conducted with a view of benefiting, by his discoveries, his fellow-creatures. It was said of him, that he fell a victim to the drinking of ardent spirits; but this is called, by his biographer, in the Encyclopædia Britannica, "an founded calumny;" and, indeed, there appears to have been no ground whatever for the assertion.

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