came to my own knowledge, I proved my theory, and the learned, and all reasonable persons, were satisfied." But the most sublime appreciation of himself, and the climax of his conceit and absurdity, is to be found in a passage recording the public apathy to his doctrines: "I took my stand," he says, "foreseeing the approaching inundation, on the high ground of anatomy and pathology. My voice was drowned by the tempest; yet, still, I preached to the winds; and, like the children of Seth, in the land of Siriad, I registered, on antediluvian, anti-cow-pox pillars, all my knowledge for the benefit of generations after the deluge." In addition to the works already noticed, he published three essays on Hydrophobia, its Prevention, and Cure, with a Description of different Stages of Canine Madness, illustrated with Cases; and a vindication of his character, from a charge brought against him, by Trotter, private secretary to Charles James Fox, who attributed the fatal termination of that statesman's illness to "certain white draughts" given him by Dr. Moseley. His death occurred on the 15th of June, 1819, at Southend, a place he visited annually, and recommended, as a summer abode, to all his patients. He was a man of pleasing and amiable manners, and possessed much wit in conversation; but seems to have been of an

irritable temper, and overbearing vanity; dogmatical in his own opinions, and arrogant to those with whom he differed.

SMYTH, (JAMES CARMICHAEL,) was born in 1740; took his degree of M. D. at Edinburgh, in 1764; and became afterwards a fellow of the Royal Society, and physician extraordinary to George the Third. In 1780, having the charge of the prison and hospital at Winchester, he had recourse to the three mineral acids to correct the contagion; and was so successful in the experiment, that he was rewarded by parliament, in 1802, after an examination had taken place as to the originality of his discovery, which was claimed by Dr. Johnstone on behalf of his deceased father. In 1787, he published an account of the efficacy of swinging, as a remedy in pulmonary consumptions; which was succeeded by The Works of the late Dr. William Stark; A

Description of the Jail Distemper, as it appeared among the Spanish Prisoners at Winchester, with an Account of the Means employed for curing the Contagion which gave rise to it; and a few others of inferior importance. He also wrote some papers in the different medical collections, and died, at Sunbury, on the 18th of June, 1821.

SIMS, (JAMES,) was born in London, in 1740, and after having received a classical education, and attended the metropolitan hospitals, pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh; but probably took his degree of M. D. at Leyden, as his thesis appears to have been published there in 1764. On his return to London he commenced practice, and, partly through the recommendation of Dr. Lettsom, was soon extensively employed. In the course of his professional career, he became L. L. D. F. S. A. M. R. I. A. and S. A. He was also a vice-president of the Philanthropic Society, and president of the Medical Society of London for nineteen years; licentiate of the College of Physicians; physician to the Aldersgate and Surrey Dispensaries; and honorary member of the scientific establishments of Avignon, Leyden, New York, and Philadelphia. He was also instrumental to the foundation of the Humane Society; and Dr. Lettsom, speaking of the Philanthropic Society, says, "coeval with the existence of the institution, happily stood forward my valuable and long tried friend, Dr. James Sims, to whose unremitting attentions this important institution probably owes its present existence." Sims, who died at Bath, in 1820, was known, for the most part, as a practitioner in midwifery; but he also obtained great reputation by his medical writings, of which the chief are, Observations on Epidemic Disorders, with Remarks on Nervous and Malignant Fevers; Discourse on the Best Method of Prosecuting Medical Inquiries; and The Principles and Practice of Midwifery, by Edward Foster, completed and corrected.

Dr.

GROSVENOR, (JOHN,) was born at Oxford, about the year 1742; and, after studying some time under a medical practitioner at Worcester, and attend

ing the principal London hospitals, was appointed, early in life, house-surgeon to the Lock Hospital. On leaving this, in 1768, he proceeded to Oxford, where, through the influence of his uncle, Dr. Tottie, he obtained the situation of anatomical surgeon on Dr. Lee's foundation, and became intimate with the reader, Dr. Parsons, who introduced him into full practice at Christchurch. His skill and knowledge, which were pronounced to be extraordinary, rapidly increased his business; and, on the death of Sir Charles Nourse, he had so much to do, both in the city and within thirty miles of Oxford, that he was said almost wholly to live on horseback. In the latter part of his practice, he acquired great celebrity, by the successful application of friction in cases of lameness or imperfections of motion, arising from stiff or diseased joints. Patients came from all parts of England to try the process, in which he was scarcely ever known to fail, although

this is said to have been attributable to the circumstance of "his endeavouring to dissuade from coming to Oxford every one, of whose case, from previous communications, he entertained any doubt." About 1813, he entirely seceded from his professional occupations, except in the instances of rubbing patients; and, after having been twice married, died, at Oxford, on the 30th of June, 1823. Mr. Grosvenor was one of the most eminent surgeons of his time; and his operations were, at the same time, effected by a magical dexterity of hand, and a swiftness and delicacy of touch. He was grave, elegant, and taciturn in his general deportment, except in the presence of ladies, with whom he was full of humour and liveliness, and is said to have been a great favourite. He was for some time proprietor and editor of the Oxford Journal, and was suspected of being the author of a series of poetical letters in the style of the Bath Guide, which appeared about 1780, and ridiculed the foibles and amusements of the civic noblesse of Oxford.

ROWLEY, (WILLIAM,) was born in London, on the 18th of November, 1743; and, after having passed some years abroad, in the naval service, returned to England, and completed his medical studies at St. Thomas's

Hospital. In 1764, through the recommendation of Admiral Lord Keppel, he was sent by government to inspect the hospitals, and examine into the medical practice of the West India Islands and America, for which service he was liberally rewarded. In 1766, he commenced practice in the metropolis as a surgeon and accoucheur; and, in 1773, took his degree of M. D.; and, about the same time, was admitted a member of the College of Physicians, in London. In 1786, he was appointed physician to the St. Mary-le-bone Infirmary; became afterwards consulting physician to the Queen's Lying-in Hospital; gave public lectures on the theory and practice of physic; and enjoyed a very lucrative and extensive practice up to the period of his death, which occurred on the 17th of March, 1806. Dr. Rowley was esteemed among all the classes of society he visited, both as a physician and a philanthropist, particularly by the poor, to whom he devoted much both of his private and professional fortune. The only drawback on his popularity was his opposition to vaccination; against which he adopted the same arguments as those used by Dr. Moseley. He was well versed in polite literature; and is said to have written light songs of a humorous cast, and to have had a very superior taste for music. His chief publications are, The New Universal History and School of Medicine, translated into English from the Original Greek and Latin Edition, quarto, which is said to have cost him twenty years' study, and an immense sum for drawings and plates; The Rational and Improved Practice of Physic, &c. four volumes, octavo, in which he recapitulates great part of his former writings, but in a form so different from his original productions, that the similarity between the two is scarcely discoverable. These were succeeded by several minor works; and he also distinguished himself in the world of letters, by publishing a curious and elaborate Description of the Famous Apotheosis Homeri, a curious antique sculpture, the sublime performance of Archelaus of Priene, about two thousand years ago, dug out of the ruins of the palace of Claudius Drusus, &c.

RIGBY, (EDWARD,) was born in

1743; and, after having completed his medical education, commenced practice at Norwich, about 1769, and soon rose to high eminence as an accoucheur. In 1771, he was chosen assistant-surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital; surgeon to the same institution, in 1790; and physician, in 1814, in which year he took his degree of M. D. In 1786, he established the Benevolent Medical Society, for the relief of the widows and orphans of medical men in Norfolk; in 1789, became a member of the Corporation of Surgeons, and also of the London Medical Society; alderman of Norwich, in 1802; sheriff, in the year following; and lord mayor, in 1805. In 1815, his wife having presented him with four children at a birth, the corporation of Norwich presented himself and his lady with a piece of plate, of the value of twentyfive guineas, in commemoration of the event. He not only distinguished himself as an accoucheur and physician, but had a high reputation as a botanist and agriculturist, in which character he made himself known both at home and abroad, by several valuable publications. Among the most important may be mentioned his Suggestions for an improved and extended cultivation of mangel-wurzel, and Holkham and its Agriculture, which went through several editions, and was translated into French. His medical writings are, On the Uterine Hæmorrhage, which has gone through six editions; On the Use of the Red Peruvian Bark, in the Cure of Intermittents; On the Theory of Animal Heat; Chemical Observations on Sugar; besides several papers communicated to the medical journals of the day. At the time of his death, which took place in October, 1821, he was a fellow of the Linnæan and Horticultural Societies, and honorary member of the Philadelphian Society for promoting Agriculture; president of the Philosophical Society of Norwich; a director of the Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society; and was attached to many other institutions, both foreign and domestic.

SAUNDERS, (WILLIAM,) was born in Scotland, in 1743, and studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he assisted Cullen in his lectures, and took his

degree of M. D. in 1766. On settling in London, having rendered Sir George Baker great assistance, in his inquiry into the nature of the colic of Devonshire, he was, through his interest, elected a fellow of the College of Physicians; and, in 1770, was, without opposition, elected physician to Guy's Hospital. In this situation, he was the first who reduced the teaching of medicine to a regular system, by combining practice with theoretical instruction; for which purpose he was allowed, by the governors, to build a laboratory, and theatre, within the walls of the hospital. In 1777, he published, Observations and Experiments on the power of the Memphitic Acid in Dissolving Stones of the Bladder; and, in 1793, A Treatise on the Structure, &c. of the Liver, which went through several editions, and is now a standard work. His death took place in June, 1817; previously to which, he had become physician extraordinary to the Prince of Wales, F. R. S. and F. S. A., and had published several other valuable works in addition to those already mentioned.

FOOT, (JESSE,) was born at Charlton, in Wiltshire, in 1744; and, after having completed his medical education, went on a mission to the Island of Nevis, and, subsequently, to St. Petersburgh, where he was admitted as a privileged practitioner of the college, and resided, for some time, with both profit and credit to himself. On his return to England, he was appointed house-surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital, and commenced practice in Salisbury Street, Strand, whence he removed to Dean Street, where he resided for many years, during which time he accumulated both fame and fortune by his skill and abilities. He died at Ilfra combe, in Devonshire, on the 27th of October, 1826, leaving behind him several works, both literary and professional. Among the latter may be mentioned, A Critical Inquiry into the Ancient and Modern manner of treating Diseases of the Urethra, two editions; Observations on the New Opinions of John Hunter, in his Treatise on the Venereal Disease, in which he attacked that celebrated anatomist with undue virulence, and greatly misrepresented his doctrines; A Complete Treatise of

the Origin, Theory, and Cure of the Venereal Disease; Cases of the successful practice of the Vesica Lotura, in the Cure of Diseased Bladders; and, Review of Hume's Observations on the Diseases of the Prostrate Gland. His literary works are, A Defence of the Planters in the West Indies, comprised in four arguments; The Life of John Hunter, two editions, in which, though written in a hostile feeling, he, upon the whole, pays the homage due to the genius of the subject of his memoir; Dialogues between a Pupil of the late John Hunter and Jesse Foot; Observations on the Speech of Mr. Wilberforce, against the Slave Trade, in 1804; The Lives of A. R. Bowes, Esq. and the Countess of Strathmore, his wife; and, Life of Arthur Murphy, Esq. by Jesse Foot, Esq. his executor.

DUNCAN, (ANDREW, senior,) was born at Edinburgh, about 1745, and succeeded Dr. John Gregory as professor of the theory of medicine, in that university, in 1773. This situation he only held till 1776, when he made way for Dr. James Gregory, his own appointment to the chair having been a temporary one, till the vacancy could be supplied by a permanent choice. He, however, continued to give private lectures on the subject for fourteen years; and with such reputation and success, that, in 1790, he was appointed to his original office, in conjunction with Dr. Cullen. In 1801, he proposed a scheme, which was subsequently carried into effect, for the institution of a lunatic hospital, in Edinburgh; and, in 1809, succeeded, by his indefatigable exertions, in establishing the Horticultural Society of that city. In the course of his professional career, which he pursued with great success and repute, he was accused, by Dr. James Gregory, of stealing certain of his manuscripts, an accusation which he fully repelled in his Letter to Dr. Gregory, &c. who appears to have much disgraced himself by his conduct on the occasion. He died in 1828, leaving behind a very estimable character, both private and professional. He was not only an able writer and practitioner, but an active philanthropist, and a zealous promoter of, and contributor to, every institution of advantage to his native city and

CRUIKSHANK, (WILLIAM CUMBERLAND,) was born at Edinburgh, in 1746, and pursued his education in that city until 1763, when he removed to Glasgow for the purpose of studying divinity; which he, however, shortly forsook for anatomy and physic. In 1771, he came to London, and was appointed librarian to Dr. Hunter, with whom he entered into partnership in 1773. In 1779, he published, at the request of the doctor, a Letter to Mr. Clare, upon Absorption, and Experiments on the Insensible Perspirations of the Human Body, shewing its affinity to respiration, which went through two editions, and was translated into the German language. In 1783, he was elected M. D. by the University of Glasgow, having been previously elected a member of the Imperial Academy, at Vienna; honorary member of the Lyceum Medicum, Leicester Fields, and of the Royal Medical Society at Edinburgh. In 1786, appeared his most important work, entitled, The Anatomy of the Absorbent Vessels of the Human Body, which went through two editions, and was translated into the French and German

languages. "We find in this work," says the Monthly Review, "more than the title promises; for, besides the anatomy of the lymphatics, the whole doctrine of absorption is here amply explained, the objections against it are answered, and the opinion of former physiologists is overturned." In 1797, he published his Treatment of Lues Venerea; and An Account of the Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus, by John Rollo, which received the honour of two continental translations. He also contributed some valuable papers to the